908 resultados para Fracção solar


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O presente estudo diz respeito a um trabalho de pesquisa no âmbito de uma Tese de Mestrado incluída no segundo ciclo de estudos do curso de Engenharia Geotécnica e Geoambiente, realizado sobre as condições de desidroxilação para a obtenção de metacaulino com propriedades cimentíceas, a partir da fracção argilosa proveniente dos finos residuais da produção de areias de natureza granítica. O produto resultante da alteração e desintegração dos feldspatos constituintes dos granitos são ricos em caulinite. Na natureza e em particular no Norte de Portugal, existem significativos depósitos cauliníticos com características potenciadoras para a produção de metacaulino. O metacaulino utilizado neste estudo foi obtido de uma amostra de argila submetida a 750oC, por um período de tempo de 30 minutos, processo que permitiu a desidroxilação quase total da matéria-prima, transformando esta numa fase amorfa e irreversível, com propriedades pozolânicas. Os metacaulinos, também conhecidos por geopolímeros, são produtos de fácil produção utilizando uma matéria-prima abundante e proporcionam a obtenção de novos produtos que permitem a substituição parcial do cimento Portland normal na composição das pastas de betão, com vantagens significativas no comportamento mecânico e na resistência aos agentes atmosféricos. Neste estudo são apresentados os resultados dos ensaios de caracterização da matéria-prima, das condições de calcinação e do produto resultante da desidroxilação, nomeadamente a determinação da pozolanicidade e das características fundamentais para a aplicabilidade do produto. No âmbito da especialidade de Georrecursos, consideramos que este trabalho está perfeitamente adequado, já que, para além do estudo para o conhecimento das propriedades da matéria-prima, foi possível, através das alterações introduzidas com o tratamento térmico, obter um novo produto, cuja utilização terá importantes reflexos na sustentabilidade dos recursos naturais e sua utilização.

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TiO2 nanorod films have been deposited on ITO substrates by dc reactive magnetron sputtering technique. The structures of these nanorod films were modified by the variation of the oxygen pressure during the sputtering process. Although all these TiO2 nanorod films deposited at different oxygen pressures show an anatase structure, the orientation of the nanorod films varies with the oxygen pressure. Only a very weak (101) diffraction peak can be observed for the TiO2 nanorod film prepared at low oxygen pressure. However, as the oxygen pressure is increased, the (220) diffraction peak appears and the intensity of this diffraction peak is increased with the oxygen pressure. The results of the SEM show that these TiO2 nanorods are perpendicular to the ITO substrate. At low oxygen pressure, these sputtered TiO2 nanorods stick together and have a dense structure. As the oxygen pressure is increased, these sputtered TiO2 nanorods get separated gradually and have a porous structure. The optical transmittance of these TiO2 nanorod films has been measured and then fitted by OJL model. The porosities of the TiO2 nanorod films have been calculated. The TiO2 nanorod film prepared at high oxygen pressure shows a high porosity. The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been assembled using these TiO2 nanorod films prepared at different oxygen pressures as photoelectrode. The optimum performance was achieved for the DSSC using the TiO2 nanorod film with the highest (220) diffraction peak and the highest porosity.

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We report the results of a study of the sulphurization time effects on Cu2ZnSnS4 absorbers and thin film solar cells prepared from dc-sputtered tackedmetallic precursors. Three different time intervals, 10 min, 30min and 60 min, at maximum sulphurization temperature were considered. The effects of this parameter' change were studied both on the absorber layer properties and on the final solar cell performance. The composition, structure, morphology and thicknesses of the CZTS layers were analyzed. The electrical characterization of the absorber layer was carried out by measuring the transversal electrical resistance of the samples as a function of temperature. This study shows an increase of the conductivity activation energy from 10 meV to 54meV for increasing sulphurization time from 10min to 60min. The solar cells were built with the following structure: SLG/Mo/CZTS/CdS/i-ZnO/ZnO:Al/Ni:Al grid. Several ac response equivalent circuit models were tested to fit impedance measurements. The best results were used to extract the device series and shunt resistances and capacitances. Absorber layer's electronic properties were also determined using the Mott–Schottky method. The results show a decrease of the average acceptor doping density and built-in voltage, from 2.0 1017 cm−3 to 6.5 1015 cm−3 and from 0.71 V to 0.51 V, respectively, with increasing sulphurization time. These results also show an increase of the depletion region width from approximately 90 nm–250 nm.

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In this report, we propose an AC response equivalent circuit model to describe the admittance measurements of Cu2ZnSnS4 thin film solar cell grown by sulphurization of stacked metallic precursors. This circuit describes the contact resistances, the back contact, and the heterojunction with two trap levels. The study of the back contact resistance allowed the estimation of a back contact barrier of 246 meV. The analysis of the trap series with varying temperature revealed defect activation energies of 45 meV and 113 meV. The solar cell’s electrical parameters were obtained from the J-V curve: conversion efficiency, 1.21%; fill factor, 50%; open circuit voltage, 360 mV; and short circuit current density, 6.8 mA/cm2.

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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica

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In the present work we report the details of the preparation and characterization results of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) based solar cells. The CZTS absorber was obtained by sulphurization of dc magnetron sputtered Zn/Sn/Cu precursor layers. The morphology, composition and structure of the absorber layer were studied by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering. The majority carrier type was identified via a hot point probe analysis. The hole density, space charge region width and band gap energy were estimated from the external quantum efficiency measurements. A MoS2 layer that formed during the sulphurization process was also identified and analyzed in this work. The solar cells had the following structure: soda lime glass/Mo/CZTS/CdS/i-ZnO/ZnO:Al/Al grid. The best solar cell showed an opencircuit voltage of 345 mV, a short-circuit current density of 4.42 mA/cm2, a fill factor of 44.29% and an efficiency of 0.68% under illumination in simulated standard test conditions: AM 1.5 and 100 mW/cm2.

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Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) and Cu2ZnSnSe4 (CZTSe) with their band gap energies around 1.45 eV and 1.0 eV, respectively, can be used as the absorber layer in thin film solar cells. By using a mixture of both compounds, Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 (CZTSSe), a band gap tuning may be possible. The latter material has already shown promising results such as solar cell efficiencies up to 10.1%. In this work, CZTSSe thin films were grown in order to study its structure and to establish the best growth precursors. SEM micrographs reveal an open columnar structure for most samples and EDS composition profiling of the cross sections show different selenium gradients. X-ray diffractograms show different shifts of the kesterite/stannite (1 1 2) peak, which indicate the presence of CZTSSe. From Raman scattering analysis, it was concluded that all samples had traces of CZTS and CZTSSe. The composition of the CZTSSe layer was estimated using X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering and both results were compared. It was concluded that Se diffused more easily in precursors with ternary Cu–Sn–S phases and metallic Zn than in precursors with ZnS and/or CZTS already formed. It was also showed that a combination of X-ray diffraction and Raman scattering can be used to estimate the ratio of S per Se in CZTSSe samples.

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A queima de combustíveis fósseis é a maior intervenção humana sobre o clima global, representando cerca de 80% das emissões antropogénicas de GEE. Nesta dissertação é estudada a opção de substituição de um combustível fóssil por um combustível rico em Biomassa (refugos do embalão e rejeitados de TMB), de maneira a reduzir as emissões de CO2. Estes dados foram analisados à luz do CELE, como forma de obtenção de créditos de carbono para o Protocolo de Quioto resultantes da queima de carbono neutro cujas emissões não são contabilizadas no balanço nacional de emissões. Esta redução das emissões de GEE associada ao desvio de resíduos dos aterros constitui vantagens significativas indicando o CDR como um combustível com potencial. Para o refugo do embalão foram obtidos valores de Biomassa de cerca 36% e para a fracção Não Biomassa de 55% enquanto que o rejeitado do TMB apresenta 72% de Biomassa e 14% de Não Biomassa. Os resultados obtidos permitiram concluir que a queima destes combustíveis ricos em Biomassa é uma solução viável para a redução das emissões de CO2 para uma percentagem de 20% quando comparada com a queima de 100% de um combustível fóssil (redução de 20 843 tCO2/ano para o refugo do embalão e de 44 371 tCO2/ano para o rejeitado de TMB). No entanto, apesar dos benefícios apontados, características como a heterogeneidade do material e a elevada humidade têm de ser tidas em consideração na utilização destes combustíveis. Palavras-chave: CO2, Biomassa, carbono neutro, CDR, comércio de emissões, combustível alternativo.

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Dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC) is a promising solution to global energy and environmental problems because of its clean, low-cost, high efficiency, good durability, and easy fabrication. However, enhancing the efficiency of the DSSC still is an important issue. Here we devise a bifacial DSSC based on a transparent polyaniline (PANI) counter electrode (CE). Owing to the sunlight irradiation simultaneously from the front and the rear sides, more dye molecules are excited and more carriers are generated, which results in the enhancement of short-circuit current density and therefore overall conversion efficiency. The photoelectric properties of PANI can be improved by modifying with 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP). The bifacial DSSC with 4-ATP/PANI CE achieves a light-to-electric energy conversion efficiency of 8.35%, which is increased by ,24.6% compared to the DSSC irradiated from the front only. This new concept along with promising results provides a new approach for enhancing the photovoltaic performances of solar cells.

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Trabalho realizado sob orientação do Prof. António Brandão Moniz para a disciplina “Sócio-Economia da Inovação” do Mestrado Engenharia Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e Computadores realizado na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa (Portugal)

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Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestrado Integrado em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Biomédica

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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores

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Dissertação apresentada na Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia da Universidade Nova de Lisboa para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil Engenharia Sanitária

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TiO2 films have been deposited on ITO substrates by dc reactive magnetron sputtering technique. It has been found that the sputtering pressure is a very important parameter for the structure of the deposited TiO2 films. When the pressure is lower than 1 Pa, the deposited has a dense structure and shows a preferred orientation along the [101] direction. However, the nanorod structure has been obtained as the sputtering pressure is higher than 1 Pa. These nanorods structure TiO2 film shows a preferred orientation along the [110] direction. The x-ray diffraction and the Raman scattering measurements show both the dense and the nanostructure TiO2 films have only an anatase phase, no other phase has been obtained. The results of the SEM show that these TiO2 nanorods are perpendicular to the ITO substrate. The TEM measurement shows that the nanorods have a very rough surface. The dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) have been assembled using these TiO2 nanorod films prepared at different sputtering pressures as photoelectrode. And the effect of the sputtering pressure on the properties of the photoelectric conversion of the DSSCs has been studied.