Do toddlers need iron-fortified toddler foods to ensure their dietary iron requirements are met?

Adequate nutrition during toddlerhood is essential for optimal growth and development, yet biochemical data suggest that 12-24-month-old children are at risk of iron deficiency. Mathematical modelling combined with experimental interventions can provide strong evidence regarding the types of foods required to improve toddler iron status.

Microencapsulation of tuna oil fortified with the multiple lipophilic ingredients vitamins A, D3, E, K2, curcumin and coenzyme Q10

Complex coacervates of gelatin and sodium hexametaphosphate (SHMP) was used to microencapsulate tuna oil fortified with the multiple functional lipophilic ingredients, vitamin A, D3, E, K2, curcumin and coenzyme Q10. An emulsion homogenization speed of 15,000 rpm for 15 min resulted in low surface oil content (0.08%), high encapsulation efficacy (99.84%) and encapsulation yield (96.59%), with a significantly enhanced oxidative stability index (6.23 h). The Fourier transform infrared spectra showed that there was no observable oxidation of the oil during microencapsulation. This study shows that microencapsulation using complex coacervation is suitable for stabilizing multiple bioactive lipophilic ingredients.

3-Hydroxy-4, 5-dimethyl-2 (5 H)-furanone levels in fortified Madeira wines: Relationship to sugar content

The maturation of Madeira wines usually involves exposure to relatively high temperatures and humidity levels >70%, which affect the aroma and flavor composition and lead to the formation of the typical and characteristic bouquet of these wines. To estimate the levels of sotolon [3-hydroxy4,5-dimethyl-2(5 H )-furanone] and their behavior over time, 86 aged Madeira wines samples (1-25 years old), with different sugar concentrations, respectively, 90 g L-1 for Boal, 110 g L-1 for Malvazia, 25 g L -1 for Sercial, and 65 g L-1 for Verdelho varieties, were analyzed. Isolation was performed by liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane followed by chromatographic analysis by GC-MS. The reproducibility of the method was found to be 4.9%. The detection and quantification limits were 1.2 and 2.0 µgL-1, respectively. The levels of sotolon found ranged from not detected to 2000 µgL-1 for wines between 1 and 25 years old. It was observed that during aging, the concentration of sotolon increased with time in a linear fashion ( r ) 0.917). The highest concentration of sotolon was found in wines with the highest residual sugar contents, considering the same time of storage. The results show that there is a strong correlation between sotolon and sugar derivatives: furfural, 5-methylfurfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural, and 5-ethoxymethylfurfural. These compounds are also well correlated with wine aging. These findings indicate that the kinetics of sotolon formation is closely related with residual sugar contents, suggesting that this molecule may come from a component like sugar.

Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry combined with solid phase microextraction as a powerful tool for quantification of ethyl carbamate in fortified wines. The case study of Madeira wine

An analytical methodology based on headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) combined with comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography—time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC–ToFMS) was developed for the identification and quantification of the toxic contaminant ethyl carbamate (EC) directly in fortified wines. The method performance was assessed for dry/medium dry and sweet/medium sweet model wines, and for quantification purposes, calibration plots were performed for both matrices using the ion extraction chromatography (IEC) mode (m/z 62). Good linearity was obtained with a regression coefficient (r2) higher than 0.981. A good precision was attained (R.S.D. <20%) and low detection limits (LOD) were achieved for dry (4.31 μg/L) and sweet (2.75 μg/L) model wines. The quantification limits (LOQ) and recovery for dry wines were 14.38 μg/L and 88.6%, whereas for sweet wines were 9.16 μg/L and 99.4%, respectively. The higher performance was attainted with sweet model wine, as increasing of glucose content improves the volatile compound in headspace, and a better linearity, recovery and precision were achieved. The analytical methodology was applied to analyse 20 fortified Madeira wines including different types of wine (dry, medium dry, sweet, and medium sweet) obtained from several harvests in Madeira Island (Portugal). The EC levels ranged from 54.1 μg/L (medium dry) to 162.5 μg/L (medium sweet).

Segregación urbana y espacio público: los jóvenes en enclaves de pobreza estructural

Incluye Bibliografía

Urban segregation and public space: young people in enclaves of structural poverty

Includes bibliography

Faces da produção do espaço urbano em cidades médias: os enclaves residenciais fortificados em Limeira - SP

Pós-graduação em Geografia - IGCE

Relaciones laborales y estrategias de renta en los enclaves minerometalúrgicos de Pará

RESUMEN: A partir de los marcos teóricos sociológicos del Sistema-mundo y de las interpretaciones globalistas, este escrito se basa en un estudio a nivel micro sociológico sobre las relaciones laborales en los enclaves minero-metalúrgicos de la Amazonia oriental. En el contexto de la nueva división internacional del trabajo, se analizan las estrategias sindicales y las condiciones de subsistencia de la mano de obra y sus familias. Desde el punto de vista metodológico se ha confeccionado un mapa a dos niveles: la “actividad situada”, y la “subjetivización de la actividad”. La “actividad situada”, focaliza la perspectiva de los sindicatos y las asociaciones de trabajadores a partir de las estrategias de acción. La “subjetivización de la actividad” se refiere a las interpretaciones subjetivas y las estrategias de renta adoptadas por la mano de obra empleada.

Vidas em enclaves. Imaginário das cidades inseguras e fragmentação socioespacial em contextos não metropolitanos

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Narrating Boundaries: Framing and Contesting Suffering, Community, and Belonging in Enclaves along the India-Bangladesh Border

This paper explores the politics of community making at the India-Bangladesh border by examining the public and private narratives of history and belonging in a Bangladeshi enclave-a sovereign piece of Bangladesh completely territorially surrounded by India. Drawing on framings of political society, this paper argues that understanding populations at the margins of South Asia and beyond requires attention to two processes: first, to the ways that para-legal activities are part and parcel of daily life; and second, to the strategies through which these groups construct themselves as moral communities deserving of inclusion within the state. Border communities often articulate narratives of dispossession, exceptionality, and marginalization to researchers and other visitors-narratives that are often unproblematically reproduced in academic treatments of the border. However, such articulations mask both the complicated histories and quotidian realities of border life. This paper views these articulations as political projects in and of themselves. By reading the more hidden histories of life in this border enclave, this article reconstructs the notion of borders as experienced by enclave residents themselves. It shows the ways that the politics of the India-Bangladesh border are constitutive of (and constituted by) a range of fractures and internal boundaries within the enclave. These boundaries are as central to forging community-to articulating who belongs and why-as are more public narratives that frame enclave residents as victims of confused territorial configurations. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Diagnostics de base, mise en oeuvre et appréciation du potentiel des NTIC (radio, internet, concertation) dans les zones enclavées de la région de Daraina (sous-préfécture de Vohémar, Nord-Est Madagascar)

Rapport d'avancement - février 2005