Ein neuartiges Interferometer zur Messung magneto-optischer Effekte an L-Absorptionskanten von ferromagnetischen Metallen mit linearpolarisierter Undulatorstrahlung

Am Mainzer Mikrotron MAMI wurde ein neuartiges Interferometer entwickelt und getestet, mit dem magneto-optische Effekte an dünnen, freitragenden Folien von 3d-Übergangsmetallen wie Eisen, Kobalt oder Nickel an den L_{2,3}-Absorptionskanten (im Spektralbereich der weichen Röntgenstrahlung) gemessen werden können. Es handelt sich um eine Weiterentwicklung eines an MAMI erprobten Interferometers, das im wesentlichen aus einer kollinearen Anordnung zweier identischer Undulatoren, zwischen die die dünne Probefolie eingebracht wird, und einem Gitterspektrometer besteht. Aus den als Funktion des Abstands der Undulatoren beobachtbaren Intensitätsoszillation lassen sich das Dekrement des Realteils δ und der Absorptionskoeffizient β des komplexen Brechungsindex bestimmen.rnIm Rahmen der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Apparatur derart weiterentwickelt, dass auch die magnetisch zirkulare Doppelbrechung Δδ und der magnetisch zirkulare Dichroismus Δβ an den L_{2,3}-Absorptionskanten von Übergangsmetallen gemessen werden können. Der zweite Undulator wurde um die Elektronenstrahlachse um den Winkel Ψ = ±107° drehbar gemacht. Damit dient er auch als Analysator der aus der Folie austretenden elliptisch polarisierten weichen Röntgenstrahlung, für die - wie bei der Faraday-Rotation - die Polarisationsebene gedreht ist. Weiterhin kann die Spaltbreite der 10-poligen Hybrid-Undulatoren mit einer Periodenlänge von 12 mm und damit der Undulatorparameter über eine Antriebsmechanik kontinuierlich variiert werden, wodurch eine optimale Anpassung der Amplituden der Undulatorstrahlung aus den beiden Undulatoren möglich wird. Der maximale Undulatorparameter beträgt K = 1.1. Auch das Spektrometer, das auf einem selbstfokussierenden Gitter mit variierter Liniendichte (im Mittel 1400 Linien / mm) basiert, wurde weiterentwickelt. Als Detektor kommt jetzt eine fensterlose CCD mit 1024 x 1024 Pixeln und einer Pixelgröße von 13 μm x 13 μm zum Einsatz, die im Bildmodus betrieben wird, was die gleichzeitige Messung eines Energieintervalls von ca. 50 eV ermöglicht. Die totale Linienbreite wurde bei einer vertikalen Strahlfleckausdehnung von σ_y = 70 μm (rms) am Neon 1s-3p Übergang bei (867.18 ±0.02) eV zu Δħω = (0.218 ±0.002) eV (FWHM) gemessen. Das hohe Auflösungsvermögen von 4000 und die Möglichkeit der Eichung gegen den 1s-3p Übergang von Neon wurden ausgenutzt, um die Energie der Maxima an den Absorptionskanten von Nickel (weiße Linien) neu zu bestimmen. Die Ergebnisse E_{L_2}=(869.65_{-0.16}^{+0.27}) eV und E_{L_3}=(852.37_{-0.11}^{+0.16}) eV stellen eine Verbesserung früherer Messungen dar, die große Streuungen aufwiesen.rnAus systematischen Messungen als Funktion des Abstandes der Undulatoren und des Drehwinkels Ψ wurden die magnetisch zirkulare Doppelbrechung Δδ im Energiebereich 834 eV ≤ ħω ≤ 885 eV an einer freitragenden, bis zur Sättigung magnetisierten Nickelfolie der Dicke von (96.4 ±2.7) nm gemessen. Sowohl das Auflösungsvermögen als auch die Genauigkeit der Messungen für Δδ übersteigen bekannte Literaturangaben signifikant, so dass eine bisher nicht bekannte Feinstruktur gefunden werden konnte. Außerdem wurde der Betrag des magnetisch zirkularen Dichroismus |Δβ| im Bereich des Maximums an der L_3-Absorptionskante mit hoher Genauigkeit gemessen.rn

An adjustable focusing system for a 2 MeV H- ion beam line based on permanent magnet quadrupoles

A compact adjustable focusing system for a 2 MeV H- RFQ Linac is designed, constructed and tested based on four permanent magnet quadrupoles (PMQ). A PMQ model is realised using finite element simulations, providing an integrated field gradient of 2.35 T with a maximal field gradient of 57 T/m. A prototype is constructed and the magnetic field is measured, demonstrating good agreement with the simulation. Particle track simulations provide initial values for the quadrupole positions. Accordingly, four PMQs are constructed and assembled on the beam line, their positions are then tuned to obtain a minimal beam spot size of (1.2 x 2.2) mm^2 on target. This paper describes an adjustable PMQ beam line for an external ion beam. The novel compact design based on commercially available NdFeB magnets allows high flexibility for ion beam applications.

Neighbourhood abundance and small-tree survival in a lowland Bornean rainforest

Conspecific effects of neighbours on small-tree survival may have a role in tree population dynamics and community composition of tropical forests. This notion was tested with data from two 4-ha plots in lowland forest at Danum, Sabah (Borneo), for a 21-year interval (censuses at 1986, 1996, 2001, 2007). Species with ≥45 focal trees 10 to <100 cm stem girth per plot in 1986 were selected. Logistic regressions fitted mean focal tree size and mean inverse-distance-weighted basal area abundance of neighbours (within 20 m), for the periods over which each focus tree was alive. Coefficients of variation of neighbourhood basal area abundance, both spatially and temporally, quantified the changing environment of each focus tree. Fits were critically and individually evaluated, with corrections for spatial autocorrelation. Conspecific effects at Danum was generally very weak or non-existent: species’ mortality rates varied also across plots. The main reasons appear to be that (1) species were not dense enough to interact despite frequent although weak spatial aggregation, and their neighbourhoods were highly differing in species composition; and (2) these neighbourhoods were highly variable temporally, meaning that focus trees experienced stochastically fluctuating neighbourhood environments. Only one species, Dimorphocalyx muricatus, showed strong conspecific effects (varying between plots) which can be explained by its distinct ecology. This understorey species is highly aggregated on ridges and is drought-tolerant. That this functionally and habitat-specialized species, has implied intraspecific density-dependent feedback in its dynamics is a remarkable indication of the overall processes maintaining stability of the Danum forest.

Magnetic petrology of ODP Leg 121 holes

Given the importance of the inversion of seamount magnetic anomalies, particularly to the motion of the Pacific plate, it is important to gain a better understanding of the nature of the magnetic source of these features. Although different in detail, Ninetyeast Ridge is composed of submarine and subaerial igneous rocks that are similar to those found at many seamounts, making it a suitable proxy. We report here on the magnetic petrology of a collection of samples from Ninetyeast Ridge in the Indian Ocean. Our purpose is to determine the relationship between primary petrology, subsequent alteration, and magnetic properties of the recovered rocks. Such information will eventually lead to a more complete understanding of the magnetization of seamounts and presumably improvements in the accuracy of anomaly inversions. Three basement sites were drilled on Ninetyeast Ridge, with recovery of subaerial basalt flows at the first two (Sites 756 and 757) and submarine massive and pillow flows at the final one (Site 758). The three sites were distinctly different. Site 756 was dominated by ilmenite. What titanomagnetite was present had undergone deuteric alteration and secondary hematite was present in many samples. The magnetization was moderate and stable although it yielded a paleolatitude somewhat lower than expected. Site 757 was highly oxidized, presumably while above sea level. It was dominated by primary titanomagnetite, which was deuterically altered. Secondary hematite was common. Magnetization was relatively weak but quite stable. The paleolatitude for all but the lowermost flows was approximately 40° lower than expected. Site 758 was also dominated by primary titanomagnetite. There was relatively little oxidation with most primary titanomagnetite showing no evidence of high-temperature alteration. No secondary hematite was in evidence. This site had the highest magnetization of the three (although somewhat low relative to other seamounts) but was relatively unstable with significant viscous remanence in many samples. Paleolatitude was close to the expected value. It is not possible, at present, to confidently associate these rocks with specific locations in a seamount structure. A possible and highly speculative model would place rocks similar to Site 757 near the top of the edifice, Site 756 lower down but still erupted above sea level, and Site 758 underlying these units, erupted while the seamount was still below sea level.

(Table 1) Summary statistics of in situ sea-ice characteristics of Ice Station Belgica sites Fabra, Patria/Liège and Brussels in October 2007

Three ice type regimes at Ice Station Belgica (ISB), during the 2007 International Polar Year SIMBA (Sea Ice Mass Balance in Antarctica) expedition, were characterized and assessed for elevation, snow depth, ice freeboard and thickness. Analyses of the probability distribution functions showed great potential for satellite-based altimetry for estimating ice thickness. In question is the required altimeter sampling density for reasonably accurate estimation of snow surface elevation given inherent spatial averaging. This study assesses an effort to determine the number of laser altimeter 'hits' of the ISB floe, as a representative Antarctic floe of mixed first- and multi-year ice types, for the purpose of statistically recreating the in situ-determined ice-thickness and snow depth distribution based on the fractional coverage of each ice type. Estimates of the fractional coverage and spatial distribution of the ice types, referred to as ice 'towns', for the 5 km**2 floe were assessed by in situ mapping and photo-visual documentation. Simulated ICESat altimeter tracks, with spot size ~70 m and spacing ~170 m, sampled the floe's towns, generating a buoyancy-derived ice thickness distribution. 115 altimeter hits were required to statistically recreate the regional thickness mean and distribution for a three-town assemblage of mixed first- and multi-year ice, and 85 hits for a two-town assemblage of first-year ice only: equivalent to 19.5 and 14.5 km respectively of continuous altimeter track over a floe region of similar structure. Results have significant implications toward model development of sea-ice sampling performance of the ICESat laser altimeter record as well as maximizing sampling characteristics of satellite/airborne laser and radar altimetry missions for sea-ice thickness.

Biomolecular interaction analysis of gestrinone-anti-gestrinone using arrays of high aspect ratio SU-8 nanopillars

In this paper, label-free biosensing for antibody screening by periodic lattices of high-aspect ratio SU-8 nano-pillars (BICELLs) is presented. As a demonstration, the determination of anti-gestrinone antibodies from whole rabbit serum is carried out, and for the first time, the dissociation constant (KD = 6 nM) of antigen-antibody recognition process is calculated using this sensing system. After gestrinone antigen immobilization on the BICELLs, the immunorecognition was performed. The cells were interrogated vertically by using micron spot size Fourier transform visible and IR spectrometry (FT-VIS-IR), and the dip wavenumber shift was monitored. The biosensing assay exhibited good reproducibility and sensitivity (LOD = 0.75 ng/mL).

Nonuniform irradiation of laser targets

Smoothing of plasma ablated from a laser target under weakly nonuniform irradiation is discussed. Conduction is assumed restricted to a quasisteady layer enclosing the critical surface (large pellet or focal spot, and long, low-intensity, short-wavelength pulse). Light refraction can make the ablated plasma unstable.

Laser induced forward transfer of silver pastes for printing of fingers in c-si cells.

The main objective of this work is to adapt the Laser Induced Forward Techniques (LIFT), a well- known laser direct writing technique for material transfer, to define metallic contacts (fingers and busbars) onto c-Si cells. The silver paste (with viscosity around 30-50 kcPs) is applied over a glass substrate using a coater. The thickness of the paste can be control changing the deposit parameters. The glass with the silver paste is set at a controlled gap over the c-Si cell. A solid state pulsed laser (532 nm) is focused at the glass/silver interface producing a droplet of silver that it is transferred to the c-Si cell. A scanner is used to print lines. The process parameters (silver paste thickness, gap and laser parameters -spot size, pulse energy and overlapping of pulses) are modified and the morphology of the lines is studied using confocal microscopy. Long lines are printed and the uniformity (in thickness and height) is studied. Some examples of metallization of larger areas (up to 10 cm x 10 cm) are presented.

Method for the characterization of Fresnel lens flux transfer performance

Fresnel lenses and other faceted or micro-optic devices are increasingly used in multiple applications like solar light concentrators and illumination devices, just to name some representative. However, it seems to be a certain lack of adequate techniques for the assessment of the performance of final fabricated devices. As applications are more exigent this characterization is a must. We provide a technique to characterize the performance of Fresnel lenses, as light collection devices. The basis for the method is a configuration where a camera images the Fresnel lens aperture. The entrance pupil of the camera is situated at the focal spot or the conjugate of a simulated solar source. In this manner, detailed maps of the performance of different Fresnel lenses are obtained for different acceptance angles.

Modelling of the surface emission of the low magnetic field magnetar SGR 0418+5729

We perform a detailed modelling of the post-outburst surface emission of the low magnetic field magnetar SGR 0418+5729. The dipolar magnetic field of this source, B=6×1012G estimated from its spin-down rate, is in the observed range of magnetic fields for normal pulsars. The source is further characterized by a high pulse fraction and a single-peak profile. Using synthetic temperature distribution profiles, and fully accounting for the general-relativistic effects of light deflection and gravitational redshift, we generate synthetic X-ray spectra and pulse profiles that we fit to the observations. We find that asymmetric and symmetric surface temperature distributions can reproduce equally well the observed pulse profiles and spectra of SGR 0418. None the less, the modelling allows us to place constraints on the system geometry (i.e. the angles ψ and ξ that the rotation axis makes with the line of sight and the dipolar axis, respectively), as well as on the spot size and temperature contrast on the neutron star surface. After performing an analysis iterating between the pulse profile and spectra, as done in similar previous works, we further employed, for the first time in this context, a Markov-Chain Monte Carlo approach to extract constraints on the model parameters from the pulse profiles and spectra, simultaneously. We find that, to reproduce the observed spectrum and flux modulation: (a) the angles must be restricted to 65° ≲ ψ + ξ ≲ 125° or 235° ≲ ψ + ξ ≲ 295°; (b) the temperature contrast between the poles and the equator must be at least a factor of ∼6, and (c) the size of the hottest region ranges between 0.2 and 0.7 km (including uncertainties on the source distance). Lastly, we interpret our findings within the context of internal and external heating models.

Microscale mesoarrays created by dip-pen nanolithography for screening of protein-protein interactions

Using microarrays to probe protein-protein interactions is becoming increasingly attractive due to their compatibility with highly sensitive detection techniques, selectivity of interaction, robustness and capacity for examining multiple proteins simultaneously. The major drawback to using this approach is the relatively large volumes and high concentrations necessary. Reducing the protein array spot size should allow for smaller volumes and lower concentrations to be used as well as opening the way for combination with more sensitive detection technologies. Dip-Pen Nanolithography (DPN) is a recently developed technique for structure creation on the nano to microscale with the capacity to create biological architectures. Here we describe the creation of miniaturised microarrays, 'mesoarrays', using DPN with protein spots 400× smaller by area compared to conventional microarrays. The mesoarrays were then used to probe the ERK2-KSR binding event of the Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK signalling pathway at a physical scale below that previously reported. Whilst the overall assay efficiency was determined to be low, the mesoarrays could detect KSR binding to ERK2 repeatedly and with low non-specific binding. This study serves as a first step towards an approach that can be used for analysis of proteins at a concentration level comparable to that found in the cellular environment.

The effect of heat treatment on mechanical properties of pulsed Nd:YAG welded thin Ti6Al4V

Pulsed Nd:YAG has been adopted successfully in welding process of thin (0.7 mm) Ti6Al4V. Laser welding of such thin sheet requires a small focal spot, good laser beam quality and fast travel speed, since too much heat generation can cause distortion for thin sheet weld. The microstructures of Ti6Al4V were complex and strongly affected the mechanical properties. These structures include: a´ martensite, metastable ß, Widmanstätten, bimodal, lamellar and equiaxed microstructure. Bimodal and Widmanstätten structures exhibit a good-balance between strength and ductility. The microstructure of pulsed Nd:YAG welded Ti6Al4V was primarily a´ martensite, which showed the lowest ductility but not significantly high strength. A heat treatment at 950 followed by furnace cooling can transform the microstructure in the weld from a´ martensite structure into Widmanstätten structure.

Laser beam self-focusing in the atmosphere

We propose to exploit a self-focusing effect in the atmosphere to assist delivering powerful laser beams from orbit to the ground. We demonstrate through numerical modeling that when the self-focusing length is comparable with the atmosphere height the spot size on the ground can be reduced well below the diffraction limits without beam quality degradation. The density variation suppresses beam filamentation and provides the self-focusing of the beam as a whole. The use of light self-focusing in the atmosphere can greatly relax the requirements for the orbital optics and ground receivers.

Pain response and follow-up of patients undergoing panretinal laser photocoagulation with reduced exposure times

Purpose - We performed a study of laser panretinal photocoagulation in 20 patients with proliferative retinopathy. We compared short exposure, high-energy laser settings with conventional settings, using a 532?nm, frequency doubled, Neodymium–Yag laser and assessed the patients in terms of pain experienced and effectiveness of treatment. Methods - Twenty patients having panretinal photocoagulation for the first time underwent random allocation to treatment of the superior and inferior hemi-retina. Treatment A used ‘conventional’ parameters: exposure time 0.1?s, power sufficient to produce a visible grey-white burns, spot size 300?µm. The other hemi- retina was treated with treatment B using exposure 0.02?s, 300?µm and sufficient power to have similar endpoint. All patients were asked to evaluate severity of pain on a visual analogue scale. (0=no pain, 10=most severe pain). All patients were masked as to the type of treatment and the order of carrying out the treatment on each patient was randomised. Patients underwent fundus photography and were followed up for 6–45 months. Results - Seventeen patients had proliferative diabetic retinopathy, two had ischaemic central retinal vein occlusion and one had ocular ischaemic syndrome. The mean response to treatment A was 5.11, compared to 1.40 treatment B, on the visual analogue scale, which was statistically significant (P=0.001). All patients preferred treatment B. Further treatments, if required, were performed with treatment B parameters and long-term follow-up has shown no evidence of undertreatment. Conclusions - Shortening exposure time of retinal laser is significantly less painful but equally effective as conventional parameters.

OCT evaluation of visible and subthreshold retinal photocoagulation using 532nm laser

Presentation Purpose:We conducted a study to determine if the spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) could be used as a tool to assess effective delivery of threshold and subthreshold laser burns created using 532nm green wavelength laser. Methods:10 patients planned for panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) for proliferative diabetic retinopathy were included in this study. Before initiating the full PRP, a row of moderately white laser burns as used for conventional PRP was created using 532 nm laser set at threshold power for 0.1 second with 300 microns spot size. Further rows of laser burns were created by altering the duration and power settings on the laser device. The area of the retina irradiated with laser was imaged using the Topcon SD-OCT within a few minutes of laser treatment. Results:Laser burns created using threshold power were seen on the OCT scan in all cases as a homogenous diffuse increase in reflectivity extending across the full thickness of retina (Fig 1). Retinal burns created by lowering the duration of laser pulse to 0.01s were barely visible ophthalmoscopically but were clearly detectable on the OCT scan as a localised, well-defined area of increased tissue reflectivity (Fig 2). Conclusions:OCT is a useful to tool to assess the delivery of laser burns created using the 532 nm green laser. Burns of a subthreshold intensity that may not be visible ophthalmoscopically result in retinal changes that are clearly detectable on OCT imaging. Further studies would be needed to assess the clinical effectiveness of subthreshold laser treatment for retinal vascular diseases using the 532 nm green laser.