Memorias en movimiento: testimonios corporales sobre marcas inscritas por el diagnóstico del “trastorno bipolar”

Los diagnósticos clínicos de “trastornos mentales” son categorías que aparecen dentro de un contexto particular, por lo que están cargados de significados y atravesado por una economía política del deseo. De tal manera, el diagnóstico puede marcar a las personas que los portan. Con esta premisa y desde un enfoque de los Estudios de la Cultura, esta investigación busca analizar las formas en que los sujetos diagnosticados con trastorno mental experimentan dicha marca y las narrativas que emergen de tal experiencia. En este estudio se presentan tres narraciones de personas diagnosticadas con trastorno bipolar, considerando que esta última es una categoría problemática, conectada con el ámbito social, médico, familiar, farmacológico y demás. Más que un trastorno, el estado bipolar expresa la complejidad humana, que ha sido marcada psiquiátricamente como una falencia. De ahí la importancia de registrar la manera en que estas experiencias se inscriben en la memoria de las participantes, a partir de su bitácora testimonial oral y corporal/ visual/emocional, que incorpora movimientos dancísticos para el registro visual.

Desenvolvimento de um método de volumes finitos de alta ordem para a simulação de escoamentos de fluidos viscoelásticos

O uso da mecânica de fluidos computacional no estudo de processos envolvendo o escoamento de fluidos poliméricos está cada vez mais presente nas indústrias de transformação de polímeros. Um código computacional voltado a esta função, para que possa ser aplicado com sucesso, deve levar a predições mais próximas possível da realidade (modelagem), de uma forma relativamente rápida e eficiente (simulação). Em relação à etapa de modelagem, o ponto chave é a seleção de uma equação constitutiva que represente bem as características reológicas do fluido, dentre as diversas opções existentes. Para a etapa de simulação, ou seja, a resolução numérica das equações do modelo, existem diversas metodologias encontradas na literatura, cada qual com suas vantagens e desvantagens. Neste tópico se enquadra o trabalho em questão, que propõe uma nova metodologia para a resolução das equações governantes do escoamento de fluidos viscoelásticos. Esta se baseia no método dos volumes finitos, usando o arranjo co-localizado para as variáveis do problema, e na utilização de aproximações de alta ordem para os fluxos médios lineares e não-lineares e para outros termos não lineares que surgem da discretização das equações constitutivas. Nesta metodologia, trabalha-se com os valores médios das variáveis nos volumes durante todo o processo de resolução, sendo que os valores pontuais são obtidos ao final do procedimento via deconvolução. A solução do sistema de equações não lineares, resultante da discretização das equações, é feita de forma simultânea, usando o método de Newton São mostrados então, resultados da aplicação da metodologia proposta em problemas envolvendo escoamentos de fluidos newtonianos e fluidos viscoelásticos. Para descrever o comportamento reológico destes últimos, são usadas duas equações constitutivas, que são o modelo de Oldroyd-B e o modelo de Phan-Thien-Tanner Simplificado. Por estes resultados pode-se ver que a metodologia é muito promissora, apresentando algumas vantagens frente às metodologias convencionais em volumes finitos. A implementação atual da metodologia desenvolvida está restrita a malhas uniformes e, consequentemente, soluções para problemas com geometrias complexas, que necessitam de refinamento localizado da malha, foram obtidas somente para baixos números de Weissenberg, devido a limitação do custo computacional. Esta restrição pode ser contornada, tornando o seu uso competitivo.

Simulação numérica da interação de escoamentos tridimensionais de fluidos compressíveis e incompressíveis e estruturas deformáveis usando o método de elementos finitos

Neste trabalho apresenta-se um algoritmo para a simulação de problemas tridimensionais de interação fluido-estrutura utilizando a técnica de elementos finitos. Um esquema de Taylor-Galerkin de dois passos e elementos tetraédricos lineares são empregados para o fluido, que pode ser compressível ou incompressível. É adotada uma formulação lagrangeana-euleriana arbitrária (ALE), compatível com o movimento da interface fluidoestrutura. Um método ftacionado de correção de velocidade é utilizado para os fluidos incompressíveis. A estrutura é analisada usando elementos triangulares com três nós e seis graus de liberdade por nó (três componentes de deslocamentos e três componentes de rotação). Os efeitos da não-linearidade geométrica são incluídos. O método de Newmark é empregado para integrar no tempo as equações dinâmicas de equilíbrio, usando-se uma descrição lagrangeana atualizada. O sistema de equações alge'bricas é solucionado através do método dos gradientes conjugados e o sistema não-linear, resultante de deslocamentos e rotacões finitas da estrutura, é solucionado com um esquema incremental-iterativo. O código é otimizado para aproveitar as vantagens do processamento vetorial.

Métodos multigrid paralelos em malhas não estruturadas aplicados à simulação de problemas de dinâmica de fluidos computacional e transferência de calor

Fenômenos naturais, tecnológicos e industriais podem, em geral, ser modelados de modo acurado através de equações diferenciais parciais, definidas sobre domínios contínuos que necessitam ser discretizados para serem resolvidos. Dependendo do esquema de discretização utilizado, pode-se gerar sistemas de equações lineares. Esses sistemas são, de modo geral, esparsos e de grande porte, onde as incógnitas podem ser da ordem de milhares, ou até mesmo de milhões. Levando em consideração essas características, o emprego de métodos iterativos é o mais apropriado para a resolução dos sistemas gerados, devido principalmente a sua potencialidade quanto à otimização de armazenamento e eficiência computacional. Uma forma de incrementar o desempenho dos métodos iterativos é empregar uma técnica multigrid. Multigrid são uma classe de métodos que resolvem eficientemente um grande conjunto de equações algébricas através da aceleração da convergência de métodos iterativos. Considerando que a resolução de sistemas de equações de problemas realísticos pode requerer grande capacidade de processamento e de armazenamento, torna-se imprescindível o uso de ambientes computacionais de alto desempenho. Uma das abordagens encontradas na literatura técnica para a resolução de sistemas de equações em paralelo é aquela que emprega métodos de decomposição de domínio (MDDs). Os MDDs são baseados no particionamento do domínio computacional em subdomínios, de modo que a solução global do problema é obtida pela combinação apropriada das soluções obtidas em cada um dos subdomínios Assim, neste trabalho são disponibilizados diferentes métodos de resolução paralela baseado em decomposição de domínio, utilizando técnicas multigrid para a aceleração da solução de sistemas de equações lineares. Para cada método, são apresentados dois estudos de caso visando a validação das implementações. Os estudos de caso abordados são o problema da difusão de calor e o modelo de hidrodinâmica do modelo UnHIDRA. Os métodos implementados mostraram-se altamente paralelizáveis, apresentando bons ganhos de desempenho. Os métodos multigrid mostraram-se eficiente na aceleração dos métodos iterativos, já que métodos que utilizaram esta técnica apresentaram desempenho superior aos métodos que não utilizaram nenhum método de aceleração.

Movimento de partículas carregadas em fluidos ionizados : fundamentos matemáticos da teoria de eletroforese capilar

Neste trabalho, discutimos o movimento de uma macromolécula carregada em um fluido ionizado. A interação do campo elétrico é descrita pela equação de Poisson-Boltzmann acoplada às equações governantes para a dinâmica do fluido e às equações dinâmicas da partícula. Uma formulação fraca é introduzida no caso em que o domínio ocupado pelo fluido é finito e um teorema de existência de soluções fracas, local em tempo, é estabelecido. Dois modelos são considerados: fluxos não-estacionários e estacionários. No primeiro caso, a hidrodinâmica do sistema é governada pelas equações de Navier-Stokes, considerando-se um termo forçante relacionado ao potencial elétrico; no segundo caso, uma velocidade de deslizamento, a qual depende não linearmente sobre os potenciais, é introduzida como uma condição de contorno para um problema estacionário de Stokes. O caso de um fluido ocupando uma região infinita é também discutido supondo-se uma hipótese de aproximação sobre o campo elétrico.

Transporte de fluidos

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Cinemática de partículas em fluidos de viscosidade variável com o tempo e sua aplicação na construção de poços de petróleo: avaliação durante paradas operacionais

The new oil reservoirs discoveries in onshore and ultra deep water offshore fields and complex trajectories require the optimization of procedures to reduce the stops operation during the well drilling, especially because the platforms and equipment high cost, and risks which are inherent to the operation. Among the most important aspects stands out the drilling fluids project and their behavior against different situations that may occur during the process. By means of sedimentation experiments, a correlation has been validated to determe the sedimentation particles velocity in variable viscosity fluids over time, applying the correction due to effective viscosity that is a shear rate and time function. The viscosity evolution over time was obtained by carrying out rheologic tests using a fixed shear rate, small enough to not interfere in the fluid gelling process. With the sedimentation particles velocity and the fluid viscosity over time equations an iterative procedure was proposed to determine the particles displacement over time. These equations were implemented in a case study to simulate the cuttings sedimentation generated in the oil well drilling during stops operation, especially in the connections and tripping, allowing the drilling fluid project in order to maintain the cuttings in suspension, avoiding risks, such as stuck pipe and in more drastic conditions, the loss of the well

Simulação de fluxo de fluidos em meios porosos desordenados uma análise de efeito de escala na estimativa da permeabilidade e do coeficiente de arrasto

The present study provides a methodology that gives a predictive character the computer simulations based on detailed models of the geometry of a porous medium. We using the software FLUENT to investigate the flow of a viscous Newtonian fluid through a random fractal medium which simplifies a two-dimensional disordered porous medium representing a petroleum reservoir. This fractal model is formed by obstacles of various sizes, whose size distribution function follows a power law where exponent is defined as the fractal dimension of fractionation Dff of the model characterizing the process of fragmentation these obstacles. They are randomly disposed in a rectangular channel. The modeling process incorporates modern concepts, scaling laws, to analyze the influence of heterogeneity found in the fields of the porosity and of the permeability in such a way as to characterize the medium in terms of their fractal properties. This procedure allows numerically analyze the measurements of permeability k and the drag coefficient Cd proposed relationships, like power law, for these properties on various modeling schemes. The purpose of this research is to study the variability provided by these heterogeneities where the velocity field and other details of viscous fluid dynamics are obtained by solving numerically the continuity and Navier-Stokes equations at pore level and observe how the fractal dimension of fractionation of the model can affect their hydrodynamic properties. This study were considered two classes of models, models with constant porosity, MPC, and models with varying porosity, MPV. The results have allowed us to find numerical relationship between the permeability, drag coefficient and the fractal dimension of fractionation of the medium. Based on these numerical results we have proposed scaling relations and algebraic expressions involving the relevant parameters of the phenomenon. In this study analytical equations were determined for Dff depending on the geometrical parameters of the models. We also found a relation between the permeability and the drag coefficient which is inversely proportional to one another. As for the difference in behavior it is most striking in the classes of models MPV. That is, the fact that the porosity vary in these models is an additional factor that plays a significant role in flow analysis. Finally, the results proved satisfactory and consistent, which demonstrates the effectiveness of the referred methodology for all applications analyzed in this study.

Análise de viabilidade de injeção de fluidos alternativos ao vapor em reservatórios de óleo pesado

Many of hydrocarbon reserves existing in the world are formed by heavy oils (°API between 10 and 20). Moreover, several heavy oil fields are mature and, thus, offer great challenges for oil industry. Among the thermal methods used to recover these resources, steamflooding has been the main economically viable alternative. Latent heat carried by steam heats the reservoir, reducing oil viscosity and facilitating the production. This method has many variations and has been studied both theoretically and experimentally (in pilot projects and in full field applications). In order to increase oil recovery and reduce steam injection costs, the injection of alternative fluid has been used on three main ways: alternately, co-injected with steam and after steam injection interruption. The main objective of these injection systems is to reduce the amount of heat supplied to the reservoir, using cheaper fluids and maintaining the same oil production levels. This works discusses the use of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, methane and water as an alternative fluid to the steam. The analyzed parameters were oil recoveries and net cumulative oil productions. The reservoir simulation model corresponds to an oil reservoir of 100 m x 100 m x 28 m size, on a Cartesian coordinates system (x, y and z directions). It is a semi synthetic model with some reservoir data similar to those found in Brazilian Potiguar Basin. All studied cases were done using the simulator STARS from CMG (Computer Modelling Group, version 2009.10). It was found that waterflood after steam injection interruption achieved the highest net cumulative oil compared to other fluids injection. Moreover, it was observed that steam and alternative fluids, co-injected and alternately, did not present increase on profitability project compared with steamflooding

Metodologia para avaliação de cinemática de partículas gasosas em fluidos de viscosidade variável com o tempo e sua aplicação na construção de poços de petróleo

Many challenges have been presented in petroleum industry. One of them is the preventing of fluids influx during drilling and cementing. Gas migration can occur as result of pressure imbalance inside the well when well pressure becomes lower than gas zone pressure and in cementing operation this occurs during cement slurry transition period (solid to fluid). In this work it was developed a methodology to evaluate gas migration during drilling and cementing operations. It was considered gel strength concept and through experimental tests determined gas migration initial time. A mechanistic model was developed to obtain equation that evaluates bubble displacement through the fluid while it gels. Being a time-dependant behavior, dynamic rheological measurements were made to evaluate viscosity along the time. For drilling fluids analyzed it was verified that it is desirable fast and non-progressive gelation in order to reduce gas migration without affect operational window (difference between pore and fracture pressure). For cement slurries analyzed, the most appropriate is that remains fluid for more time below critical gel strength, maintaining hydrostatic pressure above gas zone pressure, and after that gels quickly, reducing gas migration. The model developed simulates previously operational conditions and allow changes in operational and fluids design to obtain a safer condition for well construction

Constribuição técnica de um sistema de emulsão inversa a base de óleos vegetais para fluidos de perfuração

The developments in formulating drilling fluids to apply in petroleum fields are based on new technologies and environmental challenges, where the technical performance of a developed drilling fluid is used to produce a minimum environmental impact, showing great economy in costs. It is well known that the potential use of oil-based drilling fluids is limited because these fluids when discharged in the sea do not disperse as much as water-based ones and may form waterproof films in the seabed, having a profound effect on plants and animals living in this environment. The current works have been made in investigating fluids called pseudofluids, which are synthetic ester-based, n-paraffin-based and other fluids formed from inverse emulsion. In this research the principal parameters involved in inverse emulsion process were studied, in laboratory scale, using esters as main component. Others commercial drilling fluids were used as comparative samples, as well as samples from laboratory and field where these drilling fluids are being applied. Concentrations of emulsifier and organophilic clay, which are viscosity donor, were varied to verify the influence of these parameters, in different oil/water ratios (55/45, 60/40, 65/35, 70/30, and 75/25). The salt concentration (NaCl) is an indicative parameter of stability and activity of an esterbased fluid. In this research the salt concentration was varied in 10,000, 20,000, and 50,000 ppm of NaCl. Some rheological properties of the produced fluids were studied, such as: initial gel, plastic viscosity, yield point, and apparent viscosity. Through the obtained rheological measures, the existence of two systems could be verified: fluid and flocculated. It could be noticed that the systems were influenced, directly, by the oil/water ratio and emulsifier, organophilic clay and NaCl concentrations. This study showed the viability to use an ester obtained from a regional vegetable product babaçu coconut oil to obtain an efficient and environmental safe drilling fluid

Avaliação do comportamento de fluidos micelares na recuperação avançada de petróleo

In heavy oil fields there is a great difficulty of the oil to flow from the reservoir to the well, making its production more difficult and with high cost. Most of the original volumes of oil found in the world are considered unrecoverable by the use of the current methods. The injection of micellar solutions has a direct action in the oil interfacial properties, resulting in an enhanced oil recovery. The objective of this research was the study and selection of micellar solutions with ability to decrease the interfacial interactions between fluids and reservoir formation, increasing oil production. The selected micellar solutions were obtained using commercial surfactants and surfactants synthesized in laboratory, based on the intrinsic properties of these molecules, to use in the enhanced oil recovery. Petroleum Reservoirs were simulated using sandstone plugs from Botucatu formation. Experiments with conventional and enhanced oil recovery techniques were accomplished. The obtained results showed that all micellar solutions were able to enhance oil recovery, and the micellar solution prepared with a SB anionic surfactant, at 2% KCl solution, showed the best recovery factor. It was also accomplished an economic analysis with the SB surfactant solution. With the injection of 20% porous volume of micellar solution, followed by brine injection, the increment in petroleum recovery can reach 81% recovery factor in the 3rd porous volume injected. The increment in the total cost by the addition of surfactant to the injection water represents R$ 7.50/ton of injected fluid

Aplicação de tensoativos não iônicos na recuperação de fluidos de perfuração poliméricos

The drilling fluid used to assist in the drilling operation of oil wells, accumulates solids inherent in the formation as it is circulated in the well, interfering in the fluid performance during operation. It is discarded after use. The disposal of these fluids causes one of the most difficult environmental problems in the world. This study aims to promote liquid phase separation of drilling fluids, which have circulated in oil wells, and enable this recovered liquid to formulate a new fluid. For this, non-ionic surfactants were used in order to select the best outcome in phase separation. Five real water-based drilling fluids were utilized, which were collected directly from the fields of drilling oil wells, classified as polymeric fluids. The methodology used consisted in combining the fluid with surfactant and then subjecting it to a process of centrifugation or decantation. The decantating tests were scheduled through experimental planning 23 and 32, using as variables the percentage (%) of surfactant utilized and the stirring time in minutes. The surfactants used were ethoxylated nonylphenol and lauryl alcohol ethoxylated with different degrees of ethoxylation. Phase separation was monitored first by tests of stability, and subsequently by the height of the interface in beakers of 100 mL. The results showed that from the surfactants studied, the lauryl alcohol ethoxylated with 3 ethoxylation units has been the most effective in the phase separation process of the drilling fluids tested. The statistical tool used was of great industrial value regarding the programming phase separation in drilling fluids. In conclusion, the liquid phase separated using surfactant can be reused for a new formulation of drilling fluid with similar properties of a new fluid, assuring its efficiency. And in the resulting analysis it is also suggested that the adsorption is the mechanism that leads the phase separation, with surfactant adsorbing in the active solids

Novas formulações de fluidos de corte: otimização, propriedades e recuperação do óleo usado

Cutting fluids are lubricants used in metal-mechanical industries. Their complex composition varies according to the type of operation carried out, also depending on the metals under treatment or investigation. Due to the high amount of mineral oil produced in Northeastern Brazil, we have detected the need to better use this class of material. In this work, two novel formulations have been tested, both based on naphthenic mineral oil and additives, such as: an emulsifying agent (A), an anticorrosion agent (B), a biocide (C) and an antifoam agent (D). Each formulation was prepared by mixing the additives in the mineral oil at a 700-rpm stirring velocity for 10 min, at 25°C, employing a 24 factorial planning. The formulations were characterized by means of density, total acid number (TAN), viscosity, flash point and anticorrosion activity. In a subsequent study, oil-in-water emulsions were prepared from these novel formulations. The emulsions were analyzed in terms of stability, corrosion degree, percentage of foam formation, conductivity, accelerated stability and particle size. The samples were appropriately labeled, and, in special, two of them were selected for featuring emulsion properties which were closer to those of the standards chosen as references (commercial cutting oils). Investigations were undertaken on the ability of NaCl and CaCl2 to destabilize the emulsions, at concentrations of 2%, 5% and 10%, at an 800-rpm stirring velocity for 5 min and temperatures of 25º, 40º, 50º and 60ºC. The recovered oils were chemically altered by reincorporating the same additives used in the original formulations, followed by preparation of emulsions with the same concentrations as those of the initial ones. The purpose was to assess the possibility of reusing the recovered oil. The effluents generated during the emulsion destabilization step were characterized via turbidity index, contents of oil and grease, pH, and contents of anions and cations, observing compliance with the parameters established by the current environmental legislation (Brazil s CONAMA 357/05 resolution). It could be concluded that the formulations presented excellent physicochemical properties as compared to commercial cutting fluids, showing that the quality of the newly-prepared fluids is superior to that of the formulations available in the market, enabling technically and environmentally-safe applications