Macroalgas de riachos da Floresta Nacional de Irati, região centro-sul do Estado do Paraná, Sul do Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

O papel das rotas e da obtenção de informações sobre a eficiência no forrageio de dinoponera quadriceps em ambiente natural

In this study, we investigated the role of routes and information attainment for the queenless ant species Dinoponera quadriceps foraging efficiency. Two queenless ant colonies were observed in an area of Atlantic secondary Forest at the FLONA-ICMBio of Nisia Floresta, in the state of Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern Brazil, at least once a week. In the first stage of the study, we observed the workers, from leaving until returning to the colony. In the second stage, we introduced a acrylic plate (100 x 30 x 0,8 cm) on a selected entrance of the nest early in the morning before the ants left the nest. All behavioral recordings were done through focal time and all occurence samplings. The recording windows were of 15 minutes with 1 minute interval, and 5 minute intervals between each observation window. Foraging was the main activity when the workers were outside the nest. There was a positive correlation between time outside the nest and distance travelled by the ants. These variables influenced the proportion of resource that was taken to the nest, that is, the bigger its proportion, the longer the time outside and distance travelled during the search. That proportion also influenced the time the worker remained in the nest before a new trip, the bigger the proportion of the item, the shorter was the time in the nest. During all the study, workers showed fidelity to the route and to the sectors in the home range, even when the screen was in the ant´s way, once they deviated and kept the route. The features of foraging concerning time, distance, route and flexibility to go astray by the workers indicate that decisions are made by each individual and are optimal in terms of a cost-benefit relation. The strategy chosen by queenless ants fits the central place foraging and marginal value theorem theories and demonstrate its flexibility to new informations. This indicates that the workers can learn new environmental landmarks to guide their routes

Uso de rotas na área de uso e a relação com comportamento alimentar em Callithrix jacchus

Callithrix jacchus are small primates that live in cooperative reproductive family groups. They explore their home range in search of fruits, exudates and animal prey. In this study we investigate the existence of traveling routes and its relation with the feeding habits in a group of Callithrix jacchus. The group was followed for 6 months in an area of Atlantic secondary Forest at the FLONA-ICMBio of Nísia Floresta, Rio Grande do Norte. Two observers in alternated days collected data referring to the group s location using a GPS navigation device, plotting data in 5 minute intervals, and with a position accuracy under 9 meters. All behavioral recordings were done through focal time samplings. The recording windows were 15 minutes with 1 minute intervals. The main activity was foraging, which propelled the animals to explore the environment with inconsistent intensity through the months, and correlated with the location of fruits, exudates and sleeping sites. From another standpoint, most activities were focused in the core areas that featured most sleeping sites, exudates trees and fruit trees. Insects, mostly Orthopterans, were hunted in all areas. The greater ratio of movement was registered during the last hours of sunlight, when animals returned to the sleeping sites and ate a greater number of fruits. The spatial and seasonal distribution of fruits forced the animals to travel long routes. The capacity to remember the location and navigate efficiently through feeding sources is important to save energy and time costs. Learning and familiarizing with the environment through the use of landmarks and acquisition of new information is extremely important to increase the chances of survival in a constantly changing environment

Padrão de atividades do sagüi callithrix jacchus numa área de caatinga

Callithrix jacchus, as the other species in the family Callitrichidae, lives in social groups. The groups cam be found in different habitats, whose distinct floristic physiognomies and communities are intrinsically related to their behavioral ecology and social relations. Our objective was to describe the social relations and feeding behavior of Callithrix jacchus in the Bioma Caatinga. We observed a group at the FLONA (National Forest IBAMA), in Açu-RN, in northeastern Brazil, compose of five adults (2 females and 3 males) at the beginning of the study. The birth of five animals was registered along the study. The following behavioral categories were registered along eleven months, once a week, through instantaneous focal animal sampling: social grooming, contact, proximity, foraging, feeding, locomotion and rest. Foraging presented the highest levels comparing to other activities, and was more frequent in the dry season. Social grooming was the second more frequent activity, with higher levels in the rainy season, and between the reproductive couple. We found similar results for proximity. The most explored feeding item was the gum, specially in the rainy season. The most explored species for exudates feeding were Cirus limon (limão) and Pitecolobiun foliolosum (jurema branca). The comparision of fruit and insect ingestion between the seasons showed higher percentage for both in the dry season. The general activity pattern was similar to what is registeded in groups the inhabit the Atlantic Forest. These results indicate the flexibility of the species which survives and reproduces in such physically and biologically different environments

Dinâmica sazional de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (Glomeromycota) em cerradão e brejo de altitude na Chapada do Araripe, CE

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are obligatory symbiotic organisms that associate with roots of a large number of plant taxa, and are found in all terrestrial ecosystems. These fungi promote greater tolerance to environmental stresses to associated plant, favoring the establishment of plant communities, especially where soil fertility is a limiting factor, as in the Caatinga, an exclusively Brazilian domain that has been focus of research due to its great biodiversity that can help clarify the history of vegetation in South America. Because of the ecological importance of AMF, the limited number of jobs and the potential diversity of the Caatinga, this work aims to inventory the diversity and determine AMF communities in areas with different faces occurrent in FLONA Araripe, Ceará (CE). The sample collection occurred in four periods at the beginning and end of the dry season (August and December 2011, respectively) and rainy (February and June 2012, respectively) in an area of marsh and woodland altitude of the Araripe, Crato, CE. The glomerosporos were extracted by wet sieving and centrifugation in water and sucrose (50%) mounted between slide and coverslip using PVLG and PVLG + Reagent Melzer. In total, we found 46 species of AMF distributed in eight families and 16 genera: Acaulospora (6), Ambispora (1), Cetraspora (2), Dentiscutata (5), Fuscutata (2), Gigaspora (6), Glomus (13) Intraornatospora (1), Kuklospora (1), Orbispora (1), Paradentiscutata (1), Quatunica (1), Racocetra (1), Scutellospora (2), Septoglomus (2) and a new genus. analysis showed that ecological each area of study has its own seasonal dynamics, with an area of woodland with a greater diversity of species throughout the year, while the marsh elevation showed greater variation in species found among the collection periods, showing that vegetation and rainfall has strong influence on the seasonal dynamics of AMF, as well as the availability of nutrients and soil pH so

Uso da adubação verde na recuperação de solos degradados por mineração na floresta amazônica

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Geochronology of the lpanema layered mafic-ultramafic complex, Minas gerais, Brazil: Evidence of extension at the meso-neoproterozoic time boundary

The mafic/ultramafic Ipanema Layered Complex (ILC), Minas Gerais Brazil, consists of seven individual bodies. These units crosscut polyphase orthogneisses and interlayered paragneisses of the Paleoproterozoic Juiz de Fora Complex. Intrusive granitoids tectonically related to [lie Neoproterozoie Aracuai orogen are also present in the study area.A Sm-Nd whole-rock linear array for seven samples metapyoxenites, metaperidotiles, metagabbro. and meta-anorthosite) from the Santa Cruz massif, the largest body of the ILC. suggest that it was emplaced at 1104 +/- 78 Ma the original magma was derived from a depleted mantle source (epsilon(Ndt)= +3.8). U-Pb single-grain zircon stud of a meta-anorthosite yields all upper intercept age of 1719 +/- 4 Ma, which is interpreted to represent inheritance. The lower intercept at 630+/-3 Ma indicates (hat a Neoproterozoic tectonothermal episode overprinted the ILC, this event occurred under upper-amphiolite-, to granulite-facies conditions. The 630 Ma episode is consistent with the timing of regional metamorphism and deformation of the adjacent Aracuai orogen (Brasiliano collage). Emplacement of the ILC and other coeval metamafies and meta-ultramafics (of alkaline affinity) in the re, oil is attributed to early extension tectonics, accompanying accretion of the Rodinia super- continent during the Mesoproterozoic-Neoproterozoic time boundary.

Desempenho das metodologias convencionais de quantificacao de reservas<>9d\estudo de um deposito de niquel

Ten working-groups were formed for estimation of nickel ore reserves, associated to an ultrabasic body, at Ipanema, MG. Each group employed six methods: parallel sections, isolines, triangles, polygons, blocks and statistical method. The triangles method showed more variability, and the smallest dispersion was obtained by the polygons method; the other methods induced fluctuations in relation to the mean. Top and bottom ore irregularities produced difficulties in the performance of the parallel sections method. Different ways of application of isolines method also produced some variations. Excepting for few calculated data, the overall results are very close to 2 200 000 t or ore. -English summary

Mechanical tillage of degraded mining areas at Jamari national forest (Amazonian forest, Rondônia - BR)

According to the environmental legislation enforced in Brazil and the process of marketing globalization, the commitment of the nations to the preservation of the environment is intensified. By reason of nature's negative responses to its intensive use, awareness then appears from enterprises and agencies about how the anthropic action over the environment needs to be minimized, becoming a challenge: development and sustainability. In this context, the present work made use of the Mechanical tillage of the soil, as a technique to apply, in a large scale, the strategies and methods to recover mined areas that were researched and developed experimentally by researchers on a theme project about the recovering of degraded areas. This work was conducted in the Amazon ecosystem, inside the Jamari National Forest - Rondônia (FLONA do Jamari), in deactivated cassiterite mines. The objectives of this work were to: Develop a computational program capable of managing a database and assist in the selection of machines and preparation methods to execute the operations of topographical reconstitution and tillage of surfaces in areas degraded by the mineral exploitation of cassiterite. Use the program that was developed in the planning of costs and operational development, for the operations required in the strategies for recovering the areas. Analyze the vegetable productivity in the mobilized areas and the quality of the superficial mobilization, making use of indicators and tillage methods. Evaluate, through biological indicators, the efficiency of the recovery strategies and techniques that were mechanized and applied on the location. The results showed that the developed computational program (SGMAD) served the methodological purposes (the analysis of costs and operational capacity) established for the planning and the selection of the tillage machines and methods in the areas of mineral exploitation of cassiterite. The applied methods and quality of the superficial mobilization were significant to the development of leguminous plants in the areas. The use of biological indicators (microbial biomass and enzymatic activity) in the evaluation of the adopted techniques and strategies revealed that the planting of leguminous plants and their posterior incorporation have been promoting gradually positive alterations in some of the analyzed soil/substract parameters. © 2010 WIT Press.

Avaliação da movimentação de cães por meio de captura-recaptura fotográfica e georeferenciamento

Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal - FMVA

Avaliação da qualidade e quantidade do carbono e do nitrogênio no solo em Iperó-SP

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Civil e Ambiental - FEB

Diversidade de helmintos de Notothenia coriiceps Richardson, 1844 da Baía do Almirantado, Ilha do Rei George, Antártica

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Avaliação energética econômica da culturado milho em assentamento rural, Iperó-SP

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Regimes térmico e hídrico em solos sob ecossistemas naturais e área agrícola no Leste da Amazônia

A temperatura e umidade do solo são variáveis cujo conhecimento é fundamental para determinar os balanços de energia e água na biosfera. Os regimes térmico e hídrico dos solos sob cada ecossistema apresentam variações consideráveis, de acordo com sua mineralogia, o clima local e a vegetação. Nesse contexto, as temperaturas e umidades do solo foram medidas sob três ecossistemas existentes na região leste da Amazônia, a saber: floresta nativa (FLONA Caxiuanã, 01° 42' 30" S e 51° 31' 45" W), pastagem nativa (Soure, 00° 43' 25" S e 48° 30' 29" W) e área agrícola (!garapé-Açu, 01° 07' 59" S e 47° 36' 55" W). Os dados de campo na floresta e na pastagem foram coletados entre dezembro de 2001 e fevereiro de 2005; enquanto que na área agrícola, o monitoramento foi limitado de agosto de 2003 a fevereiro de 2005. Estas observações das variáveis físicas do solo foram analisadas levando em consideração as variáveis meteorológicas medidas simultaneamente tais como o fluxo de radiação solar incidente e a precipitação pluviométrica, que interferem diretamente nas variáveis do solo em cada sitio escolhido para estudo. As temperaturas do solo foram monitoradas por meio de sondas térmicas em profundidades de 0,05; 0,20 e 0,50 m. Fluxímetros de calor mediram esta variável em níveis de profundidade em 0,05 e 0,20 m. A umidade volumétrica do solo na camada superior de 0,30 m foi medida por sensor de sonda dupla por Reflectometria no Domínio do Tempo (TDR) em cada sitio. Foram feitas analises considerando as respostas do solo durante o período seco e chuvoso local, nestes três ecossistemas representativos do leste da Amazônia. Estimativas de difusividade térmica aparente do solo foram feitas pelos métodos da amplitude e da fase usando os dados de propagação do pulso diário de calor nesses solos. Os resultados mostraram valores bem diferentes, porém,no primeiro método pareceu mais confiável e adequado para o modelamento numérico. Como esperado, considerando a sua pouca cobertura vegetal, as temperaturas dos solos nos níveis superficiais, apresentaram grandes variações na pastagem e na área agrícola. Inesperadamente, as temperaturas na profundidade de 0,5 m abaixo da floresta mostraram maiores variações de amplitude que as profundidades de 0,20 e 0,05 m. O modelamento numérico das variações temporais da temperatura, em função da profundidade, para cada solo foi feito através do método harmônico Os resultados mostraram que o primeiro harmônico representou mais de 90% da variação total observada do pulso diário da temperatura da pastagem e área agrícola em 0,2 e 0,05 m de profundidade. Performance similar do modelamento foi observada na floresta nos níveis de 0,05 e 0,20 m. A magnitude dos fluxos de calor abaixo da pastagem e área agrícola atingiram valores seis vezes maiores que aqueles observados sob a floresta. Os resultados mostraram que, para a camada do solo superior de 0,30 m, a umidade volumétrica do solo sob a floresta é maior que sob os outros ecossistemas estudados neste trabalho. Este resultado é devido aparentemente; à proteção da floresta contra a evaporação da superfície do solo. Uma análise do comportamento sazonal e diário das temperaturas e umidade solos em resposta à radiação solar e precipitação é apresentada. Estudos de caso da taxa de perda da umidade do solo depois de significativa recarga de água por eventos de precipitação, também foram analisados. Algumas estimativas diárias de diminuição de água e recarga durante a noite e madrugada por subida de água de camadas subjacentes para a camada de 0.30 m foram feitas. Este trabalho analisou a maior serie temporal dos dados de temperatura e umidade dos solos coletados com alta freqüência de amostragem disponível até o momento, para o leste da Amazônia. Foi possível caracterizar as diferenças dos regimes destas variáveis físicas, abaixo de três ecossistemas importantes desta região. Estudos futuros dos minerais e materiais orgânicos nestes solos, bem como dos índices de área foliar e da biomassa das coberturas vegetais desses ecossistemas, melhoraria a compreensão dos regimes descritos neste trabalho.

Composição e diversidade de espécies da anurofauna da Estação Científica Ferreira Penna, Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã, Pará, Brasil

O presente estudo compara a composição da anurofauna dos 4 principais habitats (mata de terra firme, capoeira, igapó e vegetação aquática) existentes nas áreas de dois igarapés de água preta (igarapé Arauá e Laranjal), pertencentes a Estação Científica Ferreira Penna (ECFPn), localizada na Floresta Nacional de Caxiuanã (FLONA de Caxiuanã), Pará, Brasil. As amostragens nas duas áreas foram feitas através de transectos medindo 850 m de comprimento por 10 m de largura. As duas áreas dos igarapés foram amestradas nos quatro períodos do ano relacionados à precipitação (período de transição chuva/seca, seca, transição seca/chuva e chuva). Para a comparação entre as áreas e entre os habitats foram utilizados os índices de diversidade de Shannon-Weiner e índice de similaridade de Jaccard. No total das amostragens foram registrados 924 indivíduos pertencentes a 29 espécies, distribuídas em 15 gêneros e 5 famílias. Quanto aos habitats a mata de terra firme apresentou maior diversidade. O número de espécies registradas foi maior no período de chuvas. Este estudo associado aos estudos de Ávila-Pires e Hoogmoed (1997), contabilizam 41 espécies de anuros para a região, um número muito alto para Amazônia oriental, reforçando a hipótese de que a baixa diversidade de espécies de anuros normalmente associada a esta região possa ser fruto do baixo número de inventários realizados até o presente.