The Olympic impact on hosting candidate countries

In this paper, we analyze the impact of hosting the Summer Olympics on macroeconomic aggregates such as GDP, consumption, government consumption and investments per capita. The data is in panel structure and includes the period of ten years before and ten years after the event containing the Olympic Summer Games between 1960 and 1996. The sample countries comprise only candidates to host the games. This sampling strategy allows us to estimate the average treatment effect consistently, because it is assumed that these countries are comparable to each other, including those that ultimately hosted the games. The impact of hosting the Olympic games is measured by Fixed Effect and First Difference regressions. Moreover, we do a structural break test developed by Andrews (1993) to identify if hosting the Olympic Games creates anticipation effects for demand changes that stimulate current GDP, consumption, government consumption and investments. The results indicate a positive effect of the Summer Olympics in all variables of interest. However, the distribution in time and anticipation of these effects is unclear in the tests, changing significantly depending on the model and the significance level used.

Um estudo sobre a distribuição das transferências condicionais no setor de saúde no Brasil

Este trabalho estuda empiricamente alguns fatores determinantes das transferências intergovernamentais na área da saúde no Brasil. Em especial, discute e investiga a existência de uma relação positiva entre arrecadação municipal e o recebimento de recursos federais através do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) pelos municípios brasileiros. Como a legislação do SUS atrela gastos dos municípios obrigatórios em saúde a uma parcela de sua arrecadação, o fenômeno também pôde ser investigado à luz da teoria do flypaper effect. A análise empírica foi realizada através da estimação de modelos em painel com efeitos fixos. Para tanto, utilizou-se dados dos municípios brasileiros no período de 2002 a 2010, obtidos, em sua maioria, através do Departamento de Informações do SUS (DATASUS) e do Sistema de Informações sobre Orçamentos Públicos em Saúde (SIOPS), ambos do Ministério da Saúde. Os resultados apontam que a arrecadação municipal exerce, de fato, um impacto positivo e significante sobre o recebimento de transferências. Considerando o aspecto redistributivo, essa relação pode não ser desejável. Argumentamos sobre a possibilidade de que os recursos repassados pelo SUS não sejam suficientes, de modo que uma contrapartida financeira dos governos locais seria necessária para cobrir os custos dos programas e serviços em sua totalidade. Foram identificados também indícios de que pode haver fatores políticos influenciando o recebimento de recursos do SUS.

Performance-based compensation vs. guaranteed compensation: contractual incentives and performance

Top management from retail banks must delegate authority to lower-level managers to operate branches and service centers. Doing so, they must navigate through conflicts of interest, asymmetric information and limited monitoring in designing compensation plans for such agents. Pursuant to this delegation, the banks adopt a system of performance targets and incentives to align the interests of senior management and unit managers. This paper evaluates the causal relationship between performance-based salaries and managers’ effective performance. We use a fixed effects estimator to analyze an unbalanced panel of data from one of the largest Brazilian retail banks during the period from January 2007 to June 2009. The results indicate that agents with guaranteed variable salary contracts demonstrate inferior performance compared with agents who have performance-based compensation packages. We conclude that there is a moral hazard that can be observed in the behavior of agents who are subject to guaranteed variable salary contracts.

Essays on economic growth

A fundamental question in development economics is why some economies are rich and others poor. To illustrate the income per capita gap across economies consider that the average gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of the richest 10 percent of economies in the year 2010 was a factor of 40-fold that of the poorest 10 percent of economies. In other words, the average person in a rich economy produces in just over 9 days what the average person in a poor economy produces in an entire year. What are the factors that can explain this difference in standard of living across the world today? With this in view, this dissertation is a conjunction of three essays on the economic growth field which we seek a possible responses to this question. The first essay investigates the existence of resource misallocation in the Brazilian manufacturing sector and measures possible distortions in it. Using a similar method of measurement to the one developed by Hsieh and Klenow (2009) and firm-level data for 1996-2011 we find evidence of misallocation in the manufacturing sector during the observed period. Moreover, our results show that misallocation has been growing since 2005, and it presents a non-smooth dynamic. Significantly, we find that the Brazilian manufacturing sector operates at about 50% of its efficient product. With this, if capital and labor were optimally reallocated between firms and sectors we would obtain an aggregate output growth of approximately 110-180% depending on the mode in which the capital share is measured. We also find that the economic crisis did not have a substantial effect on the total productivity factor or on the sector's misallocation. However, small firms in particular seem to be strongly affected in a global crisis. Furthermore, the effects described would be attenuated if we consider linkages and complementarity effects among sectors. Despite Brazil's well-known high tax burden, there is not evidence that this is the main source of resource misallocation. Moreover, there is a distinct pattern of structural change between the manufacturing sectors in industrialized countries and those in developing countries. Therefore, the second essay demonstrate that this pattern differs because there are some factors that distort the relative prices and also affect the output productivity. For this, we present a multi-sector model of economic growth, where distortions affect the relative prices and the allocation of inputs. This phenomenon imply that change of the production structure or perpetuation of the harmful structures to the growth rate of aggregate output. We also demonstrate that in an environment with majority decision, this distortion can be enhanced and depends on the initial distribution of firms. Furthermore, distortions in relative prices would lead to increases in the degree of misallocation of resources, and that imply that there are distinct patterns of structural changes between economies. Finally, the calibrated results of the framework developed here converge with the structural change observed in the firm-level data of the Brazilian manufacturing sector. Thereafter, using a cross-industry cross-country approach, the third essay investigates the existence of an optimal level of competition to enhance economic growth. With that in mind, we try to show that this optimal level is different from industrialized and under development economies due to the technology frontier distance, the terms of trade, and each economy's idiosyncratic characteristics. Therefore, the difference in competition industry-country level is a channel to explain the output for worker gap between countries. The theoretical and empirical results imply the existence of an inverted-U relationship between competition and growth: starting for an initially low level of competition, higher competition stimulates innovation and output growth; starting from a high initial level of competition, higher competition has a negative effect on innovation and output growth. Given on average industries in industrialized economies present higher competition level. With that if we control for the terms of trade and the industry-country fixed effect, if the industries of the developing economy operated under the same competition levels as of the industrialized ones, there is a potential increase of output of 0.2-1.0% per year. This effect on the output growth rate depends on the competition measurement used.

Efeitos de variáveis macroeconômicas no nível de liquidez de empresas brasileiras

Com a evolução dos mercados e a possibilidade de acesso a informações em tempo real, as empresas se encontram bastante expostas a variações em sua liquidez. Surge então uma necessidade de se estudar o que afeta sua operação e de que forma são afetadas por choques na economia. Este trabalho tem como objetivo investigar como variações de indicadores macroeconômicos, como por exemplo, mudanças na taxa de câmbio, no PIB, na inflação e na taxa de juros impactam no nível de liquidez corrente das empresas. Foram selecionados dados de empresas brasileiras ativas para o período de 2003 até 2011 (dados trimestrais), com ações negociadas na BM&FBovespa e não pertencentes ao setor financeiro e de seguros. Os resultados sugerem que o nível de liquidez das empresas é afetado por algumas variações de indicadores macroeconômicos. Verificou-se que variáveis como PIB, IBOVESPA e taxa de juros se relacionam positivamente com o índice de liquidez corrente. Já as variáveis câmbio e inflação se relacionam negativamente.

Do brazilian states engage in the fiscal war of ports? An empiric study of tax competition and an analysis of a natural experiment: the brazilian senate resolution 13/2012

O fim do ano de 2014 marcou o segundo aniversário da Resolução 13/2012 (R13) do Senado brasileiro. Grosso modo, R13 constituiu-se de um normativo do Senado cujo objetivo era o de por um fim na Guerra Fiscal dos Portos (FWP), uma competição fiscal entre os estados que se dá através da concessão de benefícios fiscais sobre operações interestaduais com mercadorias importadas de modo a atrair empresas importadoras para o território do estado concedente. R13 diminuiu o nível da tributação sobre tais operações, esperando com isso diminuir os lucros auferidos e a propensão das firmas de aceitarem tais regimes especiais de incentivação fiscal. Nada obstante, R13 gerou uma grande discussão sobre se os benefícios da atração de investimentos para um estado em particular superariam ou não os custos que esse estado incorreria em renunciar receitas tributárias em razão concessão desses benefícios fiscais. O objetivo do presente trabalho é o de dar uma contribuição a essa discussão, testando se um comportamento de interação estratégica entre estados, tal como aquele que supostamente ocorre no contexto da FWP, de fato emerge dos dados de importação coletados de janeiro de 2010 a maio de 2015, e, também, testando se a R13 de fato afetou tal comportamento de interação estratégica. Utiliza-se aqui um modelo de econometria espacial, no qual se especifica uma matriz de pesos que agrega o nível de importação das jurisdições concorrentes, organizando os dados em um painel de efeitos fixos. Os resultados sugerem que existe um comportamento de interação estratégica entre os estados e que a R13 de fato impactou tal comportamento.

Estimates of genetic parameters for visual scores and their correlation with production and reproductive traits in Brahman cattle

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Genetic associations between weight at maturity and maturation rate with ages and weights at first and second calving in Canchim beef cattle

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Association of an insulin-like growth factor 1 gene microsatellite with phenotypic variation and estimated breeding values of growth traits in Canchim cattle

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Heritabilities and genetic correlations for reproductive traits in an F2 reciprocal cross chicken population

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Genetic parameters and environmental effects on temperament score and reproductive traits of Nellore cattle

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Parâmetros genéticos para idade ao primeiro parto estimados por diferentes modelos para rebanhos da raça Nelore

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Efeitos genéticos e não-genéticos sobre o intervalo de parto em fêmeas suínas no Sudeste do Brasil

The effect of environmental and genetic effects on the farrowing interval in Dalland (C-40) sows in the Southeast of Brazil was studied. Data consisting of 1,013 farrowing intervals recorded in two herds were analyzed, using a model that included the sire and the dam as random effects and the year of farrowing, the herd and the farrowing season as fixed effects, plus the covariables sow's age at farrowing, litter size at birth, lactation length and weaning-estrus interval. For the farrowing interval first only, variance components were estimated by REML, with an animal model that included, as fixed effect, a contemporary group and, as random effects, the additive genetic variance and the error. The mean farrowing interval was 140.9+5.7 days, with a 4.0% coefficient of variation. Variance analysis showed no effect of either year, season of farrowing or herd on the farrowing interval. The sire effect was not important for the farrowing interval, but the dam represented an important source of variation. The total number of piglets born and the sow's age at farrowing had no influence on the farrowing interval. The length of lactation exerted an influence on the farrowing interval, accounting for 19.4% of the total variation of this trait. Likewise, the linear regression of the weaning-estrus interval in relation to the farrowing interval was highly significant, accounting for 51.7% of the total variation. The heritability estimate was 0.00, suggesting that no genetic gain can be obtained by selection for a shorter farrowing interval.

Efeitos genéticos e ambientais sobre a idade à primeira concepção de fêmeas suínas

The genetic and environmental factors that affect age at first conception (AFC) of gilts were evaluated, using 466 observations of Dalland animals (C-40). The software program MTDFREML was used to assess the genetic parameters on an animal model that included as fixed effect, contemporary group and, as random effects, the additive genetic, the common litter and the error. Mean value of AFC was 241.12±25.9 days, with CV of 8.5 %. Variance analysis showed that year (P<0.01), season (P<0.01) and herd effects (P<0.01) were important sources of variation of AFC. The throat effect (P=0.34) was not important for the AFC, but the mother of the gilts (P<0.01) was an important source of variation. The heritability estimate was 0.44±0.14 that this trait would yield genetic gain as a response to the selection.

Effects of sex and age on genotype x environment interaction for beef cattle body weight studied using reaction norm models

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)