Resonances in the two centers Coulomb system

In this work we investigate the existence of resonances for two-centers Coulomb systems with arbitrary charges in two and three dimensions, defining them in terms of generalized complex eigenvalues of a non-selfadjoint deformation of the two-center Schrödinger operator. After giving a description of the bifurcation of the classical system for positive energies, we construct the resolvent kernel of the operators and we prove that they can be extended analytically to the second Riemann sheet. The resonances are then defined and studied with numerical methods and perturbation theory.

Markov Constraints for Generating Texts with Style

This thesis addresses the issue of generating texts in the style of an existing author, that also satisfy structural constraints imposed by the genre of the text. Although Markov processes are known to be suitable for representing style, they are difficult to control in order to satisfy non-local properties, such as structural constraints, that require long distance modeling. The framework of Constrained Markov Processes allows to precisely generate texts that are consistent with a corpus, while being controllable in terms of rhymes and meter. Controlled Markov processes consist in reformulating Markov processes in the context of constraint satisfaction. The thesis describes how to represent stylistic and structural properties in terms of constraints in this framework and how this approach can be used for the generation of lyrics in the style of 60 differents authors An evaluation of the desctibed method is provided by comparing it to both pure Markov and pure constraint-based approaches. Finally the thesis describes the implementation of an augmented text editor, called Perec. Perec is intended to improve creativity, by helping the user to write lyrics and poetry, exploiting the techniques presented so far.

Alcuni problemi di dinamica relativa del punto materiale.

Il documento tratta di alcuni problemi di dinamica relativa. Dopo un'introduzione sulla cinematica vengono analizzati principalmente, in ambito statico e dinamico, il problema della variazione del peso in funzione della latitudine e il problema dei due corpi. Prendendo le origini da quest'ultimo, infine vengono esposte le tre leggi di Keplero

Laser driven proton acceleration and beam shaping

In the race to obtain protons with higher energies, using more compact systems at the same time, laser-driven plasma accelerators are becoming an interesting possibility. But for now, only beams with extremely broad energy spectra and high divergence have been produced. The driving line of this PhD thesis was the study and design of a compact system to extract a high quality beam out of the initial bunch of protons produced by the interaction of a laser pulse with a thin solid target, using experimentally reliable technologies in order to be able to test such a system as soon as possible. In this thesis, different transport lines are analyzed. The first is based on a high field pulsed solenoid, some collimators and, for perfect filtering and post-acceleration, a high field high frequency compact linear accelerator, originally designed to accelerate a 30 MeV beam extracted from a cyclotron. The second one is based on a quadruplet of permanent magnetic quadrupoles: thanks to its greater simplicity and reliability, it has great interest for experiments, but the effectiveness is lower than the one based on the solenoid; in fact, the final beam intensity drops by an order of magnitude. An additional sensible decrease in intensity is verified in the third case, where the energy selection is achieved using a chicane, because of its very low efficiency for off-axis protons. The proposed schemes have all been analyzed with 3D simulations and all the significant results are presented. Future experimental work based on the outcome of this thesis can be planned and is being discussed now.

Max Abraham's and Tullio Levi-Civita's approach to Einstein Theory of Relativity

This work deals with the theory of Relativity and its diffusion in Italy in the first decades of the XX century. Not many scientists belonging to Italian universities were active in understanding Relativity, but two of them, Max Abraham and Tullio Levi-Civita left a deep mark. Max Abraham engaged a substantial debate against Einstein between 1912 and 1914 about electromagnetic and gravitation aspects of the theories. Levi-Civita played a fundamental role in giving Einstein the correct mathematical instruments for the General Relativity formulation since 1915. This work, which doesn't have the aim of a mere historical chronicle of the events, wants to highlight two particular perspectives: on one hand, the importance of Abraham-Einstein debate in order to clarify the basis of Special Relativity, to observe the rigorous logical structure resulting from a fragmentary reasoning sequence and to understand Einstein's thinking; on the other hand, the originality of Levi-Civita's approach, quite different from the Einstein's one, characterized by the introduction of a method typical of General Relativity even to Special Relativity and the attempt to hide the two Einstein Special Relativity postulates.

Rigorous results in Spin Glasses and Monomer-Dimer systems

In this work I reported recent results in the field of Statistical Mechanics of Equilibrium, and in particular in Spin Glass models and Monomer Dimer models . We start giving the mathematical background and the general formalism for Spin (Disordered) Models with some of their applications to physical and mathematical problems. Next we move on general aspects of the theory of spin glasses, in particular to the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model which is of fundamental interest for the work. In Chapter 3, we introduce the Multi-species Sherrington-Kirkpatrick model (MSK), we prove the existence of the thermodynamical limit and the Guerra's Bound for the quenched pressure together with a detailed analysis of the annealed and the replica symmetric regime. The result is a multidimensional generalization of the Parisi's theory. Finally we brie y illustrate the strategy of the Panchenko's proof of the lower bound. In Chapter 4 we discuss the Aizenmann-Contucci and the Ghirlanda-Guerra identities for a wide class of Spin Glass models. As an example of application, we discuss the role of these identities in the proof of the lower bound. In Chapter 5 we introduce the basic mathematical formalism of Monomer Dimer models. We introduce a Gaussian representation of the partition function that will be fundamental in the rest of the work. In Chapter 6, we introduce an interacting Monomer-Dimer model. Its exact solution is derived and a detailed study of its analytical properties and related physical quantities is performed. In Chapter 7, we introduce a quenched randomness in the Monomer Dimer model and show that, under suitable conditions the pressure is a self averaging quantity. The main result is that, if we consider randomness only in the monomer activity, the model is exactly solvable.

Predictability in Social Science, The statistical mechanics approach.

The subject of this work concerns the study of the immigration phenomenon, with emphasis on the aspects related to the integration of an immigrant population in a hosting one. Aim of this work is to show the forecasting ability of a recent finding where the behavior of integration quantifiers was analyzed and investigated with a mathematical model of statistical physics origins (a generalization of the monomer dimer model). After providing a detailed literature review of the model, we show that not only such a model is able to identify the social mechanism that drives a particular integration process, but it also provides correct forecast. The research reported here proves that the proposed model of integration and its forecast framework are simple and effective tools to reduce uncertainties about how integration phenomena emerge and how they are likely to develop in response to increased migration levels in the future.

Una trattazione ipertestuale di alcuni elementi di statica dei sistemi meccanici.

L'obbiettivo di questa tesi è svolgere una trattazione semplice ma esauriente degli aspetti essenziali per lo studio delle configurazioni di equilibrio di semplici sistemi meccanici. In particolare l'analisi è volta a far parte del 'Progetto Matematica'; un portale del Dipartimento di Matematica dell'Università di Bologna, il cui scopo, attraverso le tesi di chi vi partecipa, è ''presentare la Matematica del primo biennio delle facoltà scientifiche in maniera interattiva, graduale, multimediale: in una parola, nel modo più amichevole possibile''. L'analisi, dopo alcuni richiami su elementi di base di calcolo vettoriale, si apre con un capitolo che enuncia nozioni e risultati fondamentali di meccanica classica, indispensabili per affrontare il problema dell'equilibrio nell'ambito della statica. Con il secondo capitolo inizia la trattazione delle configurazioni di equilibrio partendo dalla statica del punto materiale per poi passare ai sistemi più complessi costituiti da un numero arbitrario di punti. Per la parte di applicazioni vengono illustrati i due metodi classici di risoluzione: quello basato sulle equazioni cardinali della statica, che oltre ad individuare le configurazioni di equilibrio del sistema consente di determinare anche i corrispondenti valori delle reazioni vincolari, e quello basato sul principio dei lavori virtuali. Vengono poi riportati tre problemi standard la cui risoluzione è svolta attraverso entrambi i metodi per cercare di garantire una più completa comprensione della materia. Per l'esposizione degli argomenti analizzati si è fatto riferimento principalmente ai Trattati: D. Graffi, 'Elementi di Meccanica Razionale', Patron, Bologna 1973; S. Graffi, 'Appunti dalle lezioni di Fisica Matematica II'; a cui si rinvia per ogni ulteriore approfondimento (sulla materia),in particolare riguardo ai dettagli che, per necessità di sintesi, si sono dovuti omettere.

Introduzione alla Teoria Quantistica dei Campi: Spazi di Fock e il modello

La QFT è una teoria nata in ambito fisico per risolvere alcuni problematiche della teoria quantistica delle particelle, dando risultati sorprendenti. Nasce come teoria effettiva a cui fu successivamente necessario dare un rigore matematico. In generale le strutture matematiche teorizzate non risultano adeguate a modellare un ampio spettro di sistemi fisici. Esistono tuttavia dei modelli “giocattolo” perfettamente coerenti per i quali sono stati creati strumenti molto interessanti ed efficaci, come ad esempio gli spazi di Fock. In questa tesi oltre a una presentazione dettagliata degli spazi di Fock verrà descritto un esempio non banale della loro applicazione: il modello interattivo e ristretto ad una sola dimensione spaziale

Big data analytics and modeling for Human Mobility

The fast development of Information Communication Technologies (ICT) offers new opportunities to realize future smart cities. To understand, manage and forecast the city's behavior, it is necessary the analysis of different kinds of data from the most varied dataset acquisition systems. The aim of this research activity in the framework of Data Science and Complex Systems Physics is to provide stakeholders with new knowledge tools to improve the sustainability of mobility demand in future cities. Under this perspective, the governance of mobility demand generated by large tourist flows is becoming a vital issue for the quality of life in Italian cities' historical centers, which will worsen in the next future due to the continuous globalization process. Another critical theme is sustainable mobility, which aims to reduce private transportation means in the cities and improve multimodal mobility. We analyze the statistical properties of urban mobility of Venice, Rimini, and Bologna by using different datasets provided by companies and local authorities. We develop algorithms and tools for cartography extraction, trips reconstruction, multimodality classification, and mobility simulation. We show the existence of characteristic mobility paths and statistical properties depending on transport means and user's kinds. Finally, we use our results to model and simulate the overall behavior of the cars moving in the Emilia Romagna Region and the pedestrians moving in Venice with software able to replicate in silico the demand for mobility and its dynamic.

New perspectives in statistical mechanics and high-dimensional inference

The main purpose of this thesis is to go beyond two usual assumptions that accompany theoretical analysis in spin-glasses and inference: the i.i.d. (independently and identically distributed) hypothesis on the noise elements and the finite rank regime. The first one appears since the early birth of spin-glasses. The second one instead concerns the inference viewpoint. Disordered systems and Bayesian inference have a well-established relation, evidenced by their continuous cross-fertilization. The thesis makes use of techniques coming both from the rigorous mathematical machinery of spin-glasses, such as the interpolation scheme, and from Statistical Physics, such as the replica method. The first chapter contains an introduction to the Sherrington-Kirkpatrick and spiked Wigner models. The first is a mean field spin-glass where the couplings are i.i.d. Gaussian random variables. The second instead amounts to establish the information theoretical limits in the reconstruction of a fixed low rank matrix, the “spike”, blurred by additive Gaussian noise. In chapters 2 and 3 the i.i.d. hypothesis on the noise is broken by assuming a noise with inhomogeneous variance profile. In spin-glasses this leads to multi-species models. The inferential counterpart is called spatial coupling. All the previous models are usually studied in the Bayes-optimal setting, where everything is known about the generating process of the data. In chapter 4 instead we study the spiked Wigner model where the prior on the signal to reconstruct is ignored. In chapter 5 we analyze the statistical limits of a spiked Wigner model where the noise is no longer Gaussian, but drawn from a random matrix ensemble, which makes its elements dependent. The thesis ends with chapter 6, where the challenging problem of high-rank probabilistic matrix factorization is tackled. Here we introduce a new procedure called "decimation" and we show that it is theoretically to perform matrix factorization through it.

A cohomological approach to Ruelle-Pollicott resonances and speed of mixing of Anosov diffeomorphisms

Given a transitive Anosov diffeomorphism on a closed manifold it is known that, for smooth enough observables, the system is mixing w.r.t. the measure of maximal entropy. Therefore, it makes sense to investigate the speed of decay of correlations and to look for the so-called Ruelle-Pollicott resonances, in order to determine a complete asymptotics for the decay of correlations. In this thesis we are able to find the first terms of that asymptotics and to prove an estimate for the speed of decaying of correlations. The proof is based on a surprising connection between the action of a transfer operator on suitable anisotropic Banach spaces of currents and the action induced by the Anosov map on the de Rham cohomology.

Meccanica Lagrangiana Relativistica di una Particella Libera

Lo scopo di questa tesi è di trovare una formulazione del formalismo lagrangiano coerente con la teoria della relatività ristretta, parametrizzando anche il tempo, che trattiamo come una coordinata. In primo luogo richiamiamo alcuni concetti chiave della meccanica classica: il principio di Hamilton, le equazioni di Eulero-Lagrange e il sistema di Hamilton. In seguito trattiamo lo spaziotempo di Minkowski, la pseudometrica indotta dall'intervallo temporale e studiamo le trasformazioni di Lorentz, ovvero quelle trasformazioni che mantengono la sopracitata pseudometrica. Dopo questo trattiamo le grandezze fisiche come vettori quadridimensionali che si trasformano seguendo le trasformazioni di Lorentz, detti quadrivettori, e ne analizziamo le proprietà fondamentali. Infine definiamo la linea di universo di una particella, la parametrizziamo e ne ricaviamo una versione dei risultati di meccanica classica detta estesa, che applichiamo allo studio delle equazioni del moto di una particella libera.