Analysis of biogenic magnetite nanoparticles

Cobalt doped magnetite (CoxFe3-xO4) nanoparticles have been produced through the microbial reduction of cobalt-iron oxyhydroxide by the bacterium Geobacter sulfurreducens. The materials produced, as measured by SQUID, x-ray magnetic circular dichroism, Mössbauer spectroscopy, etc., show dramatic increases in coercivity with increasing cobalt content without a major decrease in overall saturation magnetization. Structural and magnetization analyses reveal a reduction in particle size to <4 nm at the highest Co content, combined with an increase in the effective anisotropy of the magnetic nanoparticles. The potential use of these biogenic nanoparticles in aqueous suspensions for magnetic hyperthermia applications is demonstrated. Further analysis of the distribution of cations within the ferrite spinel indicates that the cobalt is predominantly incorporated in octahedral coordination, achieved by the substitution of Fe2+ site with Co2+, with up to 17 per cent Co substituted into tetrahedral sites.

Magnetic Properties of Sputtered Permalloy/Molybdenum Multilayers

In this work, we report the magnetic properties of sputtered Permalloy (Py: Ni80Fe20)/molybdenum (Mo) multilayer thin films. We show that it is possible to maintain a low coercivity and a high permeability in thick sputtered Py films when reducing the out-of-plane component of the anisotropy by inserting thin film spacers of a non-magnetic material like Mo. For these kind of multilayers, we have found coercivities which are close to those for single layer films with no out-of-plane anisotropy. The coercivity is also dependent on the number of layers exhibiting a minimum value when each single Py layer has a thickness close to the transition thickness between Neel and Bloch domain walls.

Step and flash imprint lithography: Fabrication of patterned media for extremely high density magnetic data storage devices

Currently the data storage industry is facing huge challenges with respect to the conventional method of recording data known as longitudinal magnetic recording. This technology is fast approaching a fundamental physical limit, known as the superparamagnetic limit. A unique way of deferring the superparamagnetic limit incorporates the patterning of magnetic media. This method exploits the use of lithography tools to predetermine the areal density. Various nanofabrication schemes are employed to pattern the magnetic material are Focus Ion Beam (FIB), E-beam Lithography (EBL), UV-Optical Lithography (UVL), Self-assembled Media Synthesis and Nanoimprint Lithography (NIL). Although there are many challenges to manufacturing patterned media, the large potential gains offered in terms of areal density make it one of the most promising new technologies on the horizon for future hard disk drives. Thus, this dissertation contributes to the development of future alternative data storage devices and deferring the superparamagnetic limit by designing and characterizing patterned magnetic media using a novel nanoimprint replication process called "Step and Flash Imprint lithography". As opposed to hot embossing and other high temperature-low pressure processes, SFIL can be performed at low pressure and room temperature. Initial experiments carried out, consisted of process flow design for the patterned structures on sputtered Ni-Fe thin films. The main one being the defectivity analysis for the SFIL process conducted by fabricating and testing devices of varying feature sizes (50 nm to 1 μm) and inspecting them optically as well as testing them electrically. Once the SFIL process was optimized, a number of Ni-Fe coated wafers were imprinted with a template having the patterned topography. A minimum feature size of 40 nm was obtained with varying pitch (1:1, 1:1.5, 1:2, and 1:3). The Characterization steps involved extensive SEM study at each processing step as well as Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Magnetic Force Microscopy (MFM) analysis.

Stripe domains formation and their affect on three-dimensional and perpendicular magnetic recording

In this study, the formation of stripe domains in permalloy (NisoFe20) thin films was investigated mainly utilizing magnetic force microscopy. Stripe domains are a known phenomenon, which reduces the "softness" of magnetic material and introduces a significant source of noise when used in perpendicular magnetic media. For the particular setup mentioned in this report, a critical thickness for stripe domains initiation depended on the sputtering rate, the substrate temperature, and the film thickness. Beyond the stripe domain formation, an increase in the periodicity of highly ordered stripe domains was evident with increasing film thickness. Above a particular thickness, stripe domains periodicity decreased along with magnetic domain randomization. The results led to the inference that the perpendicular anisotropy responsible for the formation of stripe domains originated mainly from magnetostriction.

Novel double-sided linear generator for the wave energy conversion

The direct drive point absorber is a robust and efficient system for wave energy harvesting, where the linear generator represents the most complex part of the system. Therefore, its design and optimization are crucial tasks. The tubular shape of a linear generator’s magnetic circuit offers better permanent magnet flux encapsulation and reduction in radial forces on the translator due to its symmetry. A double stator topology can improve the power density of the linear tubular machine. Common designs employ a set of aligned stators on each side of a translator with radially magnetized permanent magnets. Such designs require doubling the amount of permanent magnet material and lead to an increase in the cogging force. The design presented in this thesis utilizes a translator with buried axially magnetized magnets and axially shifted positioning of the two stators such that no additional magnetic material, compared to single side machine, is required. In addition to the conservation of magnetic material, a significant improvement in the cogging force occurs in the two phase topology, while the double sided three phase system produces more power at the cost of a small increase in the cogging force. The analytical and the FEM models of the generator are described and their results compared to the experimental results. In general, the experimental results compare favourably with theoretical predictions. However, the experimentally observed permanent magnet flux leakage in the double sided machine is larger than predicted theoretically, which can be justified by the limitations in the prototype fabrication and resulting deviations from the theoretical analysis.

Crystallographic and magnetic identification of secondary phase in orientated Bi 5Fe 0.5Co 0.5Ti 3O 15 ceramics

The fabrication of highly-oriented polycrystalline ceramics of Bi 5Fe 0.5Co 0.5Ti 3O 15, prepared via molten salt synthesis and uniaxial pressing of high aspect ratio platelets is reported. Electron backscatter images show a secondary phase within the ceramic which is rich in cobalt and iron. The concentration of the secondary phase obtained from scanning electron microscopy is estimated at less than 2% by volume, below the detection limit of x-ray diffraction (XRD). The samples were characterized by x-ray diffraction, polarization-electric field measurements, superconducting quantum interference device as a function of sample orientation and vibrating sample magnetometry as a function of temperature. It is inferred from the data that the observed ferromagnetic response is dominated by the secondary phase. This work highlights the importance of rigorous materials characterisation in the study of multiferroics as small amounts of secondary phase, below the limit of XRD, can lead to false conclusions.

Facile synthesis of copper-manganese spinel anodes with high capacity and cycling performance for lithium-ion batteries

Copper-manganese spinel containing anodes were synthesized by a facile sol-gel method and evaluated in lithium-ion battery applications for the first time. The synergistic effects between copper-manganese and the aqueous binder (sodium carboxymethyl cellulose) provided a high specific capacity and excellent cycling performance. It was found that the specific capacity of the copper-manganese spinel remained at 608 mAh g⁻¹ after 100 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g⁻¹. Furthermore, a relatively high reversible capacity of 278 mAh g⁻¹ could be obtained at a current density of 2000 mA g⁻¹, indicating a good rate capability. These studies suggest that copper-manganese spinel is a promising material for lithium-ion battery applications due to a combination of good electrochemical performance and low cost.

Tailoring Magnetic, Mechanical and Dielectric Properties of Magnetorheological Elastomers based on Natural Rubber and Iron by Magnetic Field Assisted Curing for Possible Applications

If magnetism is universal in nature, magnetic materials are ubiquitous. A life without magnetism is unthinkable and a day without the influence of a magnetic material is unimaginable. They find innumerable applications in the form of many passive and active devices namely, compass, electric motor, generator, microphone, loud speaker, maglev train, magnetic resonance imaging, data recording and reading, hadron collider etc. The list is endless. Such is the influence of magnetism and magnetic materials in ones day to day life. With the advent of nanoscience and nanotechnology, along with the emergence of new areas/fields such as spintronics, multiferroics and magnetic refrigeration, the importance of magnetism is ever increasing and attracting the attention of researchers worldwide. The search for a fluid which exhibits magnetism has been on for quite some time. However nature has not bestowed us with a magnetic fluid and hence it has been the dream of many researchers to synthesize a magnetic fluid which is thought to revolutionize many applications based on magnetism. The discovery of a magnetic fluid by Jacob Rabinow in the year 1952 paved the way for a new branch of Physics/Engineering which later became magnetic fluids. This gave birth to a new class of material called magnetorheological materials. Magnetorheological materials are considered superior to electrorheological materials in that magnetorheology is a contactless operation and often inexpensive.Most of the studies in the past on magnetorheological materials were based on magnetic fluids. Recently the focus has been on the solid state analogue of magnetic fluids which are called Magnetorheological Elastomers (MREs). The very word magnetorheological elastomer implies that the rheological properties of these materials can be altered by the influence of an external applied magnetic field and this process is reversible. If the application of an external magnetic field modifies the viscosity of a magnetic fluid, the effect of external magnetic stimuli on a magnetorheological elastomer is in the modification of its stiffness. They are reversible too. Magnetorheological materials exhibit variable stiffness and find applications in adaptive structures of aerospace, automotive civil and electrical engineering applications. The major advantage of MRE is that the particles are not able to settle with time and hence there is no need of a vessel to hold it. The possibility of hazardous waste leakage is no more with a solid MRE. Moreover, the particles in a solid MRE will not affect the performance and durability of the equipment. Usually MR solids work only in the pre yield region while MR fluids, typically work in the post yield state. The application of an external magnetic field modifies the stiffness constant, shear modulus and loss modulus which are complex quantities. In viscoelastic materials a part of the input energy is stored and released during each cycle and a part is dissipated as heat. The storage modulus G′ represents the capacity of the material to store energy of deformation, which contribute to material stiffness. The loss modulusG′′ represents the ability of the material to dissipate the energy of deformation. Such materials can find applications in the form of adaptive vibration absorbers (ATVAs), stiffness tunable mounts and variable impedance surfaces. MREs are an important material for automobile giants and became the focus of this research for eventual automatic vibration control, sound isolation, brakes, clutches and suspension systems

Síntese e caracterização de ferrita ni-zn pelo método dos precursores poliméricos calcinada por energia de microondas

Magnetic ceramics have been widely investigated, especially with respect to intrinsic and extrinsic characteristics of these materials. Among the magnetic ceramic materials of technological interest, there are the ferrites. On the other hand, the thermal treatment of ceramic materials by microwave energy has offered various advantages such as: optimization of production processes, high heat control, low consumption of time and energy among others. In this work were synthesized powders of Ni-Zn ferrite with compositions Ni1- xZnxFe2O4 (0.25 ≤ x ≤ 0.75 mols) by the polymeric precursor route in two heat treatment conditions, conventional oven and microwave energy at 500, 650, 800 and 950°C and its structural, and morphological imaging. The materials were characterized by thermal analysis (TG/ DSC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), absorption spectroscopy in the infrared (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray spectroscopy and energy dispersive (EDS) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM). The results of X-ray diffraction confirmed the formation of ferrite with spinel-type cubic structure. The extrinsic characteristics of the powders obtained by microwave calcination and influence significantly the magnetic behavior of ferrites, showing particles ferrimagnéticas characterized as soft magnetic materials (soft), is of great technological interest. The results obtained led the potential application of microwave energy for calcining powders of Ni-Zn ferrite

Room temperature electrical spin injection into GaAs by an oxide spin injector

Spin injection, manipulation and detection are the integral parts of spintronics devices and have attracted tremendous attention in the last decade. It is necessary to judiciously choose the right combination of materials to have compatibility with the existing semiconductor technology. Conventional metallic magnets were the first choice for injecting spins into semiconductors in the past. So far there is no success in using a magnetic oxide material for spin injection, which is very important for the development of oxide based spintronics devices. Here we demonstrate the electrical spin injection from an oxide magnetic material Fe3O4, into GaAs with the help of tunnel barrier MgO at room temperature using 3-terminal Hanle measurement technique. A spin relaxation time tau similar to 0.9 ns for n-GaAs at 300 K is observed along with expected temperature dependence of t. Spin injection using Fe3O4/MgO system is further established by injecting spins into p-GaAs and a tau of similar to 0.32 ns is obtained at 300 K. Enhancement of spin injection efficiency is seen with barrier thickness. In the field of spin injection and detection, our work using an oxide magnetic material establishes a good platform for the development of room temperature oxide based spintronics devices.

Preparação e caracterização de microesferas poliméricas à base de metacrilato de glicidila e divinilbenzeno com propriedades magnéticas

Nesta Dissertação, foram sintetizadas microesferas poliméricas com propriedades magnéticas à base de metacrilato de glicidila e divinilbenzeno pela técnica de polimerização em suspensão. O material utilizado para conferir as propriedades magnéticas ao copolímero foi magnetita sintetizada no laboratório. Foram estudados os efeitos da modificação da magnetita com ácido oleico, da velocidade de agitação, do teor de agente reticulante, do teor de material magnético adicionado e do teor de agente de suspensão sobre as características das partículas poliméricas obtidas. As microesferas foram caracterizadas quanto ao seu aspecto morfológico, à estabilidade térmica, à incorporação de material magnético e quanto às suas propriedades magnéticas. A quantidade de partículas de ferro incorporadas foi afetada pela velocidade de agitação durante a síntese, pelo teor de material magnético adicionado, pela fase de dispersão do material magnético e pelo teor de monômeros no copolímero. A estabilidade térmica dos copolímeros foi afetada, principalmente, pelo teor de material magnético incorporado e pelo teor de monômeros, levando em consideração resinas com a mesma quantidade de material magnético adicionado. A magnetização de saturação para as microesferas foi afetada pelo teor de material magnético incorporado. A modificação da superfície da magnetita com ácido oleico foi considerada importante para a incorporação do material magnético na matriz do copolímero.Partículas poliméricas magnéticas com comportamento superparamagnéticos foram obtidas com morfologia esférica e magnetização de saturação de 7,11 (emu/g), utilizando razão molar de monômeros de 50/50 %, 1 % de PVA, 20 % de magnetita modificada com ácido oleico adicionada à fase orgânica e velocidade de agitação mecânica de 500 rpm

Síntese e caracterização de copolímeros à base de poli(metacrilato de metila) e divinilbenzeno com propriedades magnéticas

Nesta dissertação, foram sintetizados copolímeros à base de poli(metacrilato de metila) (PMMA), divinilbenzeno (DVB) com propriedades magnéticas pela técnica de polimerização em suspensão. O material utilizado para conferir propriedade magnética foi o ferro. Foi estudada a influência das variáveis reacionais para a formação de microesferas (ordem de adição das fases orgânica e aquosa e a dispersão do ferro antes e após a pré-polimerização), o efeito da concentração de ferro adicionado na polimerização, a influência da razão molar MMA/DVB na formação do copolímero, o efeito do tipo de agente de suspensão e a velocidade de agitação para a síntese dos copolímeros. Os copolímeros foram caracterizados quanto à morfologia, estabilidade térmica, teor de ferro incorporado, distribuição de tamanho de partículas, propriedades magnéticas, área superficial, volume e tamanho de poros. As análises de propriedades magnéticas mostraram que os materiais obtidos não apresentaram ciclos de histerese, estando assim próximos de um material com propriedades superparamagnéticas, com magnetização de saturação entre 8,0 e 13,0 emu/g. Os copolímeros sintetizados com velocidade de agitação 500 RPM, temperaturade 90 C, tempo de polimerização de 24h, monômeros MMA/DVB 50/50 (% molar); razão volumétrica fase orgânica/fase aquosa 1/3, diluente heptano, grau de diluição 100% apresentaram melhor controle morfológico, melhor magnetização de saturação, tamanho de partículas menores e maior tamanho de poros

Preparação e caracterização de microesferas poliméricas com morfologia casca-núcleo e propriedades magnéticas à base de estireno e divinilbenzeno

Foram sintetizadas microesferas poliméricas com propriedades magnéticas e morfologia casca-núcleo por meio da técnica de polimerização em suspensão em duas etapas. O núcleo foi constituído por poli(estireno-co-divinilbenzeno) e magnetita modificada com ácido oleico. Foi avaliada a influência da velocidade de agitação e da concentração de iniciador sobre as características das microesferas utilizadas como núcleo (morfologia, tamanho de partículas, propriedades magnéticas e estabilidade térmica). A casca foi constituída por poli(estireno-co-divinilbenzeno) sem material magnético. Foi avaliado o método de adição da emulsão dos monômeros formadores da casca e o tempo de inchamento dos núcleos na emulsão. As microesferas casca-núcleo foram caracterizadas quanto ao seu aspecto morfológico e à estabilidade térmica. Os núcleos não apresentaram ciclos de histerese, estando assim próximos de um material com propriedades superparamagnéticas. O copolímero sintetizado com a maior velocidade de agitação e a menor concentração de iniciador foi o que apresentou o maior teor de ferro incorporado (3,317 %), a maior magnetização de saturação (2,99 emu/g) e o menor diâmetro médio de partículas (81 m). As microesferas casca-núcleo apresentaram apenas um estágio de degradação e as suas Tmáx foram menores do que a do núcleo. O mapa composicional de ferro confirmou a presença de magnetita na superfície das microesferas casca-núcleo

Preparação e avaliação de hidrogéis nanocompósitos à base de alginato na remoção de Cu (II) e Zn (II) de soluções aquosas

Esta dissertação teve como objetivo, a preparação de hidrogéis à base de alginato contendo argila e material magnético em sua estrutura. Foram analisadas as modificações nas características físico-químicas dos hidrogéis preparados com diferentes reticulantes (CaCl2 e FeCl3) e diferentes concentrações de material magnético (1 e 3 % m/m) e argila (1, 5 e 10 %). Após isso, os hidrogéis foram avaliados quanto à capacidade de remoção de íons Cu2+ e Zn2+ de soluções aquosas. As amostras foram caracterizadas quanto à composição química por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho (FTIR), quanto à morfologia por microscopia óptica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura (SEM) e quanto às propriedades magnéticas por magnetometria de amostra vibrante (VSM). Através da técnica de difratometria de raios-X (XRD), foi possível verificar a natureza do material magnético e a dispersão da argila nos hidrogéis. A estabilidade térmica das amostras foi analisada por análise termogravimétrica (TGA). Os resultados mostraram que tanto a argila como o material magnético ficaram bem dispersos nas amostras. De forma geral, foram preparados hidrogéis com morfologia esférica, sendo que os hidrogéis de alginato de cálcio tenderam a apresentar maior resistência térmica do que os hidrogéis de alginato de ferro. Todas as amostras magnéticas apresentaram comportamento superparamagnético, porém as amostras de alginato de ferro mostraram-se quebradiças após o intumescimento em água. O tempo médio de equilíbrio de intumescimento foi de 240 minutos. Os resultados de cinética de adsorção mostraram que os hidrogéis de alginato de cálcio preparados nas condições avaliadas nesta Dissertação foram eficientes na remoção dos íons Cu2+ e Zn2+, sendo que o cobre apresentou maior afinidade pelo hidrogel do que o zinco

Efeito da anisotropia sobre as propriedades magnetocalóricas de compostos metálicos: um estudo sistemático

O efeito magnetocalórico, i.e., o aquecimento e/ou resfriamento de um material magnético sob variação do campo magnético aplicado é a base da refrigeração magnética.O efeito magnetocalórico é caracterizado pela variação da entropia em um processo isotérmico (O efeito magnetocalórico, i.e., o aquecimento e/ou resfriamento de um material magnético sob variação do campo magnético aplicado é a base da refrigeração magnética. O efeito magnetocalórico é caracterizado pela variação da entropia em um processo isotérmico (ΔSiso) e pela variação da temperatura em um processo adiabático ΔTad.Apesar dos inúmeros trabalhos experimentais e teóricos publicados nessa área, muitos aspectos desse efeito ainda não são bem compreendidos.Nesse trabalho discutimos os efeitos da anisotropia sobre as propriedades magnetocalóricas de um sistema de momentos magnéticos localizados. Para essa finalidade, utilizamos um modelo de spins interagentes com um termo de anisotropia uniaxial do tipo DS2 z , onde D é um parâmetro. Nesse modelo, em que o eixo z é a direção de fácil magnetização, a magnitude do parâmetro de anisotropia e a direção do campo magnético aplicado têm um papel fundamental no comportamento das grandezas magnetocalóricas ΔSiso e ΔTad. Realizamos um estudo sistemático para um sistema com J = 1 aplicando o campo magnético em diferentes direções. Os resultados mostram que, quando o campo magnético é aplicado ao longo da direção z, as grandezas magnetocalóricas apresentam o comportamento normal (valores positivos de ΔTad e valores negativos de ΔSiso para ΔB > 0). Quando o campo magnético é aplicado em uma direção diferente do eixo z, as grandezas magnetocalóricas podem apresentar o comportamento inverso (valores negativos de ΔTad e valores positivos de ΔSiso para ΔB > 0) ou o comportamento anômalo (troca de sinal nas curvas de ΔTad e ΔSiso). Resultados equivalentes também foram obtidos para um sistema com J = 7=2.