Assessment of body composition in Sri Lankan children: Validation of a bioelectrical impedance prediction equation

Objective: To develop bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) equations to predict total body water (TBW) and fat-free mass (FFM) of Sri Lankan children. Subjects/Methods: Data were collected from 5- to 15-year-old healthy children. They were randomly assigned to validation (M/F: 105/83) and cross-validation (M/F: 53/41) groups. Height, weight and BIA were measured. TBW was assessed using isotope dilution method (D2 O). Multiple regression analysis was used to develop preliminary equations and cross-validated on an independent group. Final prediction equation was constructed combining the two groups and validated by PRESS (prediction of sum of squares) statistics. Impedance index (height2/impedance; cm2/Ω), weight and sex code (male = 1; female = 0) were used as variables. Results: Independent variables of the final prediction equation for TBW were able to predict 86.3% of variance with root means-squared error (RMSE) of 2.1l. PRESS statistics was 2.1l with press residuals of 1.2l. Independent variables were able to predict 86.9% of variance of FFM with RMSE of 2.7 kg. PRESS statistics was 2.8 kg with press residuals of 1.4 kg. Bland Altman technique showed that the majority of the residuals were within mean bias±1.96 s.d. Conclusions: Results of this study provide BIA equation for the prediction of TBW and FFM in Sri Lankan children. To the best of our knowledge there are no published BIA prediction equations validated on South Asian populations. Results of this study need to be affirmed by more studies on other closely related populations by using multi-component body composition assessment.

Impact of ethnicity upon body composition assessment in Sri Lankan Australian children

Objectives: Obesity is a disease with excess body fat where health is adversely affected. Therefore it is prudent to make the diagnosis of obesity based on the measure of percentage body fat. Body composition of a group of Australian children of Sri Lankan origin were studied to evaluate the applicability of some bedside techniques in the measurement of percentage body fat. Methods: Height (H) and weight (W) was measured and BMI (W/H2) calculated. Bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) was measured using tetra polar technique with an 800 μA current of 50 Hz frequency. Total body water was used as a reference method and was determined by deuterium dilution and fat free mass and hence fat mass (FM) derived using age and gender specific constants. Percentage FM was estimated using four predictive equations, which used BIA and anthropometric measurements. Results: Twenty-seven boys and 15 girls were studied with mean ages being 9.1 years and 9.6 years, respectively. Girls had a significantly higher FM compared to boys. The mean percentage FM of boys (22.9 ± 8.7%) was higher than the limit for obesity and for girls (29.0 ± 6.0%) it was just below the cut-off. BMI was comparatively low. All but BIA equation in boys under estimated the percentage FM. The impedance index and weight showed a strong association with total body water (r 2 = 0.96, P < 0.001). Except for BIA in boys all other techniques under diagnosed obesity. Conclusions: Sri Lankan Australian children appear to have a high percentage of fat with a low BMI and some of the available indirect techniques are not helpful in the assessment of body composition. Therefore ethnic and/or population specific predictive equations have to be developed for the assessment of body composition, especially in a multicultural society using indirect methods such as BIA or anthropometry.

Centile reference charts for total energy expenditure in infants from 1 to 12 months

Background: A knowledge of energy expenditure in infancy is required for the estimation of recommended daily amounts of food energy, for designing artificial infant feeds, and as a reference standard for studies of energy metabolism in disease states. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to construct centile reference charts for total energy expenditure (TEE) in infants across the first year of life. Methods: Repeated measures of TEE using the doubly labeled water technique were made in 162 infants at 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months. In total, 322 TEE measurements were obtained. The LMS method with maximum penalized likelihood was used to construct the centile reference charts. Centiles were constructed for TEE expressed as MJ/day and also expressed relative to body weight (BW) and fat-free mass (FFM). Results: TEE increased with age and was 1.40,1.86, 2.64, 3.07 and 3.65 MJ/day at 1.5, 3, 6, 9 and 12 months, respectively. The standard deviations were 0.43, 0.47, 0.52,0.66 and 0.88, respectively. TEE in MJ/kg increased from 0.29 to 0.36 and in MJ/day/kg FFM from 0.36 to 0.48. Conclusions: We have presented centile reference charts for TEE expressed as MJ/day and expressed relative to BW and FFM in infants across the first year of life. There was a wide variation or biological scatter in TEE values seen at all ages. We suggest that these centile charts may be used to assess and possibly quantify abnormal energy metabolism in disease states in infants.

Seasonal variations in the body composition of lightweight rowers

OBJECTIVE To monitor the seasonal body composition alterations in 18 lightweight rowers (six females, 12 males) across a rowing season incorporating preseason, early competition, competition, and postseason. METHODS Subject age was 23.1 (SD 4.5) years, height 170.8 (5.6) cm (female, 23.5 (3.5) years, 180.5 (2.7) cm (male). Body weight, fat mass, and fat-free mass (FFM) were assessed using dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA-L Lunar) and skinfold techniques. Weight control techniques were documented before major regattas by a questionnaire. RESULTS Female body weight was reduced from 61.3 (2.9) to 57.0 (1.1) kg (5.9%), while male body weight was reduced from 75.6 (3.1) to 69.8 (1.6) kg (7.8%) preseason to competition season respectively. These body weight reductions were mirrored by a significant reduction in fat mass as indicated by the sum of skinfolds [female seven sites: 80.9 (8.1) to 68.2 (11.8) mm; male eight sites: 54.2 (8.7) to 41.8 (4.8) mm], percentage body fat [female 22.1 (1.0) to 19.7 (2.4)%; male 10.0 (0.9) to 7.8 (0.8)%], and total fat [female 12.5 (5.2) to 10.9 (1.4) kg; male 7.3 (1.9) to 5.6 (1.8) kg] (DXA). In contrast, no changes were observed in FFM despite a season of intensive rowing training. Seasonal body weight control was achieved through reduced total energy and dietary fat intakes. Acute body weight reductions were achieved by exercise in 73.3% of participants, food restriction in 71.4%, and fluid restrictions in 62.9%. CONCLUSIONS Seasonal body weight alterations in lightweight rowers are in response to a significant reduction in fat mass. However, the weight restrictions appear to be limiting an increase in FFM which could be beneficial to rowing performance.

Validity of Resting Energy Expenditure Predictive Equations before and after an Energy-Restricted Diet Intervention in Obese Women

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Valoración de la composición corporal y de la percepción de la imagen en un grupo de mujeres universitarias del País Vasco

Este trabajo se encuentra bajo la licencia Creative Commons Attribution 3.0.

Validação da impedância bioelétrica para determinação da composição corporal em mulheres no período pós parto

O período pós-parto pode ser considerado a fase em que a mulher está exposta a retenção de massa corporal (MC) e desenvolvimento da obesidade. Na maioria das situações valorizam-se mais a perda de MC e pouco se conhece a respeito dos componentes que estão sendo mobilizados. Desta forma, há interesse de se validar técnicas acessíveis, como a impedância bioelétrica (BIA), que possam ser aplicadas no acompanhamento nutricional destas mulheres. O presente estudo teve como objetivo validar diferentes modelos de impedância bioelétrica (BIA) para a determinação da composição corporal em mulheres pós-parto tendo como ?padrão ouro? a técnica de absorciometria de dupla energia de raio X(DXA). A amostra foi composta por 46 mulheres no período pós-parto com idade acima de 18anos, inicialmente recrutadas e convidadas a participar da pesquisa, logo após o parto, para posteriormente serem avaliadas. A composição corporal (CC) foi mensurada através de três aparelhos distintos de BIA: RJL , BIO e Tanita e pela DXA. Os componentes101450BC 533corporais medidos foram: massa livre de gordura (MLG), massa gorda (MG) e percentual degordura corporal (%GC). Na análise estatística foram calculadas as médias e desvio-padrãodas variáveis contínuas. A concordância entre os componentes corporais determinados pelaDXA e cada BIA foi avaliada pelo método de Bland & Altman e pelo coeficiente decorrelação de concordância (CCC). Para comparação de médias das variáveis obtidas por BIAe DXA para cada faixa de índice de massa corporal (IMC), foi aplicada a ANOVA e oadotado o teste post-hoc de Tukey. O nível de significância adotado foi de 95% (p=0,05). Amédia ( desvio padrão) de idade foi de 25,5 4,6 anos, a MC de 73,6 12,2kg, o IMC de28,7 4,3kg/m, a MG de 29,87,4kg, a MLG de 43,25,7kg e o %GC de 41,84,3%,obtidos pelo DXA. Ao comparar-se os resultados dos diferentes equipamentos com o método padrão-ouro, verificou-se que houve diferença significativa entre a DXA e as BIA para todos componentes corporais, com exceção da MG fornecida pelo RJL (27,1Kg) e TAN (27,1Kg)em relação à DXA (29,8Kg). Os resultados mostraram haver uma boa reprodutibilidade emrelação aos aparelhos de BIA TAN (r=0,74; r=0,90) e RJL (r=0,78; r=0,89) para MLG e MG.Verificou-se que os equipamentos de BIA TAN e RJL forneceram estimativas semelhantes em relação à MLG, MG e %GC. Em relação aos valores da DXA o equipamento que mais se aproximou foi a TAN e o RJL quando avaliada a MG considerando todas as mulheres, mas quando estratificadas segundo o IMC, a análise foi mais acurada em mulheres obesas.Entretanto, a concordância não foi satisfatória entre os componentes corporais fornecidos pelas BIA em relação à DXA. As BIAs avaliadas no presente estudo subestimaram o %GC e superestimaram a MLG para esse grupo de mulheres no período pós-parto. Conclui-se que as BIA avaliadas não são recomendadas para avaliação da CC neste grupo de mulheres no período pós-parto.

Efeitos do treinamento resistido em ratos alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica

O consumo excessivo de gorduras tem sido implicado na gênese da obesidade e de diversas comorbidades relacionadas a esta doença. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o efeito do treinamento resistido em ratos alimentados com dieta hiperlipídica nas seguintes variáveis: composição corporal, adiposidade, área de adipócitos, expressão do fator de crescimento do endotélio vascular (VEGF) e dos receptores ativados por proliferadores de peroxissomo tipo gama (PPAR-γ) no tecido adiposo retroperitoneal, níveis pressóricos e atividade da metaloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) no ventrículo esquerdo. Foram avaliados 32 ratos machos Wistar divididos em quatro grupos experimentais (n=8/cada) de acordo com o tipo de dieta e o treinamento: sedentário (SED; dieta padrão), sedentário obeso [SED-OB; dieta hiperlipídica (30% de gordura)], treinamento resistido (TR; dieta padrão) e treinamento resistido obeso (TR-OB; dieta hiperlipídica). Após o desmame (dia 21), os animais foram submetidos à dieta experimental durante 24 semanas. Doze semanas após início da dieta, os grupos TR e TR-OB iniciaram o período de 12 semanas de treinamento resistido. Este era composto por escaladas em uma escada vertical de 1.1 metros com pesos atados a cauda num total de três sessões de treinamento por semana (Segundas, Quartas e Sextas-feiras) com 4 a 9 escaladas/sessão e 8 a 12 movimentos dinâmicos a cada subida. O treinamento resistido induziu reduções significativas na massa corporal, na massa gorda, no percentual de gordura, na área de adipócitos e nos níveis pressóricos e ainda promoveu aumento de massa magra e na expressão de VEGF e PPAR-γ em ambos os grupos treinados. Além disso, foi observada uma maior atividade da MMP-2 no ventrículo esquerdo nos grupos treinados (TR e TR-OB). Nossos achados demonstram que o treinamento resistido foi capaz de promover mudanças positivas na composição corporal, na atividade da MMP-2 no ventrículo esquerdo, nos níveis pressóricos e em mediadores enzimáticos do tecido adiposo retroperitoneal sugerindo que esta modalidade de exercício pode ser uma ferramenta útil para prevenir as alterações induzidos pelo consumo de uma dieta hiperlipídica.

Avaliação da técnica de impedância bioelétrica na identificação das alterações da composição corporal em mulheres no período pós-parto

Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar se a técnica de impedância bioelétrica (IB) identifica as modificações da composição corporal em mulheres no período pós-parto. Participaram do estudo 47 mulheres (≥ 18 anos), nas quais foram avaliadas massa livre de gordura (MLG), massa gorda (MG) e percentual de gordura corporal (%GC) pelos equipamentos IB_Tanita BC 533; IB_RJL 101 e por absorciometria de raio X de dupla energia (DXA). Todas as avaliações foram feitas no mesmo dia. Posteriormente, as mulheres foram categorizadas em dois grupos: com perda ponderal (n= 24) e com ganho ponderal (n= 22). Os valores médios das alterações da composição corporal (CC), foram comparados intra-métodos e em relação ao método padrão-ouro (DXA) através de teste T-pareado. A concordância entre as diferenças das alterações da CC obtidas pelas IB e DXA foi avaliada pelo método de Bland & Altman e pelo coeficiente de correlação intraclasse (CCI). A média  desvio padrão de idade foi de 26,7  5,2 anos e o tempo médio da captação no pós-parto para a primeira avaliação foi de 2,6  2,0 meses e 8,0  2,7 meses para a segunda avaliação. A média de massa corporal (MC) foi de 74,6  11,4 kg na primeira avaliação e 75,1  12,6 kg na segunda avaliação, correspondendo a um valor de índice de massa corporal (IMC) de 28,8  4,0 kg/m2 e 29,0  4,6 kg/m2, respectivamente. O %GC medido pela DXA foi de 40,1  4,9 % para a primeira avaliação e de 41,0  5,2 %, para a segunda avaliação, representando uma MG de 30,2  6,6 kg e de 30,9  8,0 kg, respectivamente. Ambas as IB subestimaram a alteração do % GC (-0,7 % para IB_Tanita e -1,1% para IB_RJL) e MG (-0,6 kg para IB_Tanita e -1,0 kg IB_RJL) em relação ao DXA. Por sua vez, as alterações de MLG foram superestimadas 0,8 kg pela IB_Tanita e 1,0 kg IB_RJL. Houve boa concordância (CCI ≥ 0,75) entre as alterações identificadas para MG pela IB_Tanita e por DXA e satisfatória pela IB_RJL. Dessa forma o presente estudo verificou um desempenho satisfatório da técnica de IB em identificar as alterações da MG gorda e que a IB_Tanita mostrou-se melhor que a IB_RJL na estimativa da alteração desse componente corporal nesse grupo de mulheres pós-parto.

The impact of short duration, high intensity exercise on cardiac troponin release

The aim of this study was to assess the appearance of cardiac troponins (cTnI and/or cTnT) after a short bout (30 s) of ‘all-out’ intense exercise and to determine the stability of any exercise-related cTnI release in response to repeated bouts of high intensity exercise separated by 7 days recovery. Eighteen apparently healthy, physically active, male university students completed two all-out 30 s cycle sprint, separated by 7 days. cTnI, blood lactate and catecholamine concentrations were measured before, immediately after and 24 h after each bout. Cycle performance, heart rate and blood pressure responses to exercise were also recorded. Cycle performance was modestly elevated in the second trial [6·5% increase in peak power output (PPO)]; there was no difference in the cardiovascular, lactate or catecholamine response to the two cycle trials. cTnI was not significantly elevated from baseline through recovery (Trial 1: 0·06 ± 0·04 ng ml−1, 0·05 ± 0·04 ng ml−1, 0·03 ± 0·02 ng ml−1; Trial 2: 0·02 ± 0·04 ng ml−1, 0·04 ± 0·03 ng ml−1, 0·05 ± 0·06 ng ml−1) in either trial. Very small within subject changes were not significantly correlated between the two trials (r = 0·06; P>0·05). Subsequently, short duration, high intensity exercise does not elicit a clinically relevant response in cTnI and any small alterations likely reflect the underlying biological variability of cTnI measurement within the participants.

Dietary glycemic index and glycemic load in relation to changes in body composition measures during adolescence:Northern Ireland Young Hearts Study

Background: Epidemiologic evidence on the influence of dietary glycemic index (GI) and glycemic load (GL) on the development of obesity is limited.

Objective: This prospective study examined the associations between dietary GI and GL and changes in body composition measures during adolescence.

Design: In a representative sample of Northern Irish adolescents aged 12 years at baseline and 15 years at follow-up (n=426), dietary intake was assessed by a diet history interview. Body composition measures included body mass index (BMI; kg m(-2)), BMI z-score, sum of four skinfold thicknesses, percentage body fat, fat mass index (FMI; kg m(-2)) and fat-free mass index (kg m(-2)).

Results: After adjustment for potential confounding factors, baseline GI was associated with increased change in FMI. Mean (95% confidence interval) values of changes in FMI according to tertiles of baseline GI were 0.41 (0.25, 0.57), 0.42 (0.26, 0.58) and 0.67 (0.51, 0.83) kg m(-2), respectively (P for trend=0.03). There was no significant association of baseline GI with changes in other body composition measures (P for trend0.054). Conversely, baseline GL showed no association with changes in any of the measures (P for trend0.41). Furthermore, changes in GI or GL were not associated with changes in any of the measures (P for trend0.16).

Conclusion: Dietary GI at age 12 years was independently associated with increased change in FMI between ages 12 and 15 years in a representative sample from Northern Ireland, whereas dietary GL showed no association with changes in any of the body composition measures examined.

Resting metabolic rate and protein turnover in apparently healthy elderly Gambian men.

Body composition, resting energy expenditure (REE), and whole body protein metabolism were studied in 26 young and 28 elderly Gambian men matched for body mass index during the dry season in a rural village in The Gambia. REE was measured by indirect calorimetry (hood system) in the fasting state and after five successive meals. Rates of whole body nitrogen flux, protein synthesis, and protein breakdown were determined in the fed state from the level of isotopic enrichment of urinary ammonia over a period of 12 h after a single oral dose of [15N]glycine. Expressed in absolute value, REE was significantly lower in the elderly compared with the young group (3.21 +/- 0.07 vs. 4.04 +/- 0.07 kJ/min, P < 0.001) and when adjusted to body weight (3.29 +/- 0.05 vs. 3.96 +/- 0.05 kJ/min, P < 0.0001) and fat-free mass (FFM; 3.38 +/- 0.01 vs. 3.87 +/- 0.01 kJ/min, P < 0.0001). The rate of protein synthesis averaged 207 +/- 13 g protein/day in the elderly and 230 +/- 13 g protein/day in the young group, whereas protein breakdown averaged 184 +/- 13 g protein/day in the elderly and 203 +/- 13 g protein/day in the young group (nonsignificant). When values were adjusted for body weight or FFM, they did not reveal any difference between the two groups. It is concluded that the reduced REE adjusted for body composition observed in elderly Gambian men is not explained by a decrease in protein turnover.

Effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on whole body macronutrient metabolism and expression of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue of lean and overweight humans

OBJECTIVE: Lipids stored in adipose tissue can originate from dietary lipids or from de novo lipogenesis (DNL) from carbohydrates. Whether DNL is abnormal in adipose tissue of overweight individuals remains unknown. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of carbohydrate overfeeding on glucose-induced whole body DNL and adipose tissue lipogenic gene expression in lean and overweight humans. DESIGN: Prospective, cross-over study. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A total of 11 lean (five male, six female, mean BMI 21.0+/-0.5 kg/m(2)) and eight overweight (four males, four females, mean BMI 30.1+/-0.6 kg/m(2)) volunteers were studied on two occasions. On one occasion, they received an isoenergetic diet containing 50% carbohydrate for 4 days prior to testing; on the other, they received a hyperenergetic diet (175% energy requirements) containing 71% carbohydrates. After each period of 4 days of controlled diet, they were studied over 6 h after having received 3.25 g glucose/kg fat free mass. Whole body glucose oxidation and net DNL were monitored by means of indirect calorimetry. An adipose tissue biopsy was obtained at the end of this 6-h period and the levels of SREBP-1c, acetyl CoA carboxylase, and fatty acid synthase mRNA were measured by real-time PCR. RESULTS: After isocaloric feeding, whole body net DNL amounted to 35+/-9 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h in lean subjects and to 49+/-3 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h in overweight subjects over the 5 h following glucose ingestion. These figures increased (P<0.001) to 156+/-21 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h in lean and 64+/-11 mg/kg fat free mass/5 h (P<0.05 vs lean) in overweight subjects after carbohydrate overfeeding. Whole body DNL after overfeeding was lower (P<0.001) and glycogen synthesis was higher (P<0.001) in overweight than in normal subjects. Adipose tissue SREBP-1c mRNA increased by 25% in overweight and by 43% in lean subjects (P<0.05) after carbohydrate overfeeding, whereas fatty acid synthase mRNA increased by 66 and 84% (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: Whole body net DNL is not increased during carbohydrate overfeeding in overweight individuals. Stimulation of adipose lipogenic enzymes is also not higher in overweight subjects. Carbohydrate overfeeding does not stimulate whole body net DNL nor expression of lipogenic enzymes in adipose tissue to a larger extent in overweight than lean subjects.

Parenteral nutrition in the intensive care unit: cautious use improves outcome.

Critical illness is characterised by nutritional and metabolic disorders, resulting in increased muscle catabolism, fat-free mass loss, and hyperglycaemia. The objective of the nutritional support is to limit fat-free mass loss, which has negative consequences on clinical outcome and recovery. Early enteral nutrition is recommended by current guidelines as the first choice feeding route in ICU patients. However, enteral nutrition alone is frequently associated with insufficient coverage of the energy requirements, and subsequently energy deficit is correlated to worsened clinical outcome. Controlled trials have demonstrated that, in case of failure or contraindications to full enteral nutrition, parenteral nutrition administration on top of insufficient enteral nutrition within the first four days after admission could improve the clinical outcome, and may attenuate fat-free mass loss. Parenteral nutrition is cautious if all-in-one solutions are used, glycaemia controlled, and overnutrition avoided. Conversely, the systematic use of parenteral nutrition in the ICU patients without clear indication is not recommended during the first 48 hours. Specific methods, such as thigh ultra-sound imaging, 3rd lumbar vertebra-targeted computerised tomography and bioimpedance electrical analysis, may be helpful in the future to monitor fat-free mass during the ICU stay. Clinical studies are warranted to demonstrate whether an optimal nutritional management during the ICU stay promotes muscle mass and function, the recovery after critical illness and reduces the overall costs.

The role of physical activity and perceived adequacy on cardiorespiratory fitness in children with developmental coordination disorder

Evidence suggests that children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD) have lower levels of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) compared to children without the condition. However, these studies were restricted to field-based methods in order to predict V02 peak in the determination of CRF. Such field tests have been criticised for their ability to provide a valid prediction of V02 peak and vulnerability to psychological aspects in children with DCD, such as low perceived adequacy toward physical activity. Moreover, the contribution of physical activity to the variance in V02 peak between the two groups is unknown. The purpose of our study was to determine the mediating role of physical activity and perceived adequacy towards physical activity on V02 peak in children with significant motor impairments. This prospective case-control design involved 122 (age 12-13 years) children with significant motor impairments (n=61) and healthy matched controls (n=61) based on age, gender and school location. Participants had been previously assessed for motor proficiency and classified as a probable DCD (p-DCD) or healthy control using the movement ABC test. V02 peak was measured by a progressive exercise test on a cycle ergometer. Perceived adequacy was measured using a 7 -item subscale from Children's Selfperception of Adequacy and Predilection for Physical Activity scale. Physical activity was monitored for seven days with the Actical® accelerometer. Children with p-DCD had significantly lower V02 peak (48.76±7.2 ml/ffm/min; p:50.05) compared to controls (53.12±8.2 ml/ffm/min), even after correcting for fat free mass. Regression analysis demonstrated that perceived adequacy and physical activity were significant mediators in the relationship between p-DCD and V02 peak. In conclusion, using a stringent laboratory assessment, the results of the current study verify the findings of earlier studies, adding low CRF to the list of health consequences associated with DCD. It seems that when testing for CRF in this population, there is a need to consider the psychological barriers associated with their condition. Moreover, strategies to increase physical activity in children with DCD may result in improvement in their CRF.