Effects of a novel galactooligosaccharide on the faecal microbiota of healthy and inflammatory bowel disease cats during a randomized, double-blind, cross-over feeding study

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a common gastrointestinal disorder of cats with no known aetiological agent. Previous work has suggested that the faecal microbiota of IBD cats is significantly different from that of healthy cats, including significantly lower bifidobacteria, bacteroides and total counts in IBD cats and significantly lower levels of sulfate-reducing bacteria in healthy cats. Prebiotics, including galactooligosaccharides (GOS), have been shown to elicit a bifidogenic effect in humans and other animals. The purpose of the current study was to examine the impact of a novel GOS supplementation on the faecal microbiota of healthy and IBD cats during a randomized, double-blind, cross-over feeding study. Eight oligonucleotide probes targeting specific bacterial populations and DAPI stain (total bacteria) were used to monitor the feline faecal microbiota. Overall, inter-animal variation was high; while a trend of increased bifidobacterial levels was seen with GOS supplementation it was not statistically significant in either healthy or IBD cats. No significant differences were observed in the faecal microbiota of IBD cats and healthy cats fed the same diet. Members of the family Coriobacteriaceae (Atopobium cluster) were found to be the most abundant bacteria in the feline microbiota.

Investigation of the faecal microbiota associated with canine chronic diarrhoea.

Diarrhoea is a common problem in dogs and can result in disturbance of the normal intestinal microbiota. However, little is known about the gastrointestinal microbiota of dogs with chronic diarrhoea and controlled canine studies of dietary management are scarce. The aims of this study were to investigate the predominant faecal microbiota of chronic diarrhoea dogs and to examine the effect(s) of a fibre blend on the canine faecal microbiota. A 3-week fibre supplementation feeding study was performed in nine chronic diarrhoea and eight control dogs. Atopobium cluster, Lactobacillus-Enterococcus group and Clostridium cluster XIV were the predominant bacterial groups in all dogs. Chronic diarrhoea dogs had significantly higher Bacteroides counts at baseline and significantly lower Atopobium cluster counts following fibre supplementation compared with control dogs. Atopobium cluster levels increased significantly in control dogs, while counts of sulphate-reducing bacteria decreased significantly and Clostridium clusters I and II counts increased significantly in chronic diarrhoea dogs during fibre supplementation. Microbial profiles (detected by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) demonstrated interindividual variation, with greater similarity seen between the chronic diarrhoea and control dogs' profiles after fibre supplementation compared with baseline. In conclusion, fibre supplementation induced changes in the canine faecal microbiota, with greater resemblance between the microbiota of chronic diarrhoea and control dogs after this dietary modulation.

Investigation of the faecal microbiota of geriatric cats

Aims: To investigate the faecal microbiota of geriatric cats, as aging affects the nutrient digestibility and metabolic function of the feline intestine. Methods and results: 20 geriatric cats were randomly assigned to two groups that were fed different foods. Coriobacteriaceae, Clostridium cluster XIV, bifidobacteria, and lactic acid bacteria were the dominant faecal bacterial groups, accounting for ∼40% of total bacteria. Clostridium cluster IX was less predominant (0.5% of total bacteria), while the remaining bacterial populations enumerated only accounted for 0.2% of total bacteria. Highly diverse microbial profiles were demonstrated for geriatric cats with denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis, although a few common bands were evident. Some differences were seen in the feline faecal microbiota between animal groups at the same time or over time for individual animals. However, no obvious clustering based on animal group or sample time was indicated. Conclusions: geriatric cats harboured a complex faecal microbiota and ∼41% of total bacteria have been detected with the probes employed. Significance and impact of study: First molecular-based study examining faecal microbiota of geriatric felines. Knowledge of the microbiota associated with ageing in cats may allow improved development of foods specific for the needs of senior cats.

Investigation of the faecal microbiota of kittens: monitoring bacterial succession and effect of diet

Weaning is a stressful process for kittens, and is often associated with diarrhoea and the onset of infectious diseases. The gastrointestinal microbiota plays an essential role in host well-being, including improving homeostasis. Composition of the gastrointestinal microbiota of young cats is poorly understood, and the impact of diet on the kitten microbiota unknown. The aims of this study were to monitor the faecal microbiota of kittens and determine the effect(s) of diet on its composition. Bacterial succession was monitored in two groups of kittens (at 4 and 6 weeks, and 4 and 9 months of age) fed different foods. Age-related microbial changes revealed significantly different counts of total bacteria, lactic acid bacteria, Desulfovibrionales, Clostridium cluster IX and Bacteroidetes between 4-week- and 9-month-old kittens. Diet-associated differences in the faecal microbiota of the two feeding groups were evident. In general, fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis demonstrated bifidobacteria, Atopobium group, Clostridium cluster XIV and lactic acid bacteria were dominant in kittens. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiling showed highly complex and diverse faecal microbiotas for kittens, with age- and/or food-related changes seen in relation to species richness and similarity indices. Four-week-old kittens harboured more diverse and variable profiles than those of weaned kittens.

Photoproduction of J/psi and of high mass e(+)e(-) in ultra-peripheral Au plus Au collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV

We present the first measurement of photoproduction of J/psi and of two-photon production of high-mass e(+)e(-) pairs in electromagnetic (or ultra-peripheral) nucleus-nucleus interactions, using Au + Au data at root s(NN) = 200 GeV. The events are tagged with forward neutrons emitted following Coulomb excitation of one or both Au* nuclei. The event sample consists of 28 events with m(e+e-) > 2 GeV/c(2) with zero like-sign background. The measured cross sections at midrapidity of d sigma/dy (J/psi + Xn, y = 0) = 76 +/- 33 (stat) +/- 11 (syst) pb and d(2)sigma /dm dy (e(+) e(-) + Xn, y = 0) = 86 +/- 23(stat) +/- 16(syst) mu b/ (GeV/c(2)) for m(e+e-) epsilon vertical bar 2.0, 2.8 vertical bar GeV/c(2) have been compared and found to be consistent with models for photoproduction of J/psi and QED based calculations of two-photon production of e(+)e(-) pairs. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Dilepton mass spectra in p plus p collisions at root s=200 GeV

PHENIX has measured the electron-positron pair mass spectrum from 0 to 8 GeV/c(2) in p + p collisions at root s = 200 GeV. The contributions from light meson decays to e(+)e(-) pairs have been determined based on measurements of hadron production cross sections by PHENIX. Within the systematic uncertainty of similar to 20% they account for all e(+)e(-) pairs in the mass region below similar to 1 GeV/c(2). The e(+)e(-) pair yield remaining after subtracting these contributions is dominated by semileptonic decays of charmed hadrons correlated through flavor conservation. Using the spectral shape predicted by PYTHIA, we estimate the charm production cross section to be 544 +/- 39(stat) +/- 142(syst) +/- 200(model) pb. which is consistent with QCD calculations and measurements of single leptons by PHENIX. (C) 2008 Elsevier BV. All rights reserved.

A Higher Life : A Postcolonialist Analysis of Coetzee's Disgrace

J M Coetzee’s Disgrace deals with race and power in contemporary, post-colonial South Africa. This prize-winning novel is written after the country's first all-race elections, in 1994. It has therefore most often been analyzed as a representative for the writing of the new South Africa, where the social problems relating binary oppositions such as black – white, native – immigrant, powerless – powerful, are stressed. More specifically the shift of power within the above mentioned pairs is in focus. This is also the case for this essay, but instead of analyzing the realistic elements in the book it will examine the imaginary complexity of the opera Byron in Italy, which is created by the protagonist, David Lurie. This essay aims to widen the concept of “native” regarding post-colonial theory by looking at the peculiarity of Lurie’s situation; him being a representative of the white population in South Africa. By using post-colonial theory this essay aims at showing that Lurie can be seen as a white native, and that his process of writing the opera can be seen as symbolizing the evolutionary phases a colonized nation goes through in order to develop a national culture, as described by Franz Fanon.

A criação de limiares para o despertar da alienação social/subjetiva : a imagem e a linguagem na produção de novos sentidos

A linguagem e a imagem, dependendo da forma como são compreendidas e trabalhadas, podem permitir a criação de novos sentidos sobre elas mesmas, sobre o sujeito, sobre a cultura. Nesta dissertação propomos que a linguagem e a imagem se associam às tensões temporais e culturais formando imagens dialéticas e imagens alegóricas que possibilitam ao sujeito despertar de sua condição narcísica e alienada. As imagens dialéticas e alegóricas são constituídas privilegiadamente através da exposição da história, proposta por Walter Benjamin, pelo dispositivo psicanalítico e pela produção artística, que neste trabalho, percebemos a partir das fotografias de Evgen Bavcar. O despertar produzido por essas imagens constitui-se em uma experiência em que irrompe o sujeito do desejo, inconsciente, fazendo com que o sujeito tenha que dar conta desse lugar desejante. Portanto, apresenta-se sob a forma de um choque que desequilibra sua construção identitária, mas que justamente em função disso, abre a possibilidade para novos sentidos identificatórios. Trata-se de uma experiência que compreende em si mesma os paradoxos do pensamento, as contradições do homem e as cisões que o constituem.

Como ajudar a fidelizar clientes: o caso das lojas Quero Quero S. A . Filial de Santa Rosa - RS

Deep Changes in the consuming market are demanding a high level of competitive skills from all kind of companies, mainly those directed to sales of consumer goods. How to engage customers is a key factor, a competitive skill, to be learned from successful practices. This Master dissertation is concentrated on the case of a department store, a successful branch of an organization called Quero-Quero, in south of Brazil. Observations, interviews, and a survey, and its analysis, lead to the identification of informal practices and instruments they use to establish durable links with customers. Also the role of all stakeholders is considered both in the survey and analysis.

Qualidade de produtos e serviços bancários : um estudo na agência de Canela, RS, do Banco do Brasil

O presente trabalho tem como tema a qualidade de produtos e serviços bancários, sob a perspectiva dos clientes, e visa a identificar o grau de importância e o nível de satisfação com a qualidade dos produtos e serviços oferecidos pelo Banco do Brasil S/A aos clientes da "Carteira Empresas" da agência de Canela - RS. A avaliação do nível de satisfação e do grau de importância da qualidade dos produtos e serviços oferecidos aos clientes da "Carteira Empresas" do Banco do Brasil S/A tem sido realizada como um "exercício de imaginação" ou de feeling dos gerentes de agências. Com o presente trabalho, busca-se o emprego de método de pesquisa para a realização de tal avaliação. Para tanto, é realizada pesquisa bibliográfica sobre serviços, qualidade em serviços, satisfação dos clientes, valor do cliente, estratégia da lealdade CRM - Customer Relationship Management, gestão do relacionamento com os clientes, recuperação do serviço e pesquisa de marketing. Através de pesquisa qualitativa, são levantados os atributos da qualidade demandada dos produtos e serviços oferecidos. Logo após, é realizada pesquisa quantitativa na qual são identificados o grau de importância e o nível de satisfação atribuídos pelos clientes aos atributos da qualidade demandada levantados pela referida pesquisa. Para processamento e análise dos resultados são utilizadas técnicas estatistícas como método de análise descritiva, de análise de variância, de análise de regressão e o teste de confiabilidade do instrumento de pesquisa. Com base nos resultados encontrados é desenvolvido e apresentado, também um plano de melhorias.

Análises histológicas comparativas entre diferentes tamanhos de fragmentos ovarianos bovinos criopreservados

Objetivo: Investigar a influência do tamanho dos fragmentos ovarianos na preservação dos folículos primordiais e primários pós-congelamento. Desenho: Experimento laboratorial controlado. Foram realizadas análises histológicas comparativas em grupos controle e pós-congelamento de fragmentos de ovários bovinos. No grupo dos fragmentos menores, a menor das medidas era de 2mm e no grupo dos fragmentos maiores, todos as medidas eram maiores de 2mm. Local de Realização: Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Faculdade de Veterinária da UFRGS e Centro de Reprodução Humana Nilo Frantz, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Animais: Foi utilizado um ovário de vaca raça Hereford. Resultados Principais: Nos fragmentos congelados com medida de 2mm, e com medidas maiores de 2mm, a percentagem de folículos normais foi de 56% e 34%, respectivamente. O risco relativo para a manutenção dos folículos normais póscongelamento nos fragmentos com de 2mm e maiores de 2mm foi de 0,63 e de 0,47, respectivamente. A comparação desse dois riscos relativos mostrou, de forma significativa (qui-quadrado de heterogeneidade p=0,022), que o impacto do congelamento na redução das taxas de sucesso foi maior nos fragmentos com espessuras maiores de 2mm. Conclusões principais: Este estudo mostrou que há um comprometimento maior na preservação folicular em fragmentos ovarianos criopreservados com espessuras maiores de 2mm.

Migracion interna en el departamento de Artibonite, Haiti

Incluye Bibliografía

Pedras perdidas: o decadentismo e a visão pós-colonial de Gastão Cruls

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Nuclear-modification factor for open-heavy-flavor production at forward rapidity in Cu plus Cu collisions at root s(NN)=200 GeV

Background: Heavy-flavor production in p + p collisions is a good test of perturbative-quantum-chromodynamics (pQCD) calculations. Modification of heavy-flavor production in heavy-ion collisions relative to binary-collision scaling from p + p results, quantified with the nuclear-modification factor (R-AA), provides information on both cold-and hot-nuclear-matter effects. Midrapidity heavy-flavor R-AA measurements at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider have challenged parton-energy-loss models and resulted in upper limits on the viscosity-entropy ratio that are near the quantum lower bound. Such measurements have not been made in the forward-rapidity region. Purpose: Determine transverse-momentum (p(T)) spectra and the corresponding R-AA for muons from heavy-flavor meson decay in p + p and Cu + Cu collisions at root s(NN) = 200 GeV and y = 1.65. Method: Results are obtained using the semileptonic decay of heavy-flavor mesons into negative muons. The PHENIX muon-arm spectrometers measure the p(T) spectra of inclusive muon candidates. Backgrounds, primarily due to light hadrons, are determined with a Monte Carlo calculation using a set of input hadron distributions tuned to match measured-hadron distributions in the same detector and statistically subtracted. Results: The charm-production cross section in p + p collisions at root s = 200 GeV, integrated over p(T) and in the rapidity range 1.4 < y < 1.9, is found to be d(sigma e (e) over bar)/dy = 0.139 +/- 0.029 (stat)(-0.058)(+0.051) (syst) mb. This result is consistent with a perturbative fixed-order-plus-next-to-leading-log calculation within scale uncertainties and is also consistent with expectations based on the corresponding midrapidity charm-production cross section measured by PHENIX. The R-AA for heavy-flavor muons in Cu + Cu collisions is measured in three centrality bins for 1 < p(T) < 4 GeV/c. Suppression relative to binary-collision scaling (R-AA < 1) increases with centrality. Conclusions: Within experimental and theoretical uncertainties, the measured charm yield in p + p collisions is consistent with state-of-the-art pQCD calculations. Suppression in central Cu + Cu collisions suggests the presence of significant cold-nuclear-matter effects and final-state energy loss.

GM-CSF Priming Drives Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages to a Pro-Inflammatory Pattern and Downmodulates PGE(2) in Response to TLR2 Ligands

In response to pathogen recognition by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on their cell surface, macrophages release lipid mediators and cytokines that are widely distributed throughout the body and play essential roles in host responses. Granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) is important for the immune response during infections to improve the clearance of microorganisms. In this study, we examined the release of mediators in response to TLR2 ligands by bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) primed with GM-CSF. We demonstrated that when stimulated with TLR2 ligands, non-primed BMDMs preferentially produced PGE(2) in greater amounts than LTB4. However, GM-CSF priming shifted the release of lipid mediators by BMDMs, resulting in a significant decrease of PGE(2) production in response to the same stimuli. The decrease of PGE(2) production from primed BMDMs was accompanied by a decrease in PGE-synthase mRNA expression and an increase in TNF-alpha and nitric oxide (NO) production. Moreover, some GM-CSF effects were potentiated by the addition of IFN-gamma. Using a variety of TLR2 ligands, we established that PGE(2) release by GM-CSF-primed BMDMs was dependent on TLR2 co-receptors (TLR1, TLR6), CD14, MyD88 and the nuclear translocation of NF kappa B but was not dependent on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPAR-gamma) activation. Indeed, GM-CSF priming enhanced TLR2, TLR4 and MyD88 mRNA expression and phospho-I kappa B alpha formation. These findings demonstrate that GM-CSF drives BMDMs to present a profile relevant to the host during infections.