Mechanical defenses in leaves eaten by Costa Rican howling monkeys (Alouatta palliata).

Primate species often eat foods of different physical properties. This may have implications for tooth structure and wear in those species. The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanical defenses of leaves eaten by Alouatta palliata from different social groups at Hacienda La Pacifica in Costa Rica. Leaves were sampled from the home-ranges of groups living in different microhabitats. Specimens were collected during the wet and dry seasons from the same tree, same plant part, and same degree of development as those eaten by the monkeys. The toughness of over 300 leaves was estimated using a scissors test on a Darvell mechanical tester. Toughness values were compared between social groups, seasons, and locations on the leaves using ANOVA. Representative samples of leaves were also sun-dried for subsequent scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) analyses in an attempt to locate silica on the leaves. Both forms of mechanical defense (toughness and silica) were found to be at work in the plants at La Pacifica. Fracture toughness varied significantly by location within single leaves, indicating that measures of fracture toughness must be standardized by location on food items. Monkeys made some food choices based on fracture toughness by avoiding the toughest parts of leaves and consuming the least tough portions. Intergroup and seasonal differences in the toughness of foods suggest that subtle differences in resource availability can have a significant impact on diet and feeding in Alouatta palliata. Intergroup differences in the incidence of silica on leaves raise the possibility of matching differences in the rates and patterns of tooth wear.

Chimpanzees and bonobos distinguish between risk and ambiguity.

Although recent research has investigated animal decision-making under risk, little is known about how animals choose under conditions of ambiguity when they lack information about the available alternatives. Many models of choice behaviour assume that ambiguity does not impact decision-makers, but studies of humans suggest that people tend to be more averse to choosing ambiguous options than risky options with known probabilities. To illuminate the evolutionary roots of human economic behaviour, we examined whether our closest living relatives, chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and bonobos (Pan paniscus), share this bias against ambiguity. Apes chose between a certain option that reliably provided an intermediately preferred food type, and a variable option that could vary in the probability that it provided a highly preferred food type. To examine the impact of ambiguity on ape decision-making, we interspersed trials in which chimpanzees and bonobos had no knowledge about the probabilities. Both species avoided the ambiguous option compared with their choices for a risky option, indicating that ambiguity aversion is shared by humans, bonobos and chimpanzees.

Les défis de la gestion alimentaire des personnes atteintes de la démence de type Alzheimer : le vécu des aidants dans le cadre d’une intervention nutritionnelle ciblée

Introduction: Les aidants des personnes âgées (PA) atteintes de la démence de type Alzheimer (DTA) sont confrontés à de nombreux défis lors du soin de leurs proches, y compris ceux liés à l’alimentation. Cependant, ces défis restent méconnus et les stratégies créées pour les gérer sont encore peu efficaces. Objectifs: Identifier les difficultés rencontrées par les aidants pendant la gestion de l’alimentation des PA atteintes de la DTA ayant participé à une intervention nutritionnelle (l’étude NIS) et dégager leurs opinions concernant cette intervention. Sujets: Trente-trois aidants des PA avec DTA du groupe intervention de l’étude NIS ont été ciblés. Méthodes: L’approche qualitative a été employée lors des entrevues individuelles auprès de ces aidants. Les entrevues ont été transcrites et le verbatim fut soumis à une analyse thématique. Résultats: Vingt-quatre aidants ont été interviewés. Quelque 58,4 % avaient 70 ans et plus et 58,3 % étaient des conjoint (es) des patients affectés. Quatre catégories de thèmes furent dégagées menant à l’identification des défis alimentaires suivants: les changements des habitudes alimentaires (altération des préférences); les perturbations du comportement alimentaire (ex. l’oubli de repas); la dépendance à la préparation des repas. L’utilité des conseils, la gentillesse et la compétence du personnel NIS, la documentation écrite offerte et la durée du suivi ont été appréciées par les aidants. Conclusion: Une meilleure compréhension de l'expérience de soin vécu par l’aidant est essentielle au développement des interventions nutritionnelles adaptées aux besoins des aidants et des PA atteintes de la DTA.

Relations entre le style parental, le style parental alimentaire et les pratiques alimentaires de la mère et les comportements alimentaires de l’enfant québécois d’âge préscolaire

Le surpoids (embonpoint et obésité) chez l’enfant est un problème préoccupant qui prend de plus en plus d’ampleur. Le rôle du parent dans cette problématique est prédominant, puisqu’il assure la disponibilité des aliments, choisit les mets présentés, joue le rôle de modèle dans l’acte alimentaire et interagit avec l’enfant durant les prises alimentaires pour guider son comportement alimentaire. Le parent offre et façonne l’environnement dans lequel évolue l’enfant. Cette thèse explore le rôle de la mère dans cet environnement. Le parent utilise diverses pratiques alimentaires pour guider l’alimentation de l’enfant. Certaines sont douces, comme encourager positivement l’enfant à essayer un aliment (ex. Goûtes-y, moi je trouve ça très bon!) et d’autres plus coercitives (ex. Tu ne sors pas de table sans avoir terminé ton assiette). Les interactions parent-enfant lors de la prise alimentaire sont susceptibles d’avoir différentes conséquences sur l’alimentation de l’enfant, modifiant possiblement les apports alimentaires, les préférences, la néophobie et le statut pondéral. Les interactions parent-enfant en général, donc hors du contexte précis de l’alimentation, peuvent aussi influencer les comportements alimentaires de l’enfant. L’objectif général de cette thèse est d’explorer les relations entre les interactions parent-enfant en général, aussi nommées « styles parentaux » (SP), les interactions parent-enfant dans le contexte alimentaire, portant le nom de «styles parentaux alimentaires» (SPA), les stratégies alimentaires utilisées par les parents pour guider l’alimentation de l’enfant, nommées « pratiques alimentaires parentales » (PAP), les comportements alimentaires de l’enfant et le statut pondéral de ce dernier. Cette thèse comprend 4 objectifs spécifiques. D’abord, d’examiner les relations entre les SP, les SPA et les PAP. Dans un deuxième temps, les relations entre les SPA, le comportement alimentaire de l’enfant (préférence et fréquence de consommation) et le statut pondéral de l’enfant seront explorées. Puis, l’existence de relations entre l’usage de PAP et le comportement alimentaire de l’enfant sera évaluée. Finalement, les relations entre les attitudes de la mère à l’égard de son poids et de celui de son enfant et du comportement néophobique de l’enfant seront explorées. Cent vingt-deux mères d’enfants d’âge préscolaire, de 3 à 5 ans, ont été recrutées par des milieux de garde de l’île de Montréal et ont complété et retourné un questionnaire auto-administré portant sur le style parental, style parental alimentaire, les PAP, les fréquences de consommation de l’enfant, les préférences de l’enfant pour certains aliments et groupe d’aliments, la néophobie de l’enfant, le poids et la taille de l’enfant, le régime actuel de la mère, la perception du poids de l’enfant, la préoccupation face au poids de l’enfant ainsi que la description du profil familial. Les SP, les SPA et les PAP montrent des corrélations. Les SPA, plus particulièrement les deux échelles qui les composent (exigence et sensibilité) montrent des corrélations avec la consommation et la préférence pour certains aliments. Des différences sont aussi notées entre les différents SPA et le statut pondéral de l’enfant et certains comportements alimentaires. La présente thèse suggère une implication de trois concepts, soient les SP, les SPA et les PAP, dans la dynamique alimentaire de la dyade mère-enfant. Des relations importantes entre les SPA et les préférences alimentaires sont suggérées. Les futures recherches dans ce domaine devront évaluer l’impact relatif des PAP, des SP et des SPA sur le comportement alimentaire (consommation et préférence) et le poids de l’enfant. Une intervention efficace visant des changements de comportements alimentaires auprès des familles devra adresser à la fois les PAP, mais aussi les SP et les SPA.

Déterminants des choix alimentaires d'athlètes adolescents en période de compétition

Cette étude s’insère dans une étude s’intitulant « Choix alimentaires d’adolescents canadiens et attitudes de leurs entraîneurs impliqués dans des activités sportives organisées ». Les objectifs étaient d’étudier chez des adolescents impliqués dans une compétition sportive provinciale où l’offre alimentaire est contrôlée 1) leur maîtrise des recommandations nutritionnelles 2) les facteurs individuels, comportementaux, socio-environnementaux influençant leurs choix alimentaires. Deux observateurs ont visité les différents sites alimentaires et de compétition pendant les Jeux du Québec de 2011 à Valleyfield. Les plateaux des athlètes ont été photographiés à table au moment des repas avec une caméra numérique et les commentaires oraux colligés par écrit. Au total, 173 photographies ont été analysées et comparées aux recommandations reconnues en nutrition sportive. Dans notre étude, les préférences alimentaires, l’offre alimentaire et la présence des coéquipiers sont les facteurs qui influencent le plus les choix alimentaires en compétition. Par contre, le sexe de l’athlète n’a pas influencé les choix alimentaires des athlètes observés. En pré-compétition, 85,4% des plateaux présentent une valeur énergétique supérieure aux recommandations et 66,3% d’entre eux ont une répartition en énergie inadéquate, peu importe le sexe. Un excès de lipides et de protéines au sein du repas précédant l’effort caractérise majoritairement les plateaux dont la répartition en énergie est non optimale (69,5%). Les recommandations en post-compétition (100%) et lors des jours de repos (95,8%) ont facilement été rencontrées. Il en est de même pour l’hydratation (99,4%). Le lait au chocolat est la boisson la plus populaire (59,5%). Les produits céréaliers (99,4%), le lait et substituts (87,3%), les légumes (85,7%), les viandes et substituts (83,2%), les aliments riches en sucres (79,8%), les fruits (70,5%) et les mets riches en gras (59,4%) sont particulièrement appréciés par les athlètes. Les commentaires recueillis font ressortir une vision dichotomique des aliments chez certains athlètes qui classifient les aliments en « bons » ou « mauvais ». Notre étude démontre que la présence d’une politique alimentaire permet de promouvoir des habitudes alimentaires saines et favorise la consommation d’aliments nutritifs lors d’une compétition sportive d’envergure. Cependant, de l’éducation en nutrition est toujours requise pour viser l’amélioration du comportement alimentaire avant l’effort.

Caracterización de los hábitos alimentarios en población pediátrica de cuatro instituciones escolares

Introducción: La obesidad infantil ha venido en aumento en los últimos años y Colombia no es ajena a esta problemática. Uno de los lugares para intervención son los planteles educativos, en los cuales los escolares son quienes escogen sus alimentos. En el presente estudio se pretendió caracterizar los hábitos alimentarios de una población pediátrica en cuatro instituciones educativas, con el fin de conocer las prioridades infantiles en cuanto a la escogencia de los alimentos, y por ende generar recomendaciones. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo multicéntrico que presenta los resultados de encuestas dirigidas a escolares entre 8 y 18 años, usuarios de tiendas escolares. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo de acuerdo a las preferencias de alimentación por institución, por género y por edad entre otros. Resultados: Se incluyeron un total de 512 escolares. La distribución por género y edad fue similar en las cuatro instituciones educativas. Entre los alimentos de preferencia predominaron los alimentos empaquetados, pizza, helados y en menor proporción las frutas. En cuanto a las bebidas predominó la gaseosa y té en botella. Entre las razones para escoger los alimentos predominó “el sabor” seguido de la “facilidad y rapidez” para su consumo; y la principal razón para no escoger los alimentos fue el precio. Discusión: Es necesario hacer intervención desde una temprana edad para generar hábitos de alimentación saludable y equilibrada, al igual que se debería tener un programa de detección de hábitos alimentarios inadecuados en las instituciones escolares para así poder combatirlos.

Comida de gente: preferências e tabus alimentares entre os ribeirinhos do Médio Rio Negro (Amazonas, Brasil)

No presente artigo, analiso os aspectos relacionados às escolhas e aversões alimentares entre as populações ribeirinhas assentadas no Rio Negro (Amazonas, Brasil). Foram entrevistadas 104 pessoas (57 homens e 47 mulheres) e observadas as práticas cotidianas quanto às preferências e restrições alimentares em 47 unidades domésticas. As escolhas alimentares são influenciadas por preferências individuais, fatores ecológicos, econômicos, sociais e culturais. Com relação ao sistema de tabus alimentares, os animais com caracteres híbridos ou difíceis de serem categorizados, como os peixes lisos e os animais de dieta generalista, são sujeitos a tabus. A sobreposição entre as diferentes correntes teóricas é utilizada para interpretar as variações estabelecidas entre as preferências e os tabus alimentares no Rio Negro.

Feeding preference of the South American endemic anomuran Aegla platensis (Decapoda, Anomura, Aeglidae)

In order to determine the feeding preference of Aegla platensis in streams and the importance of microorganisms in its detritivore diet, we carried out two experiments designed to evaluate the food preferences of A. platensis (1) among leaves with different levels of microbial colonization and (2) among insect larvae (Chironomidae, Simuliidae, Hydropsychidae) and microbially conditioned leaves. A. platensis preferred animal over plant food items; when only leaves were offered, this aeglid preferred the leaves with higher levels of microorganism conditioning.

Free diet selection by broilers as influenced by dietary macronutrient ratio and corticosterone supplementation. 1. Diet selection, organ weights, and plasma metabolites

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

A ictiofauna e a atividade pesqueira na Ilha das Onças, Barcarena - Pará

A Ilha das Onças é uma das numerosas ilhas que se encontram na margem esquerda da Baía do Guajará, sendo conhecida principalmente pela presença da palmeira que produz o açaí como fruto (Euterpe oleracea,) e pela importância que seus canais representam para a navegação regional. Entre os principais canais que compõem a ilha, destaca-se o Canal do Piramanha, que atravessa a Ilha das Onças. A composição e a distribuição da ictiofauna presente na Ilha é pouco conhecida, com base nisso, esse trabalho teve como objetivo descrever as espécies da região, bem como do seu uso pelo ambiente, e a importância que possuem para a população local. Foram feitas entrevistas com os pescadores onde foram obtidas informações básicas sobre a pesca no local. Foram realizadas pescarias trimestrais de acordo com os períodos climáticos com rede de tapagem no igarapé e de emalhe no canal. No momento da despesca foram registrados in situ os dados abióticos (pH, salinidade, temperatura), que não apresentaram diferenças entre os períodos. Foram capturados 1200 indivíduos de 20 famílias de maioria Aspredinidae, Sciaenidae e Pimelodidae, distribuídos em 39 espécies identificadas (27 no canal e 26 no igarapé). As espécies foram em sua maioria constantes (FO>75%), e a diversidade foi similar ao longo do tempo, não havendo espécies dominantes em nenhum período de coleta. A estatística W mostra ambientes perturbados, nos meses mais chuvosos de março e dezembro, onde também foram registrados as maiores abundâncias (CPUEn e CPUEb), indicando a análise pode não ser adequada a ambientes onde há dominância de indivíduos de pequeno porte, fazendo com que o método confunda a existência natural de grande quantidade de indivíduos pequenos com uma troca de dominância. As análises multivariadas mostraram que os ambientes são significativamente diferentes, principalmente pela grande abundância numérica de A. aspredo no canal, e da P. squamosissimus no igarapé, que juntamente com o L. dorsalis, o H. marginatus, o A. aff. ucayalensis formam as principais espécies capturadas na Ilha. No canal houve maioria de espécies estuarinas, que se alimentam principalmente de zoobentos e peixes, e no igarapé, houve dominância de espécies dulcícolas, cujas preferências alimentares mudam ao longo do ano, aparentemente de acordo com o regime de chuvas. De maneira geral as espécies são de pequeno e médio porte (CT < 30 cm), imaturas (maioria em estádio A) e alimentando-se em pelo menos um período do ano. Apesar do ambiente favorável a pesca, 90% dos entrevistados tem no açaí sua principal fonte de renda, sendo a pesca colocada como fonte secundária, baseada nos períodos de safra e entre safra do açaí. A principal arte de pesca é o matapi que tem como alvo o camarão da Amazônia (Macrobachium amazonicum), seguida das malhadeiras e tapagens, cujas espécies alvo são na sua maioria as mesmas capturadas em abundancia nesse estudo. Pelo pequeno porte e baixo valor econômico, a pesca na ilha é realizada principalmente como fonte suplementar de proteínas, visto que a intensa atividade pesqueira e a perturbação causada pelas embarcações diminuem ainda mais esse número.

Substituição de refeições por lanches em adolescentes

OBJETIVO: Verificar a prevalência da substituição do almoço e do jantar por lanches em adolescentes e a associação com estado nutricional e sexo, assim como avaliar os alimentos que substituem as refeições. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal com 106 adolescentes do ensino médio de uma escola técnica localizada no município de São Paulo, que responderam a um questionário sobre atitudes alimentares a partir do qual foi avaliada a frequência de substituição do almoço e do jantar por lanche e os alimentos substitutos. Foram aferidos o peso e a altura para o cálculo do índice de massa corpórea por idade, e a classificação do estado nutricional de acordo com o critério da Organização Mundial da Saúde. Foi realizada análise descritiva com nível de significância de 5%. RESULTADOS: Um terço dos adolescentes substituiu o almoço e metade deles substituiu o jantar por lanches. Verificou-se que mais meninas costumavam substituir refeições. Observou-se maior prevalência de substituição do almoço (40%) e do jantar (70%) por lanche entre adolescentes obesos. Sanduíches, salgados, pizzas e hambúrgueres foram os principais substitutos das refeições. CONCLUSÕES: Verificou-se prevalência elevada de substituição de refeições principais, principalmente do jantar, por lanches. Os substitutos do almoço e do jantar apresentavam, em sua maioria, alta densidade energética e baixo valor nutritivo.

Preferencia de alimento del erizo cachero "Arbacia lixula" (Echinodermata: Arbacidae) ante una dieta basada en dos macroalgas.

Se estudió la preferencia de alimento del erizo cachero (Arbacia lixula) al administrarle una dieta basada en dos macroalgas (Ulva sp. y Cystoceira humilis). Los erizos muestran una tendencia clara a consumir mayor cantidad del alga verde frente al alga parda.ABSTRACT The food preferences of the black sea urchin (Arbacia lixula) was studied giving it a diet based on two macroalgae (Ulva sp. and Cystoceira humilis). The sea urchins showed a clear tendency to consume a higher quantity of green algae against brown algae.

Rats Acquire Stronger Preference for Flavors Consumed Towards the End of a High-fat Meal

Rats learn to prefer flavors associated with postingestive effects of nutrients. The physiological signals underlying this postingestive reward are unknown. We have previously shown that rats readily learn to prefer a flavor that was consumed early in a multi-flavored meal when glucose is infused intragastrically (IG), suggesting rapid postingestive reward onset. The present experiments investigate the timing of postingestive fat reward, by providing distinctive flavors in the first and second halves of meals accompanied by IG fat infusion. Learning stronger preference for the earlier or later flavor would indicate when the rewarding postingestive effects are sensed. Rats consumed sweetened, calorically-dilute flavored solutions accompanied by IG high-fat infusion (+ sessions) or water (− sessions). Each session included an “Early” flavor for 8 min followed by a “Late” flavor for 8 min. Learned preferences were then assessed in two-bottle tests (no IG infusion) between Early(+) vs. Early(−), Late(+) vs. Late(−), Early(+) vs. Late(+), and Early(−) vs. Late(−). Rats only preferred Late(+), not Early(+), relative to their respective (−) flavors. In a second experiment rats trained with a higher fat concentration learned to prefer Early(+) but more strongly preferred Late(+). Learned preferences were evident when rats were tested deprived or recently satiated. Unlike with glucose, ingested fat appears to produce a slower-onset rewarding signal, detected later in a meal or after its termination, becoming more strongly associated with flavors towards the end of the meal. This potentially contributes to enhanced liking for dessert foods, which persists even when satiated.

Properties of water masses, taxa abundance, and isotopic ratios of samples obtained around Svalbard archipelago

The feeding strategies of Calanus hyperboreus, C. glacialis, and C. finmarchicus were investigated in the high-Arctic Svalbard region (77-81 °N) in May, August, and December, including seasons with algal blooms, late- to post-bloom situations, and unproductive winter periods. Stable isotope and fatty acid trophic marker (FATM) techniques were employed together to assess trophic level (TL), carbon sources (phytoplankton vs. ice algae), and diet of the three Calanus species. In addition, population development, distribution, and nutritional state (i.e. storage lipids) were examined to estimate their population status at the time of sampling. In May and August, the vertical distribution of the three Calanus species usually coincided with the maximum algal biomass. Their stable isotope and fatty acid (FA) composition indicated that they all were essentially herbivores in May, when the algal biomass was highest. Their FA composition, however, revealed different food preferences. C. hyperboreus had high proportions of 18:4n3, suggesting that it fed mainly on Phaeocystis, whereas C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus had high proportions of 16:4n1, 16:1n7, and 20:5n3, suggesting diatoms as their major food source. Carbon sources (i.e. phytoplankton vs. ice algae) were not possible to determine solely from FATM techniques since ice-diatoms and pelagic-diatoms were characterised by the same FA. However, the enriched d13C values of C. glacialis and C. finmarchicus in May indicated that they fed both on pelagic- and ice-diatoms. Patterns in absolute FA and fatty alcohol composition revealed that diatoms were the most important food for C. hyperboreus and C. glacialis, followed by Phaeocystis, whereas diatoms, Phaeocystis and other small autotrophic flagellates were equally important food for C. finmarchicus. During periods of lower algal biomass, only C. glacialis exhibited evidence of significant dietary switch, with a TL indicative of omnivory (mean TL=2.4). Large spatial variability was observed in population development, distribution, and lipid store sizes in August. At the northernmost station at the southern margin of the Arctic Ocean, the three Calanus species had similarly low lipid stores as they had in May, suggesting that they ascended later in the year. In December, relatively lipid-rich specimens had TL similar to those during the peak productive season (TL~2.0), suggesting that they were hibernating and not feeding on the available refractory material available at that time of the year. In contrast, lipid-poor specimens in December had substantially high TL (TL=2.5), suggesting that they were active and possibly were feeding.

Station characteristics and copepod fatty alcohol, fatty acid and lipid composition during MSM02/4 in Fram Strait

The biodiversity of pelagic deep-sea ecosystems has received growing scientific interest in the last decade, especially in the framework of international marine biodiversity initiatives, such as Census of Marine Life (CoML). While a growing number of deep-sea zooplankton species has been identified and genetically characterized, little information is available on the mechanisms minimizing inter-specific competition and thus allowing closely related species to co-occur in the deep-sea pelagic realm. Focussing on the two dominant calanoid copepod families Euchaetidae and Aetideidae in Fram Strait, Arctic Ocean, the present study strives to characterize ecological niches of co-occurring species, with regard to vertical distribution, dietary composition as derived from lipid biomarkers, and trophic level on the basis of stable isotope signatures. Closely related species were usually restricted to different depth layers, resulting in a multi-layered vertical distribution pattern. Thus, vertical partitioning was an important mechanism to avoid inter-specific competition. Species occurring in the same depth strata usually belonged to different genera. They differed in fatty acid composition and trophic level, indicating different food preferences. Herbivorous Calanus represent major prey items for many omnivorous and carnivorous species throughout the water column. The seasonal and ontogenetic vertical migration of Calanus acts as a short-cut in food supply for pelagic deep-sea ecosystems in the Arctic.