Silver Nanoparticles Obtained in PAH/PAA-Based Multilayers by Photochemical Reaction

Carboxylic acid groups in PAH/PAA-based multilayers bind silver cations by ion exchange with the acid protons. The aggregation and spatial distribution of the nanoparticles proved to be dependent oil the process used to reduce the silver acetate aqueous solution. The reducing method with ambient light formed larger nanoparticles with diameters ranging from 4-50 nm in comparison with the reduction method using UV light, which gave particles with diameters of 2-4 nm The high toughness of samples reduced by ambient light is a result of two population distributions of particle sizes caused by different mechanisms when compared with the UV light process. According to these phenomena, a judicious choice of the spectral source call be used as a way to control the type and size of silver nanoparticles formed on PEMs. Depending on the energy of the light source, the Ag nanoparticles present cubic and/or hexagonal crystallographic structures, as confirmed by XRD. Beyond the kinetically controlled process of UV photoinduced cluster formation, the annealing produced by UV light allowed a second mechanism to modify the growth rates, spatial distribution, and phases.

Investimentos de ciência e tecnologia : indicadores de resultados de projetos de pesquisas

A Fundação Estadual de Amparo à Pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS) é o órgão do governo responsável pelo financiamento de projetos de pesquisa científica e tecnológica e está buscando justificar perante a sociedade estes investimentos, apresentando seus resultados e obtendo informações para auxiliar na orientação de políticas públicas de Ciência e Tecnologia (C&T). A presente dissertação visa a propor um grupo de indicadores que permita identificar os resultados de pesquisas e que auxilie às Fundações de Amparo à Pesquisa, em especial à FAPERGS, na composição de seu sistema de avaliação institucional. Para tanto, foram estudados sete projetos cujos resultados visam à melhoria e preservação do meio ambiente e verificados os resultados das pesquisas e seus impactos de inovação, sociais e de meio ambiente. O quadro de indicadores proposto, foi testado nos projetos e julgado por juízes, segundo critérios de validade, confiança, viabilidade, mensurabilidade, abrangência e relevância. Como conclusão, mostrou-se adequado para a avaliação dos casos considerados e suscetível de aprimoramento, a partir do estudo de um número maior e de diferentes tipos de projetos financiados por instituições de fomento à pesquisa.

Indicadores para avaliação de resultados de projetos de pesquisa científica e tecnológica

O objetivo deste trabalho é propor um conjunto de indicadores para a identificação e avaliação de resultados de projetos de pesquisa científica e tecnológica apoiados por Fundações de Amparo à Pesquisa, em especial a Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul – FAPERGS. O trabalho de pesquisa foi realizado valendo-se do estudo de projetos já finalizados, financiados pela FAPERGS via Edital de Estímulo à Interação Universidade – Empresa, utilizados para testar os indicadores que seriam propostos. Os indicadores propostos são relativos a: produtos diretos, inovações tecnológicas, impactos na empresa e impactos sociais. Foram também incluídos ind icadores de insumos do projeto, que demonstram os valores investidos. O quadro de indicadores, definidos operacionalmente, foi testado por meio da identificação dos resultados de sete projetos. Finalizando, os indicadores foram avaliados conforme critérios de validade, confiabilidade, relevância, viabilidade, abrangência e mensurabilidade. De forma geral, os indicadores foram avaliados positivamente, não sendo recomendada a exclusão de nenhum. Concluiu-se que o conjunto proposto abrange os aspectos mais importantes a serem considerados em projetos desta natureza, sendo possível a identificação de resultados não apenas de projetos do tipo estudado, mas também de outros projetos apoiados pela Fundação.

Simulação numérica de um sistema de armazenamento de calor em estufas de plasticultura

Apresentar um modelo para simular um sistema de armazenamento de calor no solo em estufas para plasticultura é o objetivo do presente trabalho. O sistema consiste num feixe de tubos enterrados no solo. A convecção forçada de ar no seu interior realiza a troca térmica necessária para manter as estufas sob faixas desejadas de temperatura. O objetivo do modelo é investigar os efeitos no calor armazenado e a influência das variáveis, tais como diâmetro, comprimento, espaçamento entre os tubos e a velocidade de ar no canal provocam no sistema. O solo é tratado como um meio difusivo e avalia-se a contribuição do termo de condensação e evaporação da água contida no ar em escoamento nos tubos. A equação da energia é resolvida para o solo e para o ar. Os tubos de seção transversal circular são modelados como tubos de seção transversal quadrada com o objetivo de que as simulações possam ser processadas em coordenadas cartesianas. O programa resolve situações tridimensionais, transientes e emprega o Método dos Volumes Finitos para integrar as equações diferenciais governantes. O modelo original é baseado no modelo de Gauthier et al., 1997, tendo sido os resultados do mesmo foram usados para a validação do presente estudo. Um circuito de água quente é também projetado e apresentado para o aquecimento das estufas. A água circula através de mangueiras sobre o solo e é aquecida por um sistema de queimadores a gás liqüefeito de petróleo ou óleo combustível, transferindo assim calor para o interior da mesma. O projeto de aquecimento foi realizado através de um programa de parceria entre a Ufrgs, Sebrae, Fapergs e a Agropecuária Clarice.

Um modelo categorizador intervalar n-dimensional com l-camadas baseado em tesselações

O ICTM (Interval Categorizer Tesselation Model), objeto da presente tese, é um modelo geral para análise de espaços de natureza geométrica, baseado em tesselaçoes, que é capaz de produzir uma categorização confiável de conjunto de pontos de um dado espaço, de acordo com múltiplas características dos pontos, cada característica correspondendo a uma camada do modelo. Por exemplo, na análise de terrenos geográficos, uma região geográfica pode ser analisada de acordo com a sua topografia, vegetaçao, demografia, dados econômicos etc, cada uma gerando uma subdivisão diferente da região. O modelo geral baseado em tesselações não está restrito, porém, a análise de espaços bi-dimensionais. O conjunto dos pontos analisados pode pertencer a um espaço multidimensional, determinando a característica multi-dimensional de cada camada. Um procedimento de projeção das categorizações obtidas em cada camada sobre uma camada básica leva a uma categorização confiavel mais significante, que combina em uma só classificação as análises obtidas para cada característica. Isto permite muitas análises interessantes no que tange a dependência mútua das características. A dimensão da tesselação pode ser arbitrária ou escolhida de acordo com algum critério específico estabelecido pela aplicação. Neste caso, a categorização obtida pode ser refinada, ou pela re-definição da dimensão da tesselação ou tomando cada sub-região resultante para ser analisada separadamente A formalização nos registradores pode ser facilmente recuperada apenas pela indexação dos elementos das matrizes, em qualquer momento da execução. A implementação do modelo é naturalmente paralela, uma vez que a análise é feita basicamente por regras locais. Como os dados de entrada numéricos são usualmente suscetíveis a erros, o modelo utiliza a aritmética intervalar para se ter um controle automático de erros. O modelo ICTM também suporta a extração de fatos sobre as regiões de modo qualitativo, por sentenças lógicas, ou quantitativamente, pela análise de probabilidade. Este trabalho recebe apoio nanceiro do CNPq/CTPETRO e FAPERGS.

Biomonitoring study of seasonal anthropogenic influence at the Itamambuca beach (SP, Brazil)

The present work is focused on the study of a seasonal anthropogenic influence on the beach of Itamambuca (Ubatuba, SP, Brazil) carried out using Atherinella brasiliensis as biomonitor. In total 84 fish were caught between July 2004 and February 2005 in different locations at the beach and inside the Itamambuca river. The fish were pooled according to catch and their musculature was analyzed by Particle-Induced X-ray Emission (PIXE) and Rutherford Backscattering (RBS) techniques. While the concentration of light (matrix) elements like C and O were obtained using the RBS technique, major (Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K and Ca) and trace (Si, Al, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br and Sr) elements were measured by PIXE. The results show that differences were observed for several elemental concentrations of fish tissue between high season (spring-summer) and low season (winter-fall), indicating that increased human activity in the beach during high season may have some impact on the beach ecosystem. The role of the water salinity in the results is also discussed. (C) 2009 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Hemocompatibility of poly(epsilon-caprolactone) lipid-core nanocapsules stabilized with polysorbate 80-lecithin and uncoated or coated with chitosan

The hemocompatibility of nanoparticles is of critical importance for their systemic administration as drug delivery systems. Formulations of lipid-core nanocapsules, stabilized with polysorbate 80-lecithin and uncoated or coated with chitosan (LNC and LNC-CS), were prepared and characterized by laser diffraction (D[4,3]: 129 and 134 nm), dynamic light scattering (119 nm and 133 nm), nanoparticle tracking (D50: 124 and 139 nm) and particle mobility (zeta potential: -15.1 mV and + 9.3 mV) analysis. In vitro hemocompatibility studies were carried out with mixtures of nanocapsule suspensions in human blood at 2% and 10% (v/v). The prothrombin time showed no significant change independently of the nanocapsule surface potential or its concentration in plasma. Regarding the activated partial thromboplastin time, both suspensions at 2% (v/v) in plasma did not influence the clotting time. Even though suspensions at 10% (v/v) in plasma decreased the clotting times (p < 0.05), the values were within the normal range. The ability of plasma to activate the coagulation system was maintained after the addition of the formulations. Suspensions at 2% (v/v) in blood showed no significant hemolysis or platelet aggregation. In conclusion, the lipid-core nanocapsules uncoated or coated with chitosan are hemocompatible representing a potential innovative nanotechnological formulation for intravenous administration. (C) 2012 Elsevier B. V. All rights reserved.

A note on permutation regularity

The existence of a small partition of a combinatorial structure into random-like subparts, a so-called regular partition, has proven to be very useful in the study of extremal problems, and has deep algorithmic consequences. The main result in this direction is the Szemeredi Regularity Lemma in graph theory. In this note, we are concerned with regularity in permutations: we show that every permutation of a sufficiently large set has a regular partition into a small number of intervals. This refines the partition given by Cooper (2006) [10], which required an additional non-interval exceptional class. We also introduce a distance between permutations that plays an important role in the study of convergence of a permutation sequence. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Analytical method for determination of nitric oxide in zebrafish larvae: Toxicological and pharmacological applications

Zebrafish are currently used at various stages of the drug discovery process and can be a useful and cost-effective alternative to some mammalian models. Nitric oxide (NO) plays an important role in physiology of zebrafish. The availability of appropriate analytical techniques to quantify the NO is crucial for studying its role in physiological and pathological conditions. This work aimed at establishing a high-performance liquid chromatography method for determination of NO levels in zebrafish larvae. Attempts were also made to assess the normal levels of NO at the first days postfertilization and the possible changes under pathological conditions. The method validation was quantitatively evaluated in terms of sensitivity, specificity, precision, accuracy, linearity, and recovery. NO levels from zebrafish larvae at the first days postfertilization and larvae challenged to N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester, sodium nitroprusside, Escherichia coil lipopolysaccharide, and copper sulfate were analyzed. The samples were derivatized with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene, and fluorescence detection was used for the indirect determination of NO. The method showed a good performance for all validation parameters evaluated and was efficient to monitor changes in NO concentration under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. This method might represent a powerful tool to be applied in NO studies with zebrafish larvae. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

GLUT4 content decreases along with insulin resistance and high levels of inflammatory markers in rats with metabolic syndrome

Background: Metabolic syndrome is characterized by insulin resistance, which is closely related to GLUT4 content in insulin-sensitive tissues. Thus, we evaluated the GLUT4 expression, insulin resistance and inflammation, characteristics of the metabolic syndrome, in an experimental model. Methods: Spontaneously hypertensive neonate rats (18/group) were treated with monosodium glutamate (MetS) during 9 days, and compared with Wistar-Kyoto (C) and saline-treated SHR (H). Blood pressure (BP) and lipid levels, C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin 6 (IL-6), TNF-alpha and adiponectin were evaluated. GLUT4 protein was analysed in the heart, white adipose tissue and gastrocnemius. Studies were performed at 3 (3-mo), 6 (6-mo) and 9 (9-mo) months of age. Results: MetS rats were more insulin resistant (p<0.001, all ages) and had higher BP (3-mo: p<0.001, 6-mo: p = 0.001, 9-mo: p = 0.015) as compared to C. At 6 months, CRP, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were higher (p<0.001, all comparisons) in MetS rats vs H, but adiponectin was lower in MetS at 9 months (MetS: 32 +/- 2, H: 42 +/- 2, C: 45 +/- 2 pg/mL; p<0.001). GLUT4 protein was reduced in MetS as compared to C rats at 3, 6 and 9-mo, respectively (Heart: 54%, 50% and 57%; Gastrocnemius: 37%, 56% and 50%; Adipose tissue: 69%, 61% and 69%). Conclusions: MSG-treated SHR presented all metabolic syndrome characteristics, as well as reduced GLUT4 content, which must play a key role in the impaired glycemic homeostasis of the metabolic syndrome.

Synthesis of selenium-linked neoglycoconjugates and pseudodisaccharides

The introduction of organoselenium moieties within the structure of carbohydrates has received attention recently. Herein, we report on the synthesis of selenium-containing neoglycoconjugates and pseudodisaccharides by the reaction of nucleophilic selenium species, generated from sugar diselenides, with chiral N-Boc aziridines and sugar tosylates. The reaction proceeds with moderate to good yields for various substrates. The introduction of organoselenium moieties within the framework of various sugars, with increased levels of complexity, thus allowing the synthesis of disaccharide and glycoconjugate mimetics. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Mutations, Clinical Findings and Survival Estimates in South American Patients with X-Linked Adrenoleukodystrophy

In this study, we analyzed the ABCD1 gene in X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD) patients and relatives from 38 unrelated families from South America, as well as phenotypic proportions, survival estimates, and the potential effect of geographical origin in clinical characteristics. Methods: X-ALD patients from Brazil, Argentina and Uruguay were invited to participate in molecular studies to determine their genetic status, characterize the mutations and improve the genetic counseling of their families. All samples were screened by SSCP analysis of PCR fragments, followed by automated DNA sequencing to establish the specific mutation in each family. Age at onset and at death, male phenotypes, genetic status of women, and the effect of family and of latitude of origin were also studied. Results: We identified thirty-six different mutations (twelve novel). This population had an important allelic heterogeneity, as only p. Arg518Gln was repeatedly found (three families). Four cases carried de novo mutations. Intra-familiar phenotype variability was observed in all families. Out of 87 affected males identified, 65% had the cerebral phenotype (CALD). The mean (95% CI) ages at onset and at death of the CALD were 10.9 (9.1-12.7) and 24.7 (19.8-29.6) years. No association was found between phenotypic manifestations and latitude of origin. One index-case was a girl with CALD who carried an ABCD1 mutation, and had completely skewed X inactivation. Conclusions: This study extends the spectrum of mutations in X-ALD, confirms the high rates of de novo mutations and the absence of common mutations, and suggests a possible high frequency of cerebral forms in our population.

Synthesis and Antiplasmodial Activity of Betulinic Acid and Ursolic Acid Analogues

More than 40% of the World population is at risk of contracting malaria, which affects primarily poor populations in tropical and subtropical areas. Antimalarial pharmacotherapy has utilised plant-derived products such as quinine and artemisinin as well as their derivatives. However, worldwide use of these antimalarials has caused the spread of resistant parasites, resulting in increased malaria morbidity and mortality. Considering that the literature has demonstrated the antimalarial potential of triterpenes, specially betulinic acid (1) and ursolic acid (2), this study investigated the antimalarial activity against P. falciparum chloroquine-sensitive 3D7 strain of some new derivatives of 1 and 2 with modifications at C-3 and C-28. The antiplasmodial study employed flow cytometry and spectrofluorimetric analyses using YOYO-1, dihydroethidium and Fluo4/AM for staining. Among the six analogues obtained, compounds 1c and 2c showed excellent activity (IC50 = 220 and 175 nM, respectively) while 1a and b demonstrated good activity ( IC50 = 4 and 5 mu M, respectively). After cytotoxicity evaluation against HEK293T cells, 1a was not toxic, while 1c and 2c showed IC50 of 4 mu M and a selectivity index (SI) value of 18 and 23, respectively. Moreover, compound 2c, which presents the best antiplasmodial activity, is involved in the calcium-regulated pathway(s).

Methane emission from soil under long-term no-till cropping systems

Methane (CH4) emission from agricultural soils increases dramatically as a result of deleterious effect of soil disturbance and nitrogen fertilization on methanotrophic organisms; however, few studies have attempted to evaluate the potential of long-term conservation management systems to mitigate CH4 emissions in tropical and subtropical soils. This study aimed to evaluate the long-term effect (>19 years) of no-till grass- and legume-based cropping systems on annual soil CH4 fluxes in a formerly degraded Acrisol in Southern Brazil. Air sampling was carried out using static chambers and CH4 analysis by gas chromatography. Analysis of historical data set of the experiment evidenced a remarkable effect of high C- and N-input cropping systems on the improvement of biological, chemical, and physical characteristics of this no-tilled soil. Soil CH4 fluxes, which represent a net balance between consumption (-) and production (+) of CH4 in soil, varied from -40 +/- 2 to +62 +/- 78 mu g C m(-2) h(-1). Mean weighted contents of ammonium (NH4+-N) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in soil had a positive relationship with accumulated soil CH4 fluxes in the post-management period (r(2) = 0.95, p = 0.05), suggesting an additive effect of these nutrients in suppressing CH4 oxidation and stimulating methanogenesis, respectively, in legume-based cropping systems with high biomass input. Annual CH4 fluxes ranged from -50 +/- 610 to +994 +/- 105 g C ha(-1), which were inversely related to annual biomass-C input (r(2) = 0.99, p = 0.003), with the exception of the cropping system containing pigeon pea, a summer legume that had the highest biologically fixed N input (>300 kg ha(-1) yr(-1)). Our results evidenced a small effect of conservation management systems on decreasing CH4 emissions from soil, despite their significant effect restoring soil quality. We hypothesized that soil CH4 uptake strength has been off-set by an injurious effect of biologically fixed N in legume-based cropping systems on soil methanotrophic microbiota, and by the methanogenesis increase as a result of the O-2 depletion in niches of high biological activity in the surface layer of the no-tillage soil. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Experimental hyperprolinemia induces mild oxidative stress, metabolic changes, and tissue adaptation in rat liver

The present study investigated the effects of chronic hyperprolinemia on oxidative and metabolic status in liver and serum of rats. Wistar rats received daily subcutaneous injections of proline from their 6th to 28th day of life. Twelve hours after the last injection the rats were sacrificed and liver and serum were collected. Results showed that hyperprolinemia induced a significant reduction in total antioxidant potential and thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances. The activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase and superoxide dismutase were significantly increased after chronic proline administration, while glutathione (GSH) peroxidase activity, dichlorofluorescin oxidation, GSH, sulfhydryl, and carbonyl content remained unaltered. Histological analyses of the liver revealed that proline treatment induced changes of the hepatic microarchitecture and increased the number of inflammatory cells and the glycogen content. Biochemical determination also demonstrated an increase in glycogen concentration, as well as a higher synthesis of glycogen in liver of hyperprolinemic rats. Regarding to hepatic metabolism, it was observed an increase on glucose oxidation and a decrease on lipid synthesis from glucose. However, hepatic lipid content and serum glucose levels were not changed. Proline administration did not alter the aminotransferases activities and serum markers of hepatic injury. Our findings suggest that hyperprolinemia alters the liver homeostasis possibly by induction of a mild degree of oxidative stress and metabolic changes. The hepatic alterations caused by proline probably do not implicate in substantial hepatic tissue damage, but rather demonstrate a process of adaptation of this tissue to oxidative stress. However, the biological significance of these findings requires additional investigation. J. Cell. Biochem. 113: 174183, 2012. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.