O movimento emancipacionista na perspectiva das elites políticas na Província do Espírito Santo, 1869-1888

Ao longo do Dezenove presenciou-se debates acerca da questão servil no Brasil. Essa querela também teve seus reflexos na Província do Espírito Santo, tendo esta, como objeto de investigação. No fim dos anos de 1860, o movimento emancipacionista começava a ser delineado pelas elites política e intelectual a nível nacional e local. No ano de 1867, a Fala do Trono trouxe à tona questões significativas a respeito do problema servil e os possíveis caminhos a serem seguidos a favor da libertação dos escravos. As décadas de 1870 e 1880 foram períodos de intenso debate acerca da campanha emancipacionista e abolicionista brasileira. Especialmente na década de 1870 com a promulgação da Lei do Ventre Livre em 1871 teve-se um número significativo de ações de arbitramento de escravos na Província do Espírito Santo, especialmente na cidade da Vitória e em suas freguesias. O intento deste trabalho é identificar como ocorreu o desenrolar do processo emancipacionista na Província do Espírito Santo, a partir do entendimento da cultura política daquela sociedade, tendo como fonte de estudo os debates proferidos no espaço da Assembleia legislativa provincial, concomitante às ações de liberdade de escravos e dois importantes periódicos: O Jornal da Victoria e A Província do Espírito Santo, pois, seus redatores e proprietários permeavam os espaços políticos e intelectuais da cidade de Vitória Oitocentista. Têm-se como marcos temporal os anos de 1869 a 1888, pois, aquele ano foi promulgada a primeira lei provincial de caráter emancipador e o último marco refere-se a extinção plena e total de uma das instituições mais duradouras na História do Brasil.

Controle biologico do percevejo-de-renda (Leptopharsa heveae Drake & Poor) em seringais de cultivo.

A mosca-de-renda ou percevejo-de-renda (Leptopharsa heveae - Hemiptera: Tingidae) e o mais importante inseto-praga da seringueira no Brasil. Essa praga de origem amazonica invadiu os seringais do Estado de Mato Grosso por volta de 1985 e, de 1992 a 1998, chegou aos seringais do Estado Sao Paulo e de Goias. Acredita-se que breve chegara aos Estados da Bahia, Espirito Santo e Minas Gerais. O principal agente disseminador desse inseto-praga entre estados e seringais tem sido os veiculos transportadores de coagulos e latex semiprocessado (GEB). O controle quimico dessa praga, alem de muito caro, coloca em risco os aplicadores e o meio ambiente. Em 1986, no Amazonas, o fungo Sporothrix insectorum foi constatado parasitando individuos do percevejo-de-renda. Com base nessa constatacao foram feitos alguns estudos em campo e laboratorio onde se determinaram a eficiencia biologica (capacidade do inimigo natural para infectar e destruir a praga) e a eficiencia tecnica (capacidade do inimigo natural para reduzir os danos causados na planta pela acao da praga). Os resultados desses testes evidenciaram o elevado potencial do S. insectorum para o controle do percevejode-renda. Imediatamente apos os testes, esse fungo foi enviado para os Estados de Mato Grosso, Acre, Rondonia, e mais recentemente para Sao Paulo e Goias onde vem sendo utilizado com o fungo Hirsutella verticillioides por diversos produtores e empresas. O fungo H. verticillioides, outro inimigo natural do percevejo-de-renda, isolado em 1990, na Guiana Francesa, vem sendo bem mais agressivo nos seringais da regiao Centro-Oeste e de Sao Paulo que o S. insectorum. Os resultados obtidos de avaliacoes efetuadas em alguns seringais de Goias, Mato Grosso e Sao Paulo indicam eficiencia biologica (porcentagem de insetos colonizados e fixados na folha por ambos os fungos em fevereiro), variando de 53% a 100%. Por outro lado, a eficiencia tecnica, medida pelo nivel de descoloracao da folha ou % de danos causados pela praga em fevereiro, tendo como referencia folhas nao atacadas, variou de 16% a 63%.

Validation of a novel ELISA for measurement of electronegative low-density lipoprotein

Background: Oxidative modification of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) plays a key role in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis. LDL(-) is present in blood plasma of healthy subjects and at higher concentrations in diseases with high cardiovascular risk, such as familial hypercholesterolemia or diabetes. Methods: We developed and validated a sandwich ELISA for LDL(-) in human plasma using two monoclonal antibodies against LDL(-) that do not bind to native LDL, extensively copper-oxidized LDL or malondialdehyde-modified LDL. The characteristics of assay performance, such as limits of detection and quantification, accuracy, inter- and intra-assay precision were evaluated. The linearity, interferences and stability tests were also performed. Results: The calibration range of the assay is 0.625-20.0 mU/L at 1: 2000 sample dilution. ELISA validation showed intra- and inter- assay precision and recovery within the required limits for immunoassays. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.423 mU/L and 0.517 mU/L LDL(-), respectively. The intra- and inter- assay coefficient of variation ranged from 9.5% to 11.5% and from 11.3% to 18.9%, respectively. Recovery of LDL(-) ranged from 92.8% to 105.1%. Conclusions: This ELISA represents a very practical tool for measuring LDL(-) in human blood for widespread research and clinical sample use. Clin Chem Lab Med 2008; 46: 1769-75.

Two new species of Guatteria (Annonaceae) from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil

Guatteria emarginata and G. stenocarpa, two new species from the Atlantic Forest in Espirito Santo and Bahia, Brazil, are presented here. Guatteria emarginata is characterized by narrowly obovate, verruculose leaves, densely covered with cinereous hairs on the lower side and an emarginate apex. Guatteria stenocarpa is remarkable among the Atlantic Forest species of the genus for its narrowly ellipsoid to cylindric monocarps of 22-25 mm long.

Placement of Kuhlmanniodendron Fiaschi & Groppo in Lindackerieae (Achariaceae, Malpighiales) confirmed by analyses of rbcL sequences, with notes on pollen morphology and wood anatomy

The phylogenetic placement of Kuhlmanniodendron Fiaschi & Groppo (Achariaceae) within Malpighiales was investigated with rbcL sequence data. This genus was recently created to accommodate Carpotroche apterocarpa Kuhlm., a poorly known species from the rainforests of Espirito Santo, Brazil. One rbcL sequence was obtained from Kuhlmanniodendron and analyzed with 73 additional sequences from Malpighiales, and 8 from two closer orders, Oxalidales and Celastrales, all of which were available at Genbank. Phylogenetic analyses were carried out with maximum parsimony and Bayesian inference; bootstrap analyses were used in maximum parsimony to evaluate branch support. The results confirmed the placement of Kuhlmanniodendron together with Camptostylus, Lindackeria, Xylotheca, and Caloncoba in a strongly supported clade (posterior probability = 0.99) that corresponds with the tribe Lindackerieae of Achariaceae (Malpighiales). Kuhlmanniodendron also does not appear to be closely related to Oncoba (Salicaceae), an African genus with similar floral and fruit morphology that has been traditionally placed among cyanogenic Flacourtiaceae (now Achariaceae). A picrosodic paper test was performed in herbarium dry leaves, and the presence of cyanogenic glycosides, a class of compounds usually found in Achariaceae, was detected. Pollen morphology and wood anatomy of Kuhlmanniodendron were also investigated, but both pollen (3-colporate and microreticulate) and wood, with solitary to multiple vessels, scalariform perforation plates and other features, do not seem to be useful to distinguish this genus from other members of the Achariaceae and are rather common among the eudicotyledons as a whole. However, perforated ray cells with scalariform plates, an uncommon wood character, present in Kuhlmanniodendron are similar to those found in Kiggelaria africana (Pangieae, Achariaceae), but the occurrence of such cells is not mapped among the angiosperms, and it is not clear how homoplastic this character could be.

Revision of Orthophytum (Bromeliaceae): the species with sessile inflorescences

Orthophytum is a bromeliad genus restricted to Brazil with records for the states of Paraiba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, Bahia, Espirito Santo and Minas Gerais. The genus is usually divided in two informal groups based on the presence or absence of a peduncle. This paper presents a taxonomic revision of the 12 species in the group with sessile inflorescences and descriptions of the genus and species, nomenclatural and ecological notes, as well as illustrations are provided. The new species Orthophytum ulei is described. The conservation status for each species is evaluated using the World Conservation Union (IUCN) criteria.

A PCR-RFLP assay for gender assignment in the three-toed sloths (Bradypus, Pilosa, Bradypodidae)

The three-toed sloths (Bradypus) are slow-moving arboreal neotropical mammals. Understanding demographic variables (such as sex ratio) of populations is a key for conservation purposes. Nevertheless, gender assignment of Bradypus is particularly challenging because of the lack of sexual dimorphism in infants and in adults, particularly B. torquatus, the most endangered of the three-toed sloths, in which sex is attributed by visual observation of the reproductively active males. Here, we standardized a method for sexing Bradypus individuals using PCR-RFLP of sex-linked genes ZFX/ZFY. This assay was validated with known-gender animals and proved accurate to assign gender on three Bradypus species.

A new species of Lauromacromia (Odonata: Corduliidae) from Southeastern Brazil, with a cladistic analysis of the genus and comments on Neotropical dragonfly biogeography

Lauromacromia melanica sp. nov. from Conceicao da Barra municipality, Espirito Santo State, Brazil, is described and illustrated based on two males (both in MNRJ n degrees 135). The new species is similar to L. picinguaba differing from it mainly by the absence of pale spots on S3-6 and by the ellipsoid shape of metepisternal pale stripe. A key for males of all species of the genus is provided. A cladistic analysis encompassing 43 external morphological male characters carried out in two distinct procedures, the first with all characters unordered and the second with two or three state characters ordered. The unordered analysis generated only one most-parsimonious tree (66 steps of length, CI = 0.69, RI = 0.62). The hypothesis of monophyly of Lauromacromia is supported and includes three groups, one formed by the Atlantic Forest species (L. melanica sp. nov. + L. picinguaba), and another by the Cerrado species (L. flaviae + (L. bedei + L. luismoojeni)), and L. dubitalis, positioned in polytomy with these two groups. The ordered analysis also generated only one most-parsimonious tree (68 steps of length, CI = 0.70, RI = 0.67), which maintained the monophyly of Lauromacromia but L. dubitalis positioned basally as sister-group to the Atlantic Forest + Cerrado species groups. The geographic distribution of Lauromacromia is updated with a new record of L. luismoojeni based on one adult male (Brazil: Mato Grosso do Sul State) and probable first Brazilian records for L. dubitalis (Amazonas and Para States) based on two larvae. A vicariance hypothesis is proposed to explain spatial evolution of Lauromacromia, and based on current biogeographical classifications we consider Gomphomacromia and Rialla apart from Neotropical biota. Some aspects of biology and ecology of Lauromacromia are also discussed.

Systematic revision and cladistic analysis of the Brazilian subfamily Sodreaninae (Opiliones: Gonyleptidae)

Sodreaninae is reviewed and all ten species are combined under its type genus, Sodreana Mello-Leitao, 1922, according to a cladistic analysis of morphological characters, which revealed a pectinate pattern of clades. The subfamily is endemic to the Brazilian Atlantic rainforest from Santa Catarina state to Rio de Janeiro state. Sodreana is herein considered a senior synonym of Stygnobates Mello-Leitao, 1927, Zortalia Mello-Leitao, 1936, Gertia B. Soares & H. Soares, 1946 and Annampheres H. Soares, 1979. The following new combinations are proposed: Sodreana barbiellinii (Mello-Leitao, 1927), Sodreana hatschbachi (B. Soares & H. Soares, 1946), Sodreana inscripta (Mello-Leitao, 1939), Sodreana leprevosti (B. Soares & H. Soares, 1947b), Sodreana bicalcarata (Mello-Leitao, 1936). Sodreana granulata (Mello-Leitao, 1937) is revalidated from the synonymy of Sodreana sodreana Mello-Leitao, 1922. Three new species are described: Sodreana glaucoi from Ilhabela and Boraceia, Sao Paulo state; S. curupira from Parque Nacional da Serra dos Orgaos, Rio de Janeiro state, and S. caipora from Ubatuba, Sao Paulo state. Sodreaninae species are restricted to forested areas and most occur in the southern part of the coastal Atlantic rainforest, one species occurs in interior Atlantic rainforest. The biogeographical analysis (Brooks Parsimony Analysis) resulted in a single and fully resolved most parsimonious tree with three main: components: northern (Bahia and Serra do Espinhaco), southern (Santa Catarina, Parana, Serra do Mar of Sao Paulo), and central (Espirito Santo, Serra da Bocaina, southern state of Rio de Janeiro, Serra dos Orgaos, Serra da Mantiqueira, Serra do Mar of Sao Paulo).

Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor Reduces Mortality by Suppressing Ventricular Arrhythmias in Acute Phase of Myocardial Infarction in Rats

Our aim was to evaluate the effects of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) on early cardiac arrhythmias after myocardial infarction (MI) and the impact on survival. Male Wistar rats received repeated doses of 50 mu g/kg G-CSF (MI-GCSF group) or vehicle (MI group) at 7, 3, and 1 days before surgery. MI was induced by permanent occlusion of left corollary artery. The electrocardiogram was obtained before occlusion and then for 30 minutes after surgery. Events and duration of ventricular arrhythmias were analyzed. The levels of connexin43 (Cx43) were measured by Western blot immediately before MI production. Survival was significantly increased in MI-GCSF pretreated group (74% versus 52.0% MI. P < 0.05). G-CSF pretreatment also significantly reduced the ventricular premature beats when compared with the untreated-MI group (201 +/- 47 versus 679 +/- 117, P < 0.05). The number and the duration of ventricular tachycardia were smaller in the MI-G-CSF group, as well as the number of ventricular fibrillation episodes (10% versus 69% in NIL P < 0.05). Cx43 levels were significantly increased by G-CSF treatment (1.27 +/- 0.13 versus 0.86 +/- 0.11; P < 0.05). The MI size 24 hours after occlusion was reduced by G-CSF pretreatment (36 +/- 3% versus 44 +/- 2% of left ventricle in MI group; P < 0.05). The increase of Cx43 expression in the heart may explain the reduced incidence in ventricular arrhythmias in the early phases after coronary artery occlusion in rats, thus increasing survival after MI.

The Antiapoptotic Effect of Granulocyte Colony-stimulating Factor Reduces Infarct Size and Prevents Heart Failure Development in Rats

Background/Aim. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) reduces myocardial injury and improves cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI). We investigated the early alterations provided by G-CSF and the chronic repercussions in infarcted rats. Methods. Male Wistar rats (200-250g) received vehicle (MI) or G-CSF (MI-GCSF) (50 mu g/kg, sc) at 7, 3 and 1 days before MI surgery. Afterwards MI was produced and infarct size was measured 1 and 15 days after surgery. Expression of anti-and proapoptotic proteins was evaluated immediately before surgery. 24 hours after surgery, apoptotic nuclei were evaluated. Two weeks after MI, left ventricular (LV) function was evaluated, followed by in situ LV diastolic pressure-volume evaluation. Results. Infarct size was decreased by 1 day pretreatment before occlusion (36 +/- 2.8 vs. 44 +/- 2.1% in MI; P<0.05) and remained reduced at 15 days after infarction (28 +/- 2.2 vs. 36 +/- 1.4% in MI; P<0.05). G-CSF pretreatment increased Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL protein expression, but did not alter Bax in LV. Apoptotic nuclei were reduced by treatment (Sham: 0.46 +/- 0.42, MI: 15.5 +/- 2.43, MI-GCSF: 5.34 +/- 3.34%; P<0.05). Fifteen days after MI, cardiac function remained preserved in G-CSF pretreated rats. The LV dilation was reduced in MI-G-CSF group as compared to MI rats, being closely associated with infarct size. Conclusion. The early beneficial effects of G-CSF were essentials to preserve cardiac function at a chronic stage of myocardial infarction. Copyright (C) 2011 S. Karger AG, Basel

Lipid, fatty acid, protein, amino acid and ash contents in four Brazilian red algae species

Four species of marine benthic algae (Laurencia filiformis, L. intricata, Gracilaria domingensis and G. birdiae) that belong to the phylum Rhodophyta were collected in Espirito Santo State, Brazil and investigated concerning their biochemical composition (fatty acid, total lipid, soluble proteins, amino acid and ash). The total content of lipid (% dry weight) ranged from 1.1% to 6.2%: fatty acid from 0.7% to 1.0%: soluble protein from 4.6% to 18.3%, amino acid from 6.7% to 11.3% and ash from 22.5% to 38.4%. judging from their composition, the four species of algae appear to be potential sources of dietary proteins, amino acids, lipids and essential fatty acids for humans and animals. (C) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

A abertura comercial brasileira e o impacto no processo gerencial das micro e pequenas empresas do setor de confecção do Espírito Santo

ESTA MONOGRAFIA OBJETIVOU IDENTIFICAR ATÉ QUE PONTO A ABERTURA DO MERCADO BRASILEIRO AFETOU O PROCESSO GERENCIAL DAS MICRO E PEQUENAS EMPRESAS DO SETOR DE CONFECÇÃO DO ESPÍRITO SANTO. UTILIZOU-SE METODOLOGIA DIVERSIFICADA CONSISTENTE DE REVISÃO BIBLIOGRÁFICA SOBRE O TEMA, ANÁLISE E INTERPRETAÇÃO DE DADOS FORNECIDOS PELO SEBRAE-ES, IBGE E UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO ESPÍRITO SANTO (UFES) E PESQUISA DE CAMPO EM QUE FORAM ENTREVISTADOS EMPRESÁRIOS DO SETOR DE CONFECÇÃO EM MUNICÍPIOS DO ESTADO. PELO ESTUDO, CONCLUI-SE QUE: O PROCESSO DE GLOBALIZAÇÃO TEM AFETADO A ECONOMIA BRASILEIRA E, PARTICULARMENTE, A CAPIXABA; EM RELAÇÃO AO SETOR DE CONFECÇÃO, O IMPACTO DA GLOBALIZAÇÃO NÃO TEM SIDO ACENTUADO; E O PROCESSO GERENCIAL DAS MICRO E PEQUENAS EMPRESAS DO RAMO DE CONFECÇÃO NO ESTADO, SURGIU COMO UMA DAS PRINCIPAIS CAUSAS DA FRAGILIDADE E INEFICÁCIA DO SETOR, TORNANDO-SE INADIÁVEIS E IMPERATIVAS AÇÕES QUE PROPICIEM O DESENVOLVIMENTO GERENCIAL, A FIM DE PERMITIR-LHE CONTRIBUIR PARA A DISTRIBUIÇÃO SOCIAL DOS MEIOS DE PRODUÇÃO.

Tendências nos desenhos de planos de benefícios nos fundos de pensão do ES

o trabalho discute os fatores que condicionaram a migração de planos de beneficios entre os Fundos de Pensão localizados no Estado do Espírito Santo. O mais antigo modelo de plano de beneficios implantado no Brasil, o plano de beneficio definido, tem características bastante vantajosas aos participantes, pois as empresas patrocinadoras assumem os riscos de desequilíbrio do plano, e os beneficios futuros são assegurados aos participantes. O segundo modelo, mais recente no país, tem como característica principal o fato de que o participante assume os riscos do plano, e os beneficios futuros dependem de diversos fatores, como rentabilidade, tempo de participação, entre outros, deixando de existir garantia aos participantes. Apesar disso, os Fundos de Pensão tem implantado processos de migração de planos de beneficio definido para contribuição definida com sucesso. O texto procura identificar as razões e conseqüências da migração, estabelecendo correlações entre os dois modelos, identificando suas diferenças e semelhanças, o papel exercido pelas empresas patrocinadoras e a estratégia de convencimento dos participantes. Pretende-se que as reflexões sobre esse processo possam contribuir para que os Fundos de Pensão e outros pesquisadores interessados possam ter um nível maior de compreensão e fundamentação sobre o assunto.

Do café a industrialização do campo : o caso do município de São Carlos, em São Paulo

Este trabalho tem como objetivo refletir sobre o processo de desenvolvimento do capitalismo na agricultura brasileira a partir do estudo das transformações ocorridas em um município do Estado de São Paulo. A partir do estudo do caso do município de São Carlos pôde-se realizar um exercício de sistematização das informações bibliográficas e estatísticas existentes à respeito do processo de mudança da economia agrârio-exportadora de café para a etapa atual de industrialização do campo. Estudos recentes sobre a agricultura brasileira tem procurado mostrar que a industrialização do campo, ocorre a partir da década de 70,quando a industrialização no conjunto da economia brasileira já estã plenamente desenvolvida, através da chamada indústria pesada, sustentada pelo Estado e o capital monopolista internacional. A industrialização da agricultura tem sido estudada em seus vários aspectos, como a formação dos complexos agroindustriais, a intensificação das desigualdades econômicas regionais, acentuação da concentração fundiária, formação da pequena burguesia rural, proletarização crescente dos trabalhadores, expansão do exer cito de reserva e unificação dos mercados de trabalho rural e urbano