A critical and descriptive approach to interictal behavior with the Neurobehavior Inventory (NBI)

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the psychometric properties of the Neurobehavior Inventory (NBI) in a group of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) patients from a tertiary care center, correlating its scores with the presence of psychiatric symptoms. Methods: Clinical and sociodemographic data from ninety-six TLE outpatients were collected, and a neuropsychiatric evaluation was performed with the following instruments: Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), structured psychiatric interview (MINI-PLUS), Neurobehavior Inventory (NBI), and Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D). Results: Some traits evaluated by the NBI showed adequate internal consistency (mean inter-item correlation between 0.2 and 0.4) and were frequent, such as religiosity (74%) and repetitiveness (60.4%). Principal component analysis showed three factors, named here as emotions (Factor 1), hyposexuality (Factor 2), and unusual ideas (Factor 3). Depressive symptoms on HAM-D showed a strong association with emotions and hyposexuality factors. When patients with left TLE and right TLE were compared, the former exhibited more sadness (p=0.017), and the latter, a greater tendency toward sense of personal destiny (p=0.028). Conclusion: Depression influences NBI scoring, mainly emotionality and hyposexuality traits. Neurobehavior Inventory subscales can be better interpreted with an appropriate evaluation of comorbid mood and anxiety disorders. Compromise in left temporal mesial structures is associated with increased tendency toward sad affect, whereas right temporal pathology is associated with increased beliefs in personal destiny. (C) 2012 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Peer and group relationships in preschoolers: the role of social and linguistic skills

Being able to positively interact and build relationships with playmates in preschool years is crucial to achieve positive adjustment. An update review and two studies on such topics were provided. Study 1 is observational; it investigates the type of social experience in groups (N = 443) of children (N = 120) at preschool age in child-led vs. teacher-led contexts. The results revealed that in child-led contexts children were more likely to be alone, in dyads, and in small peer groups; groups were mostly characterized by same-gender playmates who engaged in joint interactions, with few social interactions with teachers. In teacher-led contexts, on the other hand, children were more likely to be involved in small, medium and large groups; groups were mostly characterized by other-gender playmates, involved in parallel interactions, with teachers playing a more active role. The purpose of Study 2 was to describe the development of socio-emotional competence, temperamental traits and linguistic skill. It examined the role of children’s reciprocated nominations (=RNs) with peers, assessed via sociometric interview, in relation to socio-emotional competence, temperamental traits and linguistic skill. Finally, the similarity-homophily tendency was investigated. Socio-emotional competence and temperamental traits were assessed via teacher ratings, linguistic skill via test administration. Eighty-four preschool children (M age = 62.53) were recruited within 4 preschool settings. Those children were quite representative of preschool population. The results revealed that children with higher RNs showed higher social competence (tendency), social orientation, positive emotionality, motor activity and linguistic skill. They exhibited lower anxiety-withdrawal. The results also showed that children prefer playmates with similar features: social competence, anger-aggression (tendency), social orientation, positive emotionality, inhibition to innovation, attention, motor activity (tendency) and linguistic skill. Implications for future research were suggested.

Perception of emotion in sounded and imagined music

WE STUDIED THE EMOTIONAL RESPONSES BY MUSICIANS to familiar classical music excerpts both when the music was sounded, and when it was imagined.We used continuous response methodology to record response profiles for the dimensions of valence and arousal simultaneously and then on the single dimension of emotionality. The response profiles were compared using cross-correlation analysis, and an analysis of responses to musical feature turning points, which isolate instances of change in musical features thought to influence valence and arousal responses. We found strong similarity between the use of an emotionality arousal scale across the stimuli, regardless of condition (imagined or sounded). A majority of participants were able to create emotional response profiles while imagining the music, which were similar in timing to the response profiles created while listening to the sounded music.We conclude that similar mechanisms may be involved in the processing of emotion in music when the music is sounded and when imagined.

Functional neuroimaging of emotional learning and autonomic reactions

This article provides a selective overview of the functional neuroimaging literature with an emphasis on emotional activation processes. Emotions are fast and flexible response systems that provide basic tendencies for adaptive action. From the range of involved component functions, we first discuss selected automatic mechanisms that control basic adaptational changes. Second, we illustrate how neuroimaging work has contributed to the mapping of the network components associated with basic emotion families (fear, anger, disgust, happiness), and secondary dimensional concepts that organise the meaning space for subjective experience and verbal labels (emotional valence, activity/intensity, approach/withdrawal, etc.). Third, results and methodological difficulties are discussed in view of own neuroimaging experiments that investigated the component functions involved in emotional learning. The amygdala, prefrontal cortex, and striatum form a network of reciprocal connections that show topographically distinct patterns of activity as a correlate of up and down regulation processes during an emotional episode. Emotional modulations of other brain systems have attracted recent research interests. Emotional neuroimaging calls for more representative designs that highlight the modulatory influences of regulation strategies and socio-cultural factors responsible for inhibitory control and extinction. We conclude by emphasising the relevance of the temporal process dynamics of emotional activations that may provide improved prediction of individual differences in emotionality.

[Changes in partner relationship after organ transplantation: comparison between heart, liver, and kidney transplantation]

AIM: This study was conducted to delineate partnership-relation functioning over time and specifically matched to various organs such as heart, liver, and kidney. METHOD: Prospective, paralleled case-control-study including patients and their respective partners before and one year after organ transplantation in 23 heart-transplant recipients, 19 liver-transplant patients, and 16 kidney-transplant recipients. To assess partnership functioning, the FB-Z (family assessment measure) of Cierpka and Frevert was used. Statistics included descriptive methods, correlations, and analysis of variance including the items "organ" and "time". RESULTS: Heart-transplant recipients and their partners show significant better overall measures in their partnership ratings (sum-value) in comparison to liver or kidney patients and their partners. In all patient and partner groups, except in kidney-transplant recipients a significant deterioration over time is discernible in the subscales role performance and emotionality. In respect to the item "organ" significant differences were found in overall functioning and the subscale communication where heart-transplant recipients and their partners have significant better functioning compared to kidney or liver transplant patients. In kidney patients and their partners only communication changes to the better in the time course. CONCLUSION: In any organ transplantation the two sides of the coin are important to bear in mind, the one is the live-saving act of transplantation as such, the other is the important distress in the phase before but equally after the operation, mainly in the first year where patients and their respective partners have to be followed and treated even in respect to psychosocial and marital functioning.

Shying away: An observer-based microprocess analysis of experiential avoidance and resource activation in outpatients with generalized anxiety spectrum disorder

Despite long-standing calls for patient-focused research on individuals with generalized anxiety spectrum disorder there is little systematized knowledge about the in-session behaviors of these patients. The primary objective of this study was to describe of in-session trajectories of the patients' level of explication (as an indicator of an elaborated exposure of negative emotionality) and the patients' focus on their own resources and how these trajectories are associated with post-treatment outcome. In respect to GAD patients, a high level of explication might be seen as an indicator of successful exposure of avoided negative emotionality during therapy sessions. Observers made minute-by-minute ratings of 1100 minutes of video of 20 patients-therapists dyads. The results indicated that a higher level of explication generally observed at a later stage during the therapy sessions and the patients' focus on competencies at an early stage was highly associated with positive therapy outcome at assessment at post treatment, independent of pretreatment distress, rapid response of well-being and symptom reduction, as well as the therapists' professional experience and therapy lengths. These results will be discussed under the perspective of emotion regulation of patients and therapist's counterregulation. It is assumed that GAD-Patients are especially skilled in masking difficult emotions. Explication level and emotion regulation are important variables for this patient group but there's relation to outcome is different.

Entwicklung der Fünf-Item-Kurzskala STAI-SKD zur Messung von Zustandsangst

Das State-Trait-Angstinventar (STAI) ist eines der am häufigsten eingesetzten Erhebungsinstrumente im Bereich der Angstdiagnostik. Die STAI-Skala zur Erfassung von Zustandsangst umfasst 20 Items. Unter bestimmten Erhebungsbedingungen erweist es sich als relativ schwierig, eine große Menge an Items zu bearbeiten oder aber es steht nicht ausreichend Testzeit zur Verfügung. Daher war es das Ziel der vorliegenden Studie, eine Kurzform der State-Version des STAI zu entwickeln. An einer Stichprobe von N = 65 Studierenden wurde aufgrund inhaltlicher und statistischer Kriterien eine Kurzform der State-Version des STAI, das STAI-SKD, mit fünf Items generiert. Eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse an einer zweiten Stichprobe von N = 191 Studierenden zeigte, dass das STAI-SKD die Angstkomponenten Emotionality und Worry abbildet. Die Beziehungen des STAI-SKD zu positivem und negativem Affekt sowie dessen Veränderungssensitivität fielen in einer dritten Stichprobe (N = 80 Studierende) erwartungsgemäß aus. Die neue Kurzform der State-Version des STAI erlaubt eine ökonomische Erfassung der Zustandsangst.

Social exclusion and shame in obesity

Weight bias often results in the social exclusion of individuals with obesity. The direct, short-term psychological effects of social exclusion in obesity have not been investigated yet. This study experimentally tests whether social exclusion elicits stronger negative emotions in individuals with obesity compared to normal-weight controls. Specifically, we test whether social exclusion has a specific impact on shame. In total, N = 299 individuals (n = 130 with body mass index [BMI] ≤ 30 and n = 169 with BMI N 30) were randomly assigned to a social exclusion condition or a control condition that was implemented with an online Cyberball paradigm. Before and after, they filled out questionnaires assessing state emotionality. Social exclusion increased negative emotionality in both groups compared to the control condition (p b 0.001) according to a multivariate ANOVA. However, the interaction of group and social exclusion was also significant (p = 0.035) and arose from a significant, specific increase of shame in the group with obesity during social exclusion (p b 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.7). When faced with social exclusion, individuals with obesity do not respond with more intensive negative emotions in general compared to controls, but with a specific increase in shame. As social exclusion is frequent in individuals with obesity, psychological interventions focussing shame-related emotional distress could be crucial.

Cotidianidades territorializadas entre la proxemia y la diastemia : Ritmos espacio-temporales en un contexto de aceleración

La aceleración de las sociedades contemporáneas constituye un fenómeno insoslayable, ampliamente instaurado desde las últimas dos décadas del siglo XX. La aceleración tuvo su mayor impulso con el desarrollo tecnológico del siglo XX y su origen ha radicado en el proceso de acumulación capitalista actual. Sin embargo, ha desbordado lo tecnológico y lo económico, se ha entronizado culturalmente y también se ha articulado como parte nodal de la construcción social del mundo actual. En este documento, se analiza la aceleración y los ritmos sociales asociados a ella desde la perspectiva de los sujetos en su mundo de la vida cotidiana. Como toda perspectiva focalizada en el sujeto en la vida cotidiana, esto trae consigo el interés analítico por la acción y las prácticas, el sentido y los significados. No obstante, en esta ocasión esas dimensiones de la cotidianidad son consideradas junto a la corporeidad-emocionalidad del sujeto y su espacio-temporalidad. El documento aborda ciertas estrategias que desarrollan algunos tipos de sujetos sociales que están inmersos enteramente en dicha aceleración. En ocasiones forjan de manera espontánea estrategias de adaptación a la aceleración, otras veces configuran estrategias de resistencia. En otros casos se orientan hacia estrategias híbridas que incluyen tanto la adaptación como la resistencia. Así, estas estrategias buscan cotidianidades inmersas en distintas formas de proxemia corporal y afectiva, y otras veces se persiguen cotidianidades fundadas en la diastemia corporal y afectiva través de la distancia y el aislamiento. El texto aborda primero algunas estrategias cotidianas de tipo proxémico. En la segunda parte,se abordan estrategias de carácter diastémico. Por último, se presentan algunas reflexiones finales

Cotidianidades territorializadas entre la proxemia y la diastemia : Ritmos espacio-temporales en un contexto de aceleración

La aceleración de las sociedades contemporáneas constituye un fenómeno insoslayable, ampliamente instaurado desde las últimas dos décadas del siglo XX. La aceleración tuvo su mayor impulso con el desarrollo tecnológico del siglo XX y su origen ha radicado en el proceso de acumulación capitalista actual. Sin embargo, ha desbordado lo tecnológico y lo económico, se ha entronizado culturalmente y también se ha articulado como parte nodal de la construcción social del mundo actual. En este documento, se analiza la aceleración y los ritmos sociales asociados a ella desde la perspectiva de los sujetos en su mundo de la vida cotidiana. Como toda perspectiva focalizada en el sujeto en la vida cotidiana, esto trae consigo el interés analítico por la acción y las prácticas, el sentido y los significados. No obstante, en esta ocasión esas dimensiones de la cotidianidad son consideradas junto a la corporeidad-emocionalidad del sujeto y su espacio-temporalidad. El documento aborda ciertas estrategias que desarrollan algunos tipos de sujetos sociales que están inmersos enteramente en dicha aceleración. En ocasiones forjan de manera espontánea estrategias de adaptación a la aceleración, otras veces configuran estrategias de resistencia. En otros casos se orientan hacia estrategias híbridas que incluyen tanto la adaptación como la resistencia. Así, estas estrategias buscan cotidianidades inmersas en distintas formas de proxemia corporal y afectiva, y otras veces se persiguen cotidianidades fundadas en la diastemia corporal y afectiva través de la distancia y el aislamiento. El texto aborda primero algunas estrategias cotidianas de tipo proxémico. En la segunda parte,se abordan estrategias de carácter diastémico. Por último, se presentan algunas reflexiones finales

Cotidianidades territorializadas entre la proxemia y la diastemia : Ritmos espacio-temporales en un contexto de aceleración

La aceleración de las sociedades contemporáneas constituye un fenómeno insoslayable, ampliamente instaurado desde las últimas dos décadas del siglo XX. La aceleración tuvo su mayor impulso con el desarrollo tecnológico del siglo XX y su origen ha radicado en el proceso de acumulación capitalista actual. Sin embargo, ha desbordado lo tecnológico y lo económico, se ha entronizado culturalmente y también se ha articulado como parte nodal de la construcción social del mundo actual. En este documento, se analiza la aceleración y los ritmos sociales asociados a ella desde la perspectiva de los sujetos en su mundo de la vida cotidiana. Como toda perspectiva focalizada en el sujeto en la vida cotidiana, esto trae consigo el interés analítico por la acción y las prácticas, el sentido y los significados. No obstante, en esta ocasión esas dimensiones de la cotidianidad son consideradas junto a la corporeidad-emocionalidad del sujeto y su espacio-temporalidad. El documento aborda ciertas estrategias que desarrollan algunos tipos de sujetos sociales que están inmersos enteramente en dicha aceleración. En ocasiones forjan de manera espontánea estrategias de adaptación a la aceleración, otras veces configuran estrategias de resistencia. En otros casos se orientan hacia estrategias híbridas que incluyen tanto la adaptación como la resistencia. Así, estas estrategias buscan cotidianidades inmersas en distintas formas de proxemia corporal y afectiva, y otras veces se persiguen cotidianidades fundadas en la diastemia corporal y afectiva través de la distancia y el aislamiento. El texto aborda primero algunas estrategias cotidianas de tipo proxémico. En la segunda parte,se abordan estrategias de carácter diastémico. Por último, se presentan algunas reflexiones finales

Estudo da influência do relacionamento entre a égua e o potro no comportamento social e no temperamento de potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador

O trabalho teve como objetivo compreender o relacionamento entre a égua e o potro e a influência deste sobre o comportamento social e temperamento do potro, a partir do décimo primeiro dia de vida até após o processo de desmama do potro. Oito díades de éguas e potros da raça Mangalarga Marchador provenientes de um criatório situado na cidade de Amparo/SP foram avaliadas durante três etapas distintas. A primeira foi realizada para caracterizar o comportamento social do grupo de equinos e o relacionamento entre égua e potro durante os três períodos de desenvolvimento do potro (dependência, socialização e independência). Nessa etapa foram registradas: as interações agonísticas das éguas; episódios de mamada dos potros (tentativas e mamadas) e para o par égua e potro foram anotados os comportamentos afiliativos e a relação espacial. Ao final dessa etapa os potros foram classificados em dependentes e independentes e as éguas foram divididas de acordo com sua hierarquia. A segunda etapa constitui-se da avaliação das atividades e relação espacial dos potros durante o processo de desmama, para a caracterização do estresse dos potros. Na terceira etapa a relação social dos potros foi observada na ausência de suas mães, através do registro das interações e da relação espacial dos potros. Durante as três etapas foram aplicados quatro testes de avaliação dos aspectos do temperamento dos animais: teste de reatividade durante o manejo de escovação para a avaliação da reatividade ao manejo; teste de arena para avaliar a emotividade ao isolamento; teste de reatividade perante humano desconhecido e ativo para avaliar a reatividade ao humano; e teste da presença de estímulo sonoro desconhecido para avaliação da emotividade ao estímulo desconhecido. A hierarquia e a experiência da mãe interferiam no cuidado materno de aleitamento (P<0,05), entretanto, não influenciaram o cuidado de proteção (P>0,05). A frequência de permanência dos potros com sua mãe na distância de até 1 metro diminuiu ao longo dos períodos (P<0,05). As éguas não modificaram a frequência dos comportamentos afiliativos com seus potros ao longo dos períodos (P>0,05). As maiores frequências de comportamentos afiliativos dos potros com suas mães foram durante os períodos iniciais do desenvolvimento do potro (dependência e socialização, P<0,05). Potros dependentes apresentaram maior frequência e menor duração das mamadas quando comparado à frequência e duração dos potros independentes (P<0,05). A reatividade ao manejo e a emotividade ao isolamento dos potros foram maiores nos períodos da dependência, da socialização e durante a desmama (P<0,05). A reatividade ao humano e emotividade ao desconhecido apresentaram a tendência de diminuir ao longo dos períodos observados (P<0,05). Os potros dependentes apresentaram maior emotividade ao desconhecido e ao isolamento (P<0,05), além de maior estresse durante a desmama, quando comparado aos potros independentes. Todos os potros normalizaram suas atividades no decorrer do processo da desmama. Na ausência das mães os potros independentes foram os que iniciaram a maioria das interações entre os animais (P<0,05). O relacionamento entre a égua e o potro foi modificado devido às características maternas de hierarquia e experiência, além do nível de independência do potro e do seu temperamento.

Trauma Treatment in Forensic Settings: Clinicians' Perspectives, Barriers to Effective Treatment, and Suggestions for Clinical Practice

Between 30% and 90% of the prison population is estimated to have survived traumatic experiences such as sexual, emotional, and physical abuse prior to incarceration (Anonymous, 1999; Fondacaro, Holt, & Powell, 1999; Messina & Grella, 2006; Pollard & Baker, 2000; Veysey, De Cou, & Prescott, 1998). Similarly, information from the Bureau of Justice Statistics (as reported in Warren, 2001) estimated that more than half of the women in state prisons have experienced past physical and sexual abuse. Thus, given the astonishing number of inmates who appear to be victims of some kind of trauma, it seems likely that those who work with these inmates (e.g., prison staff, guards, and treatment providers) will in some way encounter challenges related to the inmates' trauma history. These difficulties may appear in any number of forms including inmates' behavioral outbursts, increased emotionality, sensitivity to triggering situations, and chronic physical or mental health needs (Veysey, et al., 1998). It is also likely that these individuals with trauma histories would benefit greatly from treatment while incarcerated. This treatment could be utilized to minimize symptoms of posttraumatic stress, decrease behavioral problems, and help the inmate function more effectively in society when released from incarceration (Kokorowski & Freng, 2001; Tucker, Cosio, Meshreki, 2003). Few studies have explored the types of trauma treatment that are effective with inmate populations or made specific suggestions for clinicians working in forensic settings (Kokorowski & Freng, 2001). Essentially, there appears to be a large gap in terms of the need for trauma treatment for inmates and the lack of literature addressing what to do about it. However, clinicians across the country seem to be quietly attempting to fulfill this need for trauma treatment with incarcerated populations. They are providing this greatly needed treatment every day. in the face of enormous challenges and often without recognition or the opportunity to share their valuable work with the larger community.

SOCIAL, EMOTIONAL, COGNITIVE, AND PHYSIOLOGICAL CORRELATES OF ELECTRONIC SOCIAL BEHAVIOR

There has been very little research that has studied the capacities that can be fostered to mitigate the risk for involvement in electronic bullying or victimization and almost no research examining positive electronic behavior. The primary goal of this dissertation was to use the General Aggression Model and Anxious Apprehension Model of Trauma to explore the underlying cognitive, emotional, and self-regulation processes that are related to electronic bullying, victimization, and prosocial behavior. In Study 1, we explored several potential interpretations of the General Aggression Model that would accurately describe the relationship that electronic self-conscious appraisal, cognitive reappraisal, and activational control may have with electronic bullying and victimization. In Study 2, we used the Anxious Apprehension Model of Trauma to explore rejection cognitions as the mediator of the relationships among emotionality (emotionality, shame, state emotion responses, and physiological arousal) and electronic bullying and victimization using structural equation modelling. In addition, we explored the role of rejection cognitions in mediating the relationship of moral disengagement with electronic bullying. In Study 3, we examined predictors of electronic prosocial behavior, such as bullying, victimization, time online, electronic proficiency, electronic self-conscious appraisals, emotionality, and self-regulation. All three studies supported the General Aggression Model as a framework to guide the study of electronic behavior, and suggest the importance of cognitive, emotional, and behavioral means of regulation in shaping electronic behavior. In addition, each study has implications for the development of high quality electronic bullying prevention and intervention research.

Food avoidance in children:the influence of maternal feeding practices and behaviours

The aim of this study was to examine the contribution of a broad range of maternal feeding practices in predicting parental reports of food avoidance eating behaviours in young children, after controlling for child temperament, and maternal dietary restraint which have previously been associated with feeding problems. One hundred and four mothers of children aged between 3 and 6 years completed self report measures of their child's eating behaviour and temperament, maternal dietary restraint and child feeding practices. Maternal reports of food avoidance eating behaviours were associated with an emotional child temperament, high levels of maternal feeding control, using food for behaviour regulation and low encouragement of a balanced and varied food intake. Maternal feeding practices, predominantly pressure to eat, significantly predicted food avoidance eating behaviours after controlling for child emotionality and maternal dietary restraint. The significant contribution of maternal feeding practices, which are potentially modifiable behaviours, suggests that the feeding interactions of parents and their children should be targeted for intervention and the prevention of feeding difficulties during early childhood. Future research should continue to explore how a broader range of feeding practices, particular those that may be more adaptive, might influence child eating behaviour. © 2011 Elsevier Ltd.