910 resultados para Emigrants and Immigrants
Resumo:
The goal of this study was to develop Multinomial Logit models for the mode choice behavior of immigrants, with key focuses on neighborhood effects and behavioral assimilation. The first aspect shows the relationship between social network ties and immigrants chosen mode of transportation, while the second aspect explores the gradual changes toward alternative mode usage with regard to immigrants migrating period in the United States (US). Mode choice models were developed for work, shopping, social, recreational, and other trip purposes to evaluate the impacts of various land use patterns, neighborhood typology, socioeconomic-demographic and immigrant related attributes on individuals travel behavior. Estimated coefficients of mode choice determinants were compared between each alternative mode (i.e., high-occupancy vehicle, public transit, and non-motorized transport) with single-occupant vehicles. The model results revealed the significant influence of neighborhood and land use variables on the usage of alternative modes among immigrants. Incorporating these indicators into the demand forecasting process will provide a better understanding of the diverse travel patterns for the unique composition of population groups in Florida.
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While much of the literature on immigrants' assimilation has focused on countries with a large tradition of receiving immigrants and with flexible labor markets, very little is known on how immigrants adjust to other types of host economies. With its severe dual labor market, and an unprecedented immigration boom, Spain presents a quite unique experience to analyze immigrations' assimilation process. Using data from the 2000 to 2008 Labor Force Survey, we find that immigrants are more occupationally mobile than natives, and that much of this greater flexibility is explained by immigrants' assimilation process soon after arrival. However, we find little evidence of convergence, especially among women and high skilled immigrants. This suggests that instead of integrating, immigrants occupationally segregate, providing evidence consistent with both imperfect substitutability and immigrants' human capital being under-valued. Additional evidence on the assimilation of earnings and the incidence of permanent employment by different skill levels also supports the hypothesis of segmented labor markets.
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Chagas disease, which is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, affects nearly 16 million people in Latin America and causes 75-90 million people to be at risk of infection. The disease is urbanizing and globalizing due to frequent migrations. There are regions of high prevalence of infection, including the north-eastern provinces of Argentina and the entire phytogeographic region known as the Gran Chaco. In the province of Chaco, Argentina, there are places inhabited by native populations such as the Wichi and Toba communities, among others. Many Creole populations resulting from miscegenation with European colonists and immigrants coexist within these communities. It has been widely accepted that in the chronic phase of the disease, between 25-30% of individuals develop some form of cardiac disease, with the right bundle-branch block being the most typical condition described so far. The aim of this work was to study the prevalence of Chagas infection and its electrocardiographic profile in the Wichi and Creole populations of Misin Nueva Pompeya, in the area known as Monte Impenetrable in Chaco, to determine the prevalence and the pattern of heart diseases produced by Chagas disease in this region.
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The Andalusian Public Health System Virtual Library (Biblioteca Virtual del Sistema Sanitario Pblico de Andaluca, BV-SSPA) provides access to health information resources and services to healthcare professionals through its Website. This virtual environment demands higher users knowledge in order to satisfy of the need of information of our users, as digital natives as digital immigrants, improving at the same time the communication with all of them. 1. To collect clients' views and expectations according to their nature of digital natives and immigrants. 2. To know our online reputation. A Collecting User Expectation Questionnaire will be built, taking into account the segmentation of the BV-SSPA users professional groups of the Andalusian Public Health System. A pilot test will be run to check the survey dimensions and items about practices, attitudes and knowledge of our users. Two Quality Function Deployment (QFD) matrices will enable the BV-SSPA services to be targeted to our digital natives or digital immigrants, according to their nature, finding the best way to satisfy their information needs. We provide feedback on BV-SSPA: users can have the opportunity to post feedback about the site via the 'Contact us' section and comment about their experience. And Web 2.0 is a shop window, providing the opportunity to show the comments; and through time, our online reputation will be built, but the BV-SSPA must manage its own personal branding. Web 2.0 tools are a driver of improvement, because they provide a key source of insight into people's attitudes. Besides, the BV-SSPA digital identity will be analyzed through indicators like major search engine referrals breakdown, top referring sites (non search engines), or top search engine referral phrases, among others. Definition of digital native and digital immigrant profiles of the BV-SSPA, and their difference, will be explained by their expectations. The design of the two QFD matrices will illustrate in just one graph the requirements of both groups for tackling digital abilities and inequalities. The BV-SSPA could deliver information and services through alternative channels. On the other hand, we are developing a strategy to identify, to measure and to manage a digital identity through communication with the user and to find out our online reputation. With the use of different tools from quantitative and qualitative methodology, and the opportunities offered by Web 2.0 tools, the BV-SSPA will know the expectations of their users as a first step to satisfy their necessities. Personalization is pivotal to the success of the Site, delivering tailored content to individuals based on their recorded preferences. The valuable user research can be used during new product development and redesign. Besides positive interaction let us build trust, show authenticity, and foster loyalty: we improve with effort, communication and show.
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Background: Non-compliance with antidepressant treatment continues to be a complex problem in mental health care. In immigrant populations non-compliance is one of several barriers to adequate management of mental illness; some data suggest greater difficulties in adhering to pharmacological treatment in these groups and an increased risk of therapeutic failure. The aim of this study is to assess differences in the duration and compliance with antidepressant treatment among immigrants and natives in a Spanish health region. Methods: Population-based (n = 206,603), retrospective cohort study including all subjects prescribed ADT between 2007 and 2009 and recorded in the national pharmacy claims database. Compliance was considered adequate when the duration was longer than 4 months and when patients withdrew more than 80% of the packs required. Results: 5334 subjects (8.5% of them being immigrants) initiated ADT. Half of the immigrants abandoned treatment during the second month (median for natives = 3 months). Of the immigrants who continued, only 29.5% presented good compliance (compared with 38.8% in natives). The estimated risk of abandoning/ending treatment in the immigrant group compared with the native group, adjusted for age and sex, was 1.28 (95%CI 1.16-1.42). Conclusions: In the region under study, immigrants of all origins present higher percentages of early discontinuation of ADT and lower median treatment durations than the native population. Although this is a complex, multifactor situation, the finding of differences between natives and immigrants in the same region suggests the need to investigate the causes in greater depth and to introduce new strategies and interventions in this population group.
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The focus of this study is to examine the role of police and immigrants relations, as less is known about this process in the country. The studies were approached in two different ways. Firstly, an attempt was made to examine how immigrants view their encounters with the police. Secondly, the studies explored how aware the police are of immigrants experiences in their various encounters and interactions on the street level. An ancillary aim of the studies is to clarify, analyse and discuss how prejudice and stereotypes can be tackled, thereby contributing to the general debate about racism and discrimination for better ethnic relations in the country. The data in which this analysis was based is on a group of adults (n=88) from the total of 120 Africans questioned for the entire study (n=45) police cadets and (n=6) serving police officers from Turku. The present thesis is a compilation of five articles. A summary of each article findings follows, as the same data was used in all five studies. In the first study, a theoretical model was developed to examine the perceived knowledge of bias by immigrants resulting from race, culture and belief. This was also an attempt to explore whether this knowledge was predetermined in my attempt to classify and discuss as well as analyse the factors that may be influencing immigrants allegations of unfair treatment by the police in Turku. The main finding shows that in the first paper there was ignorance and naivety on the part of the police in their attitudes towards the African immigrants prior experiences with the police, and this may probably have resulted from stereotypes or their lack of experience as well as prior training with immigrants where these kinds of experience are rampant in the country (Egharevba, 2003 and 2004a). In exploring what leads to stereotypes, a working definition is the assumption that is prevalent among some segments of the population, including the police, that Finland is a homogenous country by employing certain conducts and behaviour towards ethnic and immigrant groups in the country. This to my understanding is stereotype. Historically this was true, but today the social topography of the country is changing and becoming even more complex. It is true that, on linguistic grounds, the country is multilingual, as there are a few recognised national minority languages (Swedish, Sami and Russian) as well as a number of immigrant languages including English. Apparently it is vital for the police to have a line of communication open when addressing the problem associated with immigrants in the country. The second paper moved a step further by examining African immigrants understanding of human rights as well as what human rights violation means or entails in their views as a result of their experiences with the police, both in Finland and in their country of origin. This approach became essential during the course of the study, especially when the participants were completing the questionnaire (N=88), where volunteers were solicited for a later date for an in-depth interview with the author. Many of the respondents came from countries where human rights are not well protected and seldom discussed publicly, therefore understanding their views on the subject can help to explain why some of the immigrants are sceptical about coming forward to report cases of batteries and assaults to the police, or even their experiences of being monitored in shopping malls in their new home and the reason behind their low level of trust in public authorities in Finland. The study showed that knowledge of human rights is notably low among some of the participants. The study also found that female respondents were less aware of human rights when compared with their male counterparts. This has resulted in some of the male participants focussing more on their traditional ways of thinking by not realising that they are in a new country where there is equality in sexes and lack of respect on gender terms is not condoned. The third paper focussed on the respondents experiences with the police in Turku and tried to explore police attitudes towards African immigrant clients, in addition to the role stereotype plays in police views of different cultures and how these views have impacted on immigrants views of discriminatory policing in Turku. The data is the same throughout the entire studies (n=88), except that some few participants were interviewed for the third paper thirty-five persons. The results showed that there is some bias in mass-media reports on the immigrants issues, due to selective portrayal of biases without much investigation being carried out before jumping to conclusions, especially when the issues at stake involve an immigrant (Egharevba, 2005a; Egharevba, 2004a and 2004b). In this vein, there was an allegation that the police are even biased while investigating cases of theft, especially if the stolen property is owned by an immigrant (Egharevba, 2006a, Egharevba, 2006b). One vital observation from the respondents various comments was that race has meaning in their encounters and interaction with the police in the country. This result led the author to conclude that the relation between the police and immigrants is still a challenge, as there is rampant fear and distrust towards the police by some segments of the participating respondents in the study. In the fourth paper the focus was on examining the respondents view of the police, with special emphasis on race and culture as well as the respondents perspective on police behaviour in Turku. This is because race, as it was relayed to me in the study, is a significant predictor of police perception (Egharevba, 2005a; Egharevba and Hannikianen, 2005). It is a known scientific fact that inter-group racial attitudes are the representation of group competition and perceived threat to power and status (Group-position theory). According to Blumer (1958) a sense of group threat is an essential element for the emergence of racial prejudice. Consequently, it was essential that we explored the existing relationship between the respondents and the police in order to have an understanding of this concept. The result indicates some local and international contextual issues and assumptions that were of importance tackling prejudice and discrimination as it exists within the police in the country. Moreover, we have to also remember that, for years, many of these African immigrants have been on the receiving end of unjust law enforcement in their various countries of origin, which has resulted in many of them feeling inferior and distrustful of the police even in their own country of origin. While discussing the issues of cultural difference and how it affects policing, we must also keep in mind the socio-cultural background of the participants, their level of language proficiency and educational background. The research data analysed in this study also confirmed the difficulties associated with cultural misunderstandings in interpreting issues and how these misunderstandings have affected police and immigrant relations in Finland. Finally, the fifth paper focussed on cadets attitudes towards African immigrants as well as serving police officers interaction with African clients. Secondly, the police level of awareness of African immigrants distrustfulness of their profession was unclear. For this reason, my questions in this fifth study examined the experiences and attitudes of police cadets and serving police officers as well as those of African immigrants in understanding how to improve this relationship in the country. The data was based on (n=88) immigrant participants, (n=45) police cadets and 6 serving police officers from the Turku police department. The result suggests that there is distrust of the police in the respondents interaction; this tends to have galvanised a heightened tension resulting from the lack of language proficiency (Egharevba and White, 2007; Egharevba and Hannikainen, 2005, and Egharevba, 2006b) The result also shows that the allegation of immigrants as being belittled by the police stems from the misconceptions of both parties as well as the notion of stop and search by the police in Turku. All these factors were observed to have contributed to the alleged police evasiveness and the lack of regular contact between the respondents and the police in their dealings. In other words, the police have only had job-related contact with many of the participants in the present study. The results also demonstrated the complexities caused by the low level of education among some of the African immigrants in their understanding about the Finnish culture, norms and values in the country. Thus, the framework constructed in these studies embodies diversity in national culture as well as the need for a further research study with a greater number of respondents (both from the police and immigrant/majority groups), in order to explore the different role cultures play in immigrant and majority citizens understanding of police work.
Resumo:
Il est bien connu que les immigrants rencontrent plusieurs difficults dintgration dans le march du travail canadien. Notamment, ils gagnent des salaires infrieurs aux natifs et ils sont plus susceptibles que ces derniers doccuper des emplois prcaires ou pour lesquels ils sont surqualifis. Dans cette recherche, nous avons trait de ces trois problmes sous langle de la qualit demploi. partir des donnes des recensements de la population de 1991 2006, nous avons compar lvolution de la qualit demploi des immigrants et des natifs au Canada, mais aussi au Qubec, en Ontario et en Colombie-Britannique. Ces comparaisons ont mis en vidence la hausse du retard de qualit demploi des immigrants par rapport aux natifs dans tous les lieux analyss, mais plus particulirement au Qubec. Le dsavantage des immigrants persiste mme lorsquon tient compte du capital humain, des caractristiques dmographiques et du taux de chmage lentre dans le march du travail. La scolarit, lexprience professionnelle globale et les connaissances linguistiques amliorent la qualit demploi des immigrants et des natifs. Toutefois, lorsquon fait la distinction entre lexprience de travail canadienne et lexprience de travail trangre, on saperoit que ce dernier type dexprience rduit la qualit demploi des immigrants. Dans ces circonstances, nous trouvons incohrent que le Canada et le Qubec continuent insister sur ce critre dans leur grille de slection des travailleurs qualifis. Pour valoriser les candidats les plus jeunes ayant peu dexprience de travail dans leur pays dorigine, nous suggrons daccrotre limportance accorde lge dans ces grilles au dtriment de lexprience. Les jeunes, les tudiants trangers et les travailleurs temporaires qui possdent dj une exprience de travail au Canada nous apparaissent comme des candidats limmigration par excellence. Par contre, les rsultats obtenus laide de la mthode de dcomposition de Blinder-Oaxaca ont montr que lcart de qualit demploi entre les immigrants et les natifs dcoule dun traitement dfavorable envers les immigrants dans le march du travail. Cela signifie que les immigrants sont pnaliss au chapitre de la qualit demploi la base, et ce, peu importe leurs caractristiques. Dans ce contexte, la porte de tout ajustement aux grilles de slection risque dtre limite. Nous proposons donc dagir galement en aval du problme laide des politiques daide lintgration des immigrants. Pour ce faire, une meilleure concertation entre les acteurs du march du travail est ncessaire. Les ordres professionnels, le gouvernement, les employeurs et les immigrants eux-mmes doivent sengager afin dtablir des parcours acclrs pour la reconnaissance des comptences des nouveaux arrivants. Nos rsultats indiquent aussi que le traitement dfavorable lgard des immigrants dans le march du travail est plus prononc au Qubec quen Ontario et en Colombie-Britannique. Il se peut que la socit qubcoise soit plus rfractaire limmigration vu son caractre francophone et minoritaire dans le reste de lAmrique du Nord. Pourtant, le dsir de protger la langue franaise motive le Qubec simpliquer activement en matire dimmigration depuis longtemps et la grille de slection qubcoise insiste dj sur ce critre. Dailleurs, prs des deux tiers des nouveaux arrivants au Qubec connaissent le franais en 2011.
Resumo:
laide des donnes du recensement canadien de 2006, ce mmoire examine les assortiments ducationnels des couples exogames immigrants-natifs titre dindicateur de stratification sociale. Premirement, les rsultats tirs de rgressions logistiques multinomiales confirment la prsence dchange (social status exchange : Merton 1941; Davis 1941) entre les natifs et les immigrants, cest--dire quun immigrant est davantage susceptible de sunir avec un natif sil est plus scolaris que ce dernier. Ces rsultats supportent lexistence dune stratification sociale entre les immigrants et les natifs. Deuximement, lanalyse rvle que lchange apparait chez les immigrants des deux sexes ayant au moins un baccalaurat, alors que chez les moins scolariss lchange ne ressort que chez les hommes. Troisimement, chez les immigrants de minorit visible, lchange perdure de la premire la deuxime gnration dimmigrant, alors que parmi ceux nappartenant pas une minorit visible, lchange ne concerne que les immigrants de premire gnration.
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This paper investigates whether integration policies influence immigrants' propensity to volunteer, the latter being an important element of immigrants' integration into the host society. By distinguishing different categories of integration policies at Switzerland's subnational level and applying a Bayesian multilevel approach, our results suggest varying policy effects: while policies fostering socio-structural rights enhance immigrants' propensity to volunteer, we observe a negative curvilinear relationship between cultural rights and obligations and immigrants' volunteerism implying that a combination of cultural entitlements and obligations is most conducive to immigrants' civic engagement.
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In this paper we consider a model with two industrialized countries that face a flow of immigration from the "rest of the world." The countries differ in three characteristics: the labor complementarity between the "native" population and immigrants, the population size, and the magnitude of the cultural friction between the natives and immigrants. We consider a non-cooperative game between two countries' when their strategic instrument is the choice of an immigration quota and the world immigrant wages introduce the spill-over effect between two countries. We first show that the quota game admits unique pure strategies Nash equilibrium. We then compare the equilibrium choices of two countries and show that even though the larger country attracts more immigrants, it chooses lower quota than its smaller counterpart. It also turns out that higher degree of labor complementarity between natives and immigrants and a lower degree of cultural friction between two groups yield higher immigration quota. We also examine the welfare implications of countries choices' and argue that coordinated and harmonized immigration policies may improve the welfare of both countries.
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Abstract This thesis examines one of the most sensitive challenges facing contemporary democracies: the accommodation of Muslim minorities in public institutions and services. It focuses on the field of education, and on two particular issues: the public funding of Islamic schools and the accommodation of Muslim needs in public secular schools. The analysis is based on an examination of outcomes in four jurisdictions that differ significantly in the level of accommodation that has emerged: England, Scotland, Ontario, and Quebec. I seek to explain why such variation in outcomes exists among these four cases. I draw on four bodies of literature to underpin the theoretical framework: historical institutionalism, political mobilization by civil society, political parties, and ideationalism. My argument can be summarized simply; historic church-state settlements, unique in each case, are the most important factor explaining the variation in outcomes in England, Scotland, Ontario, and Quebec. In some cases, the historic church-state template is incrementally adapted to accommodate Muslim minorities. In other cases, relatively little accommodation occurs and the path-dependent trajectory of church-state relations remains entrenched. While the historic church-state template is a necessary factor in the explanation, it does not fully account for the variation. For a more complete picture, I demonstrate that there are several additional key factors that also shape the outcomes: first, national identity and public attitudes towards immigration and immigrants; second, the extent of mobilization by political agents, such as civil society organizations and historic churches; and third, the response of political parties to demands by Muslims for institutional accommodation. Ultimately, I conclude that Muslims in these jurisdictions are receiving some accommodation, but the process is slow and partial. This thesis makes important theoretical and empirical contributions to the discussion of Muslim integration in liberal democratic states. First, a framework has yet to be developed that considers the theoretical implications of institutional accommodation of Muslims; I address this gap. Second, this research demonstrates the utility of historical institutionalism in explaining the adaptation of church-state templates to accommodate Muslims demands. Last, this study makes an original contribution by comparing the cases of England, Scotland, Ontario, and Quebec in the accommodation of Muslims in education. A comparison of Canada with the United Kingdom has not yet been done.
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This paper summarises the major findings from the Quake Impact Study (QIS), a four-phase longitudinal project that was conducted in the aftermath of the 1989 Newcastle (Australia) earthquake. A total of 3,484 subjects participated in at least one component of the QIS, comprising a stratified sample of 3,007 drawn from community electoral rolls and 477 from specially targeted supplementary samples (the injured, the displaced, the owners of damaged businesses, and the helpers). Subjects' initial earthquake experiences were rated in terms of weighted indices of exposure to threat and disruption. Psychological morbidity was measured at each phase using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-12) and the Impact of Event Scale (IES). Selected findings and key conclusions are presented for each of six areas of investigation: service utilisation during the first 6 months post-disaster; patterns of earthquake experience and short-term (6-month) psychosocial outcome; earthquake exposure and medium term (2-year) psychosocial outcome; vulnerability factors and medium-term psychosocial outcome: specific community groups at increased risk (e.g., the elderly and immigrants from non-English-speaking backgrounds); the effects of stress debriefing for helpers. Threshold morbidity (i.e., likely caseness) rates are also presented for a broad range of subgroups. In addition to presenting an overview of the QIS, this paper synthesises the major findings and discusses their implications for future disaster management and research from a mental health perspective.
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Queensland was one of two states of the newly-federated Australia to mount official courts at the Glasgow International Exhibition of 1901, the largest world expo held in Great Britain to that date. In exhibiting at Glasgow, then the second city of the British Empire, Queensland sought to draw emigrants and investment from Britain. The court, funded by the Queensland Department of Mines, was mostly a display of mineral wealth, and the state's agricultural and pastoral resources were poorly represented. The 'prettily designed' court presented a rose-coloured view of a land endowed with boundless wealth and resources. This in no way reflected the realities of life back home, in a year of environmental and economic disaster, and of political and social upheaval. Though the exhibit failed to bring tangible benefits, it is an important record of Queensland aspirations and concerns at the time of Federation. It has special interest as the last occasion when Queensland exhibited in its own right, rather than as part of the Commonwealth of Australia.
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RESUMO - Portugal, pas de imigrao, viu aumentar a populao imigrante em 4,56% de 2006 a 2008. Assim, torna-se importante conhecer no s as caractersticas socioeconmicas desta populao imigrante, mas tambm quais as suas necessidades em sade e que utilizao fazem dos cuidados de sade. Este trabalho baseou-se no IV Inqurito Nacional de Sade realizado em 2005 e 2006 pelo INSA e analisou as populaes portuguesa e imigrante nas variveis de sade e de utilizao dos cuidados. Para a anlise do rendimento utilizou-se a Curva de concentrao proposta por Wagstaff, ndices de Concentrao da Doena, de Utilizao e ndice de LeGrand. Os resultados sugeriram melhor estado de sade da populao imigrante relativamente populao portuguesa (estado de sade auto-reportado, sensao de mal-estar ou adoentado, dias de actividade limitada e dias de acamamento). Nas doenas crnicas (diabetes, asma e dor crnica), a populao imigrante apresentou piores resultados na asma. Foram encontrados piores resultados em sade entre as mulheres nos dois grupos de populao, mas tambm mais frequncia de utilizao. Os imigrantes revelam tambm menor acessibilidade a consultas mdicas e consumo de medicamentos. A anlise do rendimento enquanto factor gerador de desigualdades em sade permitiu concluir que existem desigualdades na distribuio do rendimento que condicionam tanto a populao portuguesa como a populao imigrante. Outros estudos podero ser considerados para anlise da sade da populao imigrante, especialmente os que incluam os cidados indocumentados, anlise das populaes por pas de nascimento, os anos de permanncia em Portugal e as causas de mortalidade. ---------------------------- ABSTRACT - Portugal, a country of immigration, has seen its immigrant population increasing 4.56% from 2006 to 2008. Therefore, it is important to analyse, not only the socioeconomic characteristics of immigrant population, but also their health needs and utilization of health care. This work was based on the IV National Health Survey conducted in 2005 and 2006 by INSA and analyzed the Portuguese and Immigrant populations in the variables of Health and Utilization of Health Services. In order to analyse the income, the Concentration Curve proposed by Wagstaff and the Concentration Index was used. The results suggested a better health in immigrant population compared with Portuguese population (state of self-reported health, feeling sick or ill, days of limited activity and days of lodging). For the variables of chronic diseases (diabetes, asthma and chronic pain), immigrants have shown worse results in asthma. In both groups (Immigrants and Portuguese), women have had more health problems than men. Lower utilization among Immigrants was found in outpatient visits and in prescription drug utilization. In conclusion, it can be stated that the analysis of the income as a generator of health inequalities showed inequalities in the income distribution that affects both Portuguese and immigrants health. Other studies may be considered to analyze immigrants health especially those that include undocumented immigrants, analysis of populations by country of birth, years of residence in Portugal and the causes of mortality.
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Relatrio de estgio de mestrado em Cincias da Comunicao
