Exile or emigrant? Female ex-prisoners who left Ireland 1850-1921

In the popular mind, the concept of 'emigration' usually refers to people voluntarily leaving one country to go to another in search of a new and better life. It presupposes some degree of choice, although it is accepted that for many emigrants, such as those who left Ireland during the nineteenth century, there were few incentives to stay at home. Current scholarship on voluntary and forced movements of people demonstrates that the distinction between the categories of 'voluntary emigrant' and 'forced exile' is often blurred. Orm Overland's study of refugee communities in the United States highlights the fact that, although the differences between the 'emigrant' and the 'exile' may be clear in extreme cases, this is not always true, as there may be 'pressing political or economic reasons behind a decision to emigrate'. Migration scholars Jan Lucassen and Leo Lucassen also question the adequacy of conceptual models of migration based on what Lindsay Proudfoot and Dianne Hall refer to as the 'straightforward binarism between free and unfree emigration'. The questions raised by these scholars are very relevant to the study of Irish people who left their country during the second half of the nineteenth century immediately after they had been discharged from prison or from Dundrum. Their stories are discussed here against a background of substantial scholarship on emigration from Ireland and on the criminal justice system within Ireland. According to David Fitzpatrick, at least eight million men, women and children emigrated from Ireland between 1801 and 1921. This large-scale movement of people was generally characterised by the voluntary emigration of individuals who funded their own passages. However, it also included schemes of assisted emigration, funded variously by governments, landlords, the poor law authorities, earlier emigrants, and philanthropists. In addition, it included people who were transported from Ireland by means of the criminal justice system a practice that had originated in the seventeenth century. What is less well known is that after the end of transportation from Ireland to eastern Australia in 1853, to Bermuda in 1863 and to Western Australia in 1868, Irish convicts continued to be channelled towards emigration by being offered early release if they agreed to leave Ireland. These people, and especially the women among them, are the subject of this article.

Address inaccuracy in health registration data: determinants and impacts

Access to demographic data that are complete, accurate and up-to-date is fundamental to many aspects of public health, government and academic work and for accurate interpretation of other databases. Health registration data are the prime source of demographic information for health and social care systems; for example, as an indicator of need, as a source of denominators to convert number of events into rates, or in the case of the residential address information as the basis for generating the call-recall invitation letters that are used for most screening programs (e.g. breast, colo-rectal and AAA screening). However, list inflation (ghosts, duplicates or emigrants) and a degree of address inaccuracy are recognised caveats with the health registration data and a recent NILS-related study on breast screening suggests that improved address accuracy might be a fast and efficient means of increasing screening uptake rates in cities and amongst deprived populations. In NI these data are collated by the BSO who uniquely in the UK also have access to data relating to prescribing, dental registrations and use of A&E services. These can be used to supplement the standard demographic and address information by (i) indicating patients who are alive and resident in NI and (ii) providing an independent source of probably improved address information. This study will use the NI Unique Property Reference Number (UPRN), rather than the addresses per se which are difficult to work with, to compare the addresses registered in the BSO with those addresses in the enumerated 2011 census. Assuming that the census is a more accurate source of address information for individuals, a comparison of the health registration addresses with those recorded at the census, the aim of the proposed study will be to (i) characterise the amount and distributions of these differences, (ii) to see what proportion of those who do not attend for screening did not actually receive an invitation letter because the addresses were incorrect, (iii) to determine how much of the social gradient (and urban/rural differences) in screening uptake are due to address inaccuracies, (iv) a comparison of timing of address changes at the BSO will provide information on the delays in updating of addresses.

O regresso dos emigrantes portugueses e o desenvolvimento do turismo em Portugal

Atendendo ao protagonismo que o Turismo Residencial tem vindo a assumir, no âmbito académico e político, a análise conceptual dos termos Turismo, Turismo Residencial e “Segunda Residência” revelou-se crucial nesta tese para se avaliar o seu impacte no desenvolvimento “rural”. A sua relação com as migrações (internas e internacionais) permitiu identificar o potencial que o regresso e fixação dos emigrantes portugueses apresentam para impulsionar o desenvolvimento do turismo em Portugal. As implicações da ambiguidade conceptual associada com o termo “rural” manifestam-se igualmente na falta de consenso quanto à natureza específica do processo de desenvolvimento “rural” e na dificuldade de identificação de políticas mais adequadas aos problemas prioritários destes territórios. Neste âmbito, o índice de centralidade dos centros urbanos, baseado nas áreas de influência e na marginalidade funcional, permite identificar as áreas com menor capacidade de polarização, que são as áreas mais carenciadas. Reconhecendo que muitas delas albergam atrativos capazes de motivar a deslocação de pessoas, por motivos de recreio ou de lazer, o desenvolvimento sustentável do setor do turismo, sob certas condições, apresenta-se capaz de constituir-se como um motor da atividade económica em geral, ajudando à redução das assimetrias de desenvolvimento existentes, e uma oportunidade para melhorar a qualidade de vida das suas populações. Os resultados da aplicação de 5157 questionários aos emigrantes portugueses suportam esta argumentação, uma vez que são sobretudo os que possuem residência própria num concelho com menor índice de centralidade que mais podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento do turismo em Portugal.

Famílias envelhecidas: percursos e diversidade

O conhecimento sobre famílias envelhecidas é ainda escasso. Neste âmbito, a pesquisa tem incidido nos cuidados familiares a idosos dependentes, focando os problemas de saúde, dependência funcional e declínio cognitivo. Esta investigação pretende contribuir para aprofundar o conhecimento sobre as famílias envelhecidas, assumindo uma perspetiva normativa e desenvolvimental, e contemplando a diversidade de contextos de vida e envelhecimento. O capítulo 1 centra casais compostos por pessoas idosas, e tem por objetivos: caracterizar a estrutura, dinâmica e valores do agregado familiar dos casais idosos; evidenciar valores e dinâmica relacional dos casais idosos. A amostra compreende 136 participantes, a quem foi administrado um questionário sobre a fase última do ciclo de vida familiar (Cerveny,1997). A análise de dados efetuou-se com recurso ao programa de análise de dados estatística SPSS 17.1. Os resultados indicam que os casais vivem predominantemente em casal, com uma dinâmica relacional do agregado caracterizada pelo respeito, diálogo e carinho; dinâmica relacional do casal caracterizada por clima afetuoso, amizade e diálogo, e valores assentes no amor, diálogo e convívio familiar. A dinâmica relacional do casal é pautada por atividades de lazer realizadas em conjunto e vida sexual tão boa como antes; os valores dão ao casamento significados de realização pessoal e perpetuação através dos filhos na juventude, e adaptação e descoberta na velhice. O capítulo 2 foca a construção da integridade familiar considerando a diversidade de contextos socioeconómicos (pessoas idosas que viveram em contexto de pobreza ao longo da vida), socioculturais (ex-emigrantes portugueses) e novas formas de famílias (homens homossexuais). Foi aplicada uma entrevista semiestruturada (King & Wynne, 2004) a uma amostra de 12, 20 e 10 pessoas, respetivamente. A análise de dados foi efetuada com base na análise de conteúdo com recurso a juízes independentes baseada na grounded theory, contudo no caso do contexto socioeconómico recorreu-se ao programa de análise de dados qualitativa N-Vivo 7. Os resultados sugerem que a diversidade de contextos analisada coloca desafios à rutura familiar o que pode potenciar o caminho da desconexão e alienação. Contudo, o contexto das significações exerce um papel fundamental na construção da integridade familiar. A redefinição da identidade associada a uma filosofia de vida que enfatize as forças em vez dos fracassos parece determinar a construção da integridade familiar, contudo existem especificidades. Relativamente ao contexto socioeconómico: as pessoas idosas no caminho da integridade revelam um sentido de autovalorização (ter vivido uma vida significativa) apesar da pobreza; as pessoas idosas no caminho da desconexão/alienação alimentam sentimentos de insignificância devido à escassez de recursos económicos. Ainda neste contexto, os valores (princípios de conduta) reinterpretam a identidade ao longo da vida e permitem compreender que a integridade familiar ocorre quando ser pobre é encarado pelas conquistas; a desconexão/alienação emerge quando ser pobre incorpora sentimentos de desvalorização e inferioridade. No contexto sociocultural, as pessoas idosas ex-emigrantes cujo processo de emigração se desenvolveu em família (a família está envolvida no processo de emigração e funciona como um pilar desde a fase de decisão até ao regresso) desenvolveram uma filosofia de vida assente numa atitude ativa e solidária e estão em integridade familiar; as pessoas em desconexão relatam episódios de conflito familiar que marcam a trajetória de emigração, e uma atitude passiva na resolução desses conflitos até à atualidade; as pessoas em alienação familiar, cujo processo de emigração se desenrolou de forma solitária, desenvolvem uma filosofia de vida assente na luta solitária: a sua força e identidade estão em enfrentar tudo sem precisar de ninguém. Relativamente às novas formas de família, a integridade familiar evolui desde a revelação da homossexualidade (em idade jovem) e conclui-se na velhice quando a homossexualidade se torna um legado. A desconexão parece evoluir da luta constante da falha da aceitação da homossexualidade pela família e outras pessoas significativas. O capítulo 3 analisa as trajetórias de vida de homens homossexuais atualmente idosos, para compreender melhor a influência da homossexualidade e os principais eventos. Adotou-se a técnica da linha de acontecimentos de vida (Acquaviva et al., 2007), aplicada a 10 participantes com 60 anos ou mais. Os resultados sugerem que vários eventos de vida influenciam o curso de vida: i) o autoconhecimento da homossexualidade; ii) tentar passar por heterossexual; iii) assumir a homossexualidade (explicita ou implicitamente); iv) sentir limitações e desafios relacionados com o ser idoso e homossexual. O capítulo 4 procurou alargar a perspetiva do envelhecimento considerando uma abordagem transcultural. Assim, realizou-se um estudo numa comunidade indígena (Guarani Mbya, Brasil). Neste estudo analisase o modo de viver e ser idoso nessa comunidade. A amostra compreende 6 participantes a quem foi administrada uma entrevista aberta. Este estudo contemplou ainda a observação com registo etnográfico e realização de um diário de bordo. A análise de conteúdo efetuou-se com apoio do software de dados qualitativa WebQDA 1.4.3. Os resultados sugerem o papel das pessoas idosas na preservação de uma cultura ágrafa, garantindo que as tradições estejam presentes nas gerações atuais através da oralidade. A adoção de lentes normativas no estudo e compreensão das famílias envelhecidas permite compreender as tarefas desenvolvimentais e normativas no fim da vida.

Targeting burn prevention in the paediatric population : a prospective study of children's burns in the Lausanne area.

QUESTION UNDER STUDY: Domestic accidents are an important problem in paediatric medicine. This study was designed to gain a better understanding of burn mechanisms and target prevention. METHODS: Children treated for burn lesions in the Department of Paediatric Surgery between August 2004 and August 2005 were included in this prospective study. The burn mechanisms, the children's ages and the circumstances in which children were burned as well as their home environment variables were analyzed. RESULTS: The current study included eighty-nine patients, aged between 2 months and 15 years. Seventy-eight percent were less than 5 years old. More than half were boys. Hot liquid scalding was the most frequent mechanism. There does not seem to be an increased risk in the immigrant population or in low economic status families. In most cases, an adult person was present at time of injury. CONCLUSIONS: If we were to describe the highest "at risk" candidate for a burn in our region, it would be a boy aged 15 months to 5 years who is burned by a cup of hot liquid on his hand, at home, around mealtime, in the presence of one or both parents. Reduced attention in the safe domestic setting is probably responsible.

Eating habits of preschool children with high migrant status in Switzerland according to a new food frequency questionnaire.

Assessment of eating habits in young children from multicultural backgrounds has seldom been conducted. Our objectives were to study the reproducibility and the results of a food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) developed to assess changes in eating habits of preschool children with a high migrant population, in the context of a multidisciplinary multilevel lifestyle intervention. Three kindergarten classes (53% from migrant backgrounds) in French-speaking Switzerland were randomly selected and included 16 girls and 28 boys (mean age +/- SD, 5.4 +/- 0.7 years). The FFQ was filled out twice within a 4-week interval by the parents. Spearman rank correlations between the first and the second FFQ for the 39 items of the food questions were as follows: low (r < 0.50) for 8 (7 P < .05 and 1 nonsignificant), moderate (0.50 <or= r < 0.70) for 22 (all P < .01), and high (r >or= 0.70) for 9 (all P < .01). In addition, 28 of 39 intraclass correlation coefficients were high (>0.50, all P < .01). Eighty-six percent of the children ate breakfast at home daily, but only 67% had lunch at home. The percentages of children eating at least once a week in front of the TV were as follows: 50% for breakfast, 33% for lunch, 38% for dinner, and 48% for snacks. Forty percent of children asked their parents to buy food previously seen in advertisements and ate fast food between once a week and once a month. Children generally consumed foods with a high-energy content. The FFQ yielded good test-retest reproducibility for most items of the food questions and gave relevant findings about the eating habits of preschool children in areas with a high migrant population.

Prevalence of overweight and obesity among migrants in Switzerland: association with country of origin.

Migrants tend to present higher overweight and obesity levels, but whether this relationship applies to all nationalities has seldom been studied. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of overweight and obesity according to nationality in adults. Cross-sectional population-based samples. Five-year nationwide interview surveys (Swiss Health Surveys - SHS) from 1992 to 2007 (n 63 766) and a local examination survey (CoLaus Study in Lausanne 2004-2006, n 6743). Participants were separated into Swiss, French, German, Italian, Portuguese, Spanish nationals, those from the former Republic of Yugoslavia and from other European and other countries. Compared with Swiss nationals, German and French nationals presented a lower prevalence of overweight and obesity, whereas nationals from Italy, Spain, Portugal and the former Republic of Yugoslavia presented higher levels. Adjusting the SHS data for age, gender, education, smoking, leisure-time physical activity and survey year, a lower risk for overweight and obesity was found for German (OR = 0·80, 95 % CI 0·70, 0·92) and French (OR = 0·74, 95 % CI 0·61, 0·89) nationals, whereas higher risks were found for participants from Italy (OR = 1·45, 95 % CI 1·33, 1·58), Spain (OR = 1·36, 95 % CI 1·15, 1·61), Portugal (OR = 1·25, 95 % CI 1·06, 1·47) and the former Republic of Yugoslavia (OR = 1·98, 95 % CI 1·69, 2·32). Similar findings were observed in the CoLaus Study for Italian (OR = 1·63, 95 % CI 1·29, 2·06), Spanish (OR = 1·54, 95 % CI 1·17, 2·04) and Portuguese (OR = 1·49, 95 % CI 1·16, 1·91) participants and for those from the former Republic of Yugoslavia (OR = 5·34, 95 % CI 3·00, 9·50). Overweight and obesity are unevenly distributed among migrants in Switzerland. Migrants from Southern Europe and from the former Republic of Yugoslavia present higher prevalence rates. This suggests that preventive messages should be tailored to these specific populations.

Demographic and genetic attributes of dispersing and resident individuals of an enclosed Microtus pennsylvanicus population

A dispersal polymorphism may exist in emigrants from cyclic populations of Microtus '~nnsylvanicus biasing trap-revealed movements of unenclosed animals in favour of sedentary or colonizing individuals. The dispersal tendency of emigrants from an enclosed population was investigated by releasing animals via tubes into one of two adjacent enclosures, one vacant and one inhabited. Individuals from the enclosed population were monitored for age, sex, weight and electrophoretically detectable serum transferrin genotype in an intensive live-trapping program. In 1973 the minimum number alive in the introduced enclosed study population reached approximately l67/ha when breeding stopped in October. In 1974 intensive breeding increased the population density to 333/ha by mid-July when a long decline in numbers and breeding intensity began without an intervening plateau. An adjacent unenclosed area had a much lower density and longer breeding season in 1974. The growth rate of young males in the enclosed population tended to be lowest during the decline period in 1974. Survival of the enclosed population was high throughout but was lowest during the decline phase in both sexes, especially males. Low transferrin heterozygote survival during the decline coincided with a significant heterozygote deficiency in females whereas in males genotype frequencies did not depart from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium values throughout th.e study. Twenty-nine suitable ani.mals were released during the decline in five periods from July to November 1974. The proportions of males and transferrin heterozygotes in the released graun were generally greater than in the source population~ In the test enclosures 21% of the released animals continued their movement through the vacant area while 41% (no significant difference) moved through the inhabited enclosure. In the vacant test area, females had a greater tendency than males to continue dispersal whereas no difference was noted in the inhabited area. Low frequency of captures in the tubes, predator disturbances and cold weather forced the termination of the study. The role of dispersal as a population regulating mechanism was further substantiated. The genetic differences between emigrant and resident animals lend support to Howard's hypothesis that a genetic polymorphism influences the tendency to disperse. Support is also given to Myers' and Krebs' contention that among dispersers an additional density dependent polymorphism influences the distance dispersed.

Les migrations contemporaines en Amérique latine : le cas de l’Argentine

Ce mémoire a pour but de comprendre la façon dont s’articulent les mouvements migratoires et les politiques qui s’y rattachent, d’abord au plan international puis au niveau des migrations régionales vers l’Argentine. Depuis les quarante dernières années, l’Argentine présente des caractéristiques sociales et économiques qui agissent comme facteurs d’attraction pour des milliers d’immigrants latino-américains. Ces flux migratoires appelés limitrophes s’inscrivent dans un système migratoire caractérisé par la constance des mouvements migratoires régionaux. De plus, la nouvelle visibilité accordée aux immigrants limitrophes en Argentine est, par extension, une conséquence de la rigidité qu’ont acquiert les législations migratoires des pays de destinations classiques (Europe occidentale, États-Unis, Canada, Australie, etc.). Ce durcissement des cadres légaux lié aux migrations internationales a en effet déjà fait surgir de nouveaux pays de destination (Espagne, Italie, Grèce notamment), lesquels ont, face aux nouveaux flux migratoires non planifiés, élaboré les lois calquées sur celles des pays de destinations classique. Ces nouveaux pays de destination, qui étaient avant la fin des années 1970 exclusivement expulseurs d’immigrants sont progressivement devenus des pays récepteurs en bonne et due forme. Aujourd’hui, ils ont adopté l’approche restrictive préconisée à l’échelle mondiale, ce qui représente de nouveaux défis en matière de souveraineté et de cohésion sociale pour de nombreux pays dont l’Argentine. Le contexte actuel de mondialisation a engendré une crise migratoire à l’échelle mondiale dans la mesure où, les immigrants voient leurs possibilités de migrer grandement réduites par la recrudescence des politiques migratoires dites restrictives. C’est donc aujourd’hui que les migrations régionales se convertissent en de très intéressants objets d’étude puisqu’elles sont la preuve de la réduction des options de destination pour les potentiels immigrants. C’est pour cette raison que nous avons étudié les flux migratoires limitrophes vers l’Argentine, afin de comprendre les causes qui les motivent et les conséquences qu’ils entraînent au sein de la société argentine contemporaine. Notre étude nous a permis de conclure que d’une part, les migrations régionales vers l’Argentine et les politiques qui s’y rattachent sont intimement liées au contexte économique de la région, et ensuite, que l’adoption de mesures restrictives à l’égard de ces flux était mieux comprise si l’on tenait compte de la vision collective des Argentins en ce qui a trait à la composition ethnique du pays.

Lorsque l'imaginaire migratoire rencontre les réalités de la migration : parcours de migrants volontaires et qualifiés de l'Afrique de l'Ouest au Québec

Différentes réalités et contextes actuels mondiaux font en sorte que de plus en plus de gens envisagent la migration comme projet de vie. La présente recherche s’intéresse à l’imaginaire migratoire comme facteur de mobilité, mais également comme facteur de modulation des réactions et du regard qu’entretiendra le migrant en rapport avec son vécu migratoire. Ainsi, la réflexion s’amorce en Afrique de l’Ouest, tandis que de jeunes Africains instruits et qualifiés élaborent un projet de migration volontaire vers le Canada, plus précisément dans la région du Québec. C’est investi de leur désir de l’Ailleurs, des représentations de l’Occident, de leur besoin de se réaliser et de l’impossibilité qu’ils rencontrent à accéder à la vie professionnelle souhaitée en Afrique qu’ils migrent vers le Canada. Quoiqu’ils soient dotés d’une détermination et d’un optimisme considérable, la rencontre entre l’imaginé et le quotidien de la vie au Québec comme immigrant et comme émigrant n’est pas toujours facile. Elle viendra révéler la profondeur du rêve, des mythes et des ambitions; les failles intérieures individuelles, les valeurs et les ambivalences de chacun, mais surtout la capacité qu’aura l’individu à revoir son imaginaire, à effectuer la réappropriation de son expérience migratoire et à élaborer de nouveaux projets. L’écart vécu par le sujet entre l’imaginé et le rencontré nous questionnera sur ce que véhiculent les messages et les images en circulation sur le Canada et l’Occident. Aussi, il témoignera de la prédominance de la préparation factuelle et psychologique de l’individu pour anticiper et mieux accueillir les réalités du parcours migratoire.

L'évolution de la migration interrégionale au Québec (1991-2006)

Ce mémoire présente, dans une première partie, une analyse détaillée des flux migratoires entre les différentes régions administratives du Québec entre 1991 et 2006. Nous avons utilisé quelques indicateurs permettant de quantifier l’importance de ces mouvements à la fois sur la région d’origine et sur la population d’accueil. Afin de réaliser ce travail, nous avons eu recours aux matrices de flux migratoires entre les 17 régions administratives québécoises, matrices qui sont publiées par l’Institut de la Statistique du Québec à l’aide du fichier de la Régie de l’assurance-maladie du Québec (RAMQ). Les méthodes d’analyse utilisées nous ont permis de mesurer l’intensité de ces flux, leur concentration spatiale, l’orientation spatiale des émigrants, les hiérarchies des régions administratives ainsi que l’efficience des migrations interrégionales du Québec. Nous avons analysé comment les régions administratives du Québec sont affectées par la migration interrégionale. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons porté notre attention sur la migration interrégionale en fonction de certains groupes d’âge. L’étude des migrations en fonction du groupe d’âge a permis de mieux saisir les conséquences démographiques de ces mouvements pour les régions d’origine et de destination, particulièrement en ce qui concerne la structure de la population résultant de ces flux. Finalement, dans une troisième partie, nous avons analysé les mouvements migratoires entre l’île de Montréal et les Municipalités Régionales de Comté des quatre régions qui l’entourent afin de comprendre la part de l’étalement urbain dans l’émigration des Montréalais. Les résultats obtenus nous permettent de conclure en dégageant certaines tendances. D’abord, nous avons établi que les migrations dans la province de Québec se font des régions éloignées vers les régions du centre. Ces régions gagnantes renferment ou avoisinent les grands centres urbains de la province : Québec, Montréal et Ottawa. Nous assistons donc à une redéfinition du paysage québécois : le nord se déserte, le centre a une faible croissance et la grande région de Montréal, plus particulièrement les régions en banlieue de l’île de Montréal, est en nette croissance. Ensuite, l’analyse par groupe d’âge a illustré que les régions excentrées ont très rarement des soldes positifs et que les jeunes sont très nombreux à quitter ces régions. Pour l’île de Montréal, ce sont les jeunes qui arrivent en grand nombre. Cependant, après la trentaine, les gens désertent l’île pour d’autres régions de la province. Ces départs profitent aux régions adjacentes, qui font d’énormes gains chez les jeunes travailleurs. Finalement, l’analyse des échanges migratoires entre l’île de Montréal et les MRC des quatre régions adjacentes nous a permis de constater que ces MRC sont très souvent gagnantes dans leurs échanges migratoires. Particulièrement lors de la période 2001-2006, où seulement deux territoires sont perdants dans leurs échanges migratoires avec les autres régions du système, soit l’île de Montréal et la MRC de Longueuil.

Étude du mécanisme par lequel la thérapie à l'IL7 induit l'expansion homéostatique des lymphocytes T CD4+

Dans les cas de lymphopénie, les lymphocytes T résiduels prolifèrent exagérément dans un phénomène appelé «expansion homéostatique périphérique» (HPE), qui est efficace pour la régénération des T CD8+, mais inefficace pour les T CD4+. L’interleukine-7 (IL7) est une cytokine homéostatique utilisée afin d’augmenter les comptes lymphocytaires T des patients lymphopéniques. Toutefois, la raison de l’expansion préférentielle des lymphocytes T CD8+ par l’IL7 demeure toujours inconnue. Nous montrons que cette expansion est due au fait que l’IL7 induit une prolifération efficace des T CD8+ périphériques (CD8+PERI) ainsi que des émigrants thymiques CD8+ (CD8+RTEs). Par contre, l’effet prolifératif de l’IL7 est restreint presqu’uniquement aux CD4+RTEs même si les CD4+PERI survivent mieux que les CD4+RTEs. De plus faibles doses d’IL7 sont nécessaires aux CD4+RTEs afin de phosphoryler STAT5 ou de proliférer comparativement aux CD4+PERI et nous démontrons que les contacts TCR/CMHII sont nécessaires à la prolifération induite par l’IL7 des CD4+RTEs en périphérie. De fait, augmenter au Flt3 ligand le nombre de cellules dendritiques périphériques d’une souris donneuse, avant de transférer ses TPERI dans des souris receveuses traitées à l’IL7 induit une prolifération significative des CD4+PERI. Nos résultats indiquent donc que l’abondance des contacts TCR/CMHII reçus dans le thymus semble contrôler la sensibilité à l’IL7 des CD4+RTEs. Finalement, l’observation que les CD8+PERI et CD8+RTEs prolifèrent pareillement pendant la thérapie à l’IL7, alors que la prolifération des T CD4+ est largement restreinte aux RTEs expliquerait pourquoi, dans les cas de lymphopénie, la régénération des T CD4+ est aussi dépendante de la thymopoïèse.

Caractérisation des lymphopénies post-chirurgies cardiaques de type Fontan

La thymectomie est un geste chirurgical fréquemment nécessaire lors des interventions cardiaques en période néonatale. Il est connu que la résection du thymus entraîne une lymphopénie ne semblant pas avoir de conséquences cliniques graves. La lymphopénie constatée serait plus importante chez les patients ayant eu une chirurgie cardiaque de type Fontan. Toutefois, on ignore si la lymphopénie est uniquement secondaire à la thymectomie ou si elle est liée à ce type particulier de chirurgie cardiaque. La présente recherche porte sur 19 patients opérés selon l'approche Fontan; ils ont été comparés à 6 patients "contrôle" ayant eu une thymectomie au cours d'une chirurgie cardiaque d'un autre type. Les résultats indiquent que les patients de type Fontan accusent une diminution du nombre de cellules naïves CD4+ et CD8+ et plus particulièrement une baisse de leurs émigrants thymiques (CD45RA+CD31+/CD4+). On note en contrepartie une expansion du répertoire mémoire (CD45RO+). Ces altérations lymphocytaires sont comparables aux contrôles. Il semble donc que les anomalies lymphocytaires relevées soient reliées principalement à la thymectomie et non pas au type de chirurgie. Les infections plus importantes chez les Fontan, quant à elles, pourraient s'expliquer par une évolution post-opératoire défavorable.

Remesas y desarrollo económico. Un análisis empírico del caso mexicano

El objetivo de este trabajo es contribuir a identificar el efecto de las remesas que envían los emigrantes a sus comunidades de origen en México. Del mismo modo, se estudia el efecto que la participación de la mujer tiene en este proceso. La fuente de información es el Consejo Nacional de Población de México CONAPO y contiene variables a nivel estatal y municipal para el año 2000. La base de datos contiene índices de desarrollo humano, intensidad migratoria y remesas para los 2443 municipios mexicanos. La evidencia empírica sugiere que las remesas tienen un impacto positivo sobre los niveles de desarrollo de las comunidades receptoras. No obstante, la relación entre remesas y desarrollo es no lineal. Adicionalmente, se en contró que el efecto positivo que tienen las remesas sobre el desarrollo es más alto cuando la cabeza de familia de los hogares receptores es mujer.

A displaced Britishness: Welsh Patagonians in Canada and Australia

This paper focuses on a unique group of British emigrants in their double migration experience from Wales to Patagonia in the second half of the nineteenth century and thence to Canada or Australia in the early twentieth. The history of the Welsh Patagonian settlements in the Chubut Valley of Argentina and the Andes foothills has been extensively documented. Less is known about the two subsequent migrations from Patagonia to Canada in 1902, and from Patagonia to Australia between 1910 and 1915. What distinguishes these movements is that, in each case, the settlers migrated as a group and placed a high priority on taking up adjoining land. In their three adopted countries they established discrete Welsh communities, some more enduring than others.

There is a general consensus that the initial move from Wales to Patagonia in 1865 was for nationalistic, cultural and linguistic reasons but for those who followed later, economic motives were more common. By the time of the migration from Patagonia to Canada in 1902, there was no illusion that Welsh nationalism could be preserved intact or autonomy guaranteed. Historians dispute the primary motivation for this particular move, some arguing that socio-economic and political factors in Patagonia were paramount, others that it resulted from inducements and political manoeuvrings from Canada and Great Britain. What is clear is the desire of the settlers to return to a country 'under a British flag'.

This paper addresses these issues relating to the Welsh Patagonian migration to Canada in the context of a comparison with the migration to Australia some years later. Such a comparative analysis has not previously been undertaken. Notions of identity and an erstwhile ‘Britishness’ are explored, in terms of the migrant’s sense of self and the political implications of citizenship, military service, reception and assimilation in the
host societies.