Applicability of Power-Line Communications to Data Transfer of On-line Condition Monitoring of Electrical Drives

The research of power-line communications has been concentrated on home automation, broadband indoor communications and broadband data transfer in a low voltage distribution network between home andtransformer station. There has not been carried out much research work that is focused on the high frequency characteristics of industrial low voltage distribution networks. The industrial low voltage distribution network may be utilised as a communication channel to data transfer required by the on-line condition monitoring of electric motors. The advantage of using power-line data transfer is that it does not require the installing of new cables. In the first part of this work, the characteristics of industrial low voltage distribution network components and the pilot distribution network are measured and modelled with respect topower-line communications frequencies up to 30 MHz. The distributed inductances, capacitances and attenuation of MCMK type low voltage power cables are measured in the frequency band 100 kHz - 30 MHz and an attenuation formula for the cables is formed based on the measurements. The input impedances of electric motors (15-250 kW) are measured using several signal couplings and measurement based input impedance model for electric motor with a slotted stator is formed. The model is designed for the frequency band 10 kHz - 30 MHz. Next, the effect of DC (direct current) voltage link inverter on power line data transfer is briefly analysed. Finally, a pilot distribution network is formed and signal attenuation in communication channels in the pilot environment is measured. The results are compared with the simulations that are carried out utilising the developed models and measured parameters for cables and motors. In the second part of this work, a narrowband power-line data transfer system is developed for the data transfer ofon-line condition monitoring of electric motors. It is developed using standardintegrated circuits. The system is tested in the pilot environment and the applicability of the system for the data transfer required by the on-line condition monitoring of electric motors is analysed.

Energiaa säästävä uusi viemäriveden pumppausteknologia

Pumppaaminen kuluttaa teollisuudessa huomattavan osan energiasta, joten siellä on myös merkittäviä säästömahdollisuuksia. Maailmanlaajuisesti pumppaus kuluttaa noin viidenneksen sähkömoottorien energiantarpeesta, ja tietyillä teollisuudentoimialoilla jopa yli 50%. Jätevedenpumppaus perustuu edelleenkin pääosin 50- ja 60- luvuilla kehitettyyn tekniikkaan, merkittäviä energiansäästöjä on mahdollista saavuttaa suhteellisen pienillä investoinneilla. Työn teoriaosassa käsitellään perusteet jätevedenkäsittelystä, ja viemäriputkiston rakenteesta. Pumppuja, sähkömoottoreita ja taajuusmuuttajia käsitellään laajemmin keskittyen niiden toimintaan ja toimintaa ohjaaviin teorioihin. Empiirisessä osassa tutkitaan uuden teknologian energiansäästöpotentiaalia erilaisilla mittauksilla, sekä mittausten pohjalta tehdyillä case-analyyseillä. Näitä analyysejä varten työn aikana kehiteltiin laskin, jolla voidaan arvioida energian kulutusta tunnetulle pumpulle, kun tiedetään haluttu toimintapiste. Työssä käsitelty uusi teknologia on mahdollisesti merkittävin uudistus viemäriveden pumppausteknologiaan taajuusmuuttajien käyttöönoton jälkeen. Teknologialla päästään eroon imukaivoista liki täysin, ja sitä kautta saadaan paremmin hallittua monia ongelmia kuten hajuhaittoja. Teknologian merkittävin hyöty on kuitenkin energiansäästö. Perinteisessä teknologiassa taajuusmuuttajat ovat olleet kannattavia, mikäli geodeettisen nostokorkeuden osuus on mahdollisimman pieni. Tyypillisessä uuden teknologian sovelluskohteissa geodeettinen nostokorkeus tulee yleensä olemaan pieni, joten uuden teknologian käyttöönoton kannattavuus on näissä kohteissa erityisen hyvä.

Ecodesign-direktiivi ja sen vaikutukset Suomessa

Direktiivi 2005/32/EY energiaa käyttävien tuotteiden ekologiselle suunnittelulle asetettavien vaatimusten puitteista annettiin 6.7.2005. Direktiivin puitteissa Euroopan komissio tulee antamaan tuoteryhmäkohtaisia asetuksia, joissa määritellään tuoteryhmäkohtaisesti ympäristövaatimukset. Direktiivin tarkoituksena on integroida ymparistönakokohdat ja elinkaariajattelu tuotesuunnitteluvaiheessa. Tällä direktiivillä pyritään parantamaan ympäristösuojelun tasoa ja tuotteiden energiatehokkuutta. Tämän diplomityön tarkoituksena on esitellä Ecodesign direktiiviä ja selvittää sen puitteissa annettujen asetusten vaikutusta Suomessa. Työssä tutkitaan hehkulamppujen maahantuonnin kieltävän asetuksen vaikutuksia kotitalouksiin, ympäristöön ja sähkömarkkinoihin. Lisaksi työssä on tutkittu sähkömoottoreita koskevan asetuksen vaikutuksia Suomen teollisuudessa. Lopuksi työssä arvioidaan Suomen ilmasto ja energiapolitiikan tavoitteiden ja velvoitteiden tuomien toimenpiteiden vaikutuksia. Työssä esitetään esimerkkitarkasteluja siitä, millaisia saastoja sähkönkulutukseen voitaisiin saavuttaa eri tuoteryhmissä direktiivin pohjalta annetuilla asetuksilla. Tarkasteluun valitut tuoteryhmät olivat kotitalouksien valaistus ja sähkömoottorit.

Motor Types Comparison Determining Efficiency in Pumping Systems

Pumping, fan and compressor systems consume most of the motor electricity power in both the industrial and services sectors. A variable speed drive brings relevant improvements in a fluid system leading to energy saving that further on can be translated into Mtons reduction of CO 2 emissions. Standards and regulations are being adopted for fluid handling systems to limit the less efficiency pumps out of the European market on the coming years and a greater potential in energy savings is dictated by the Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) requirements for the whole pumping system and integrated pumps. Electric motors also have an International Efficiency (IE) classification in order to introduce higher efficiency motors into the market. In this thesis, the applicability of mid-size common electric motor types to industrial pumping system took place comparing the motor efficiency characteristics with each other and by analyzing the effect of motor dimensioning on the pumping system and its impact in the energy consumption.

Energy Efficiency in Electrical Drive Systems: Technical potentials, barriers and policy approaches for small and medium industries in Ghana

Today industries and commerce in Ghana are facing enormous energy challenge. The pressure is on for industries to reduce energy consumption, lower carbon emissions and provide se-cured power supply. Industrial electric motor energy efficiency improvement is one of the most important tools to reduce global warming threat and reduce electricity bills. In order to develop a strategic industrial energy efficiency policy, it is therefore necessary to study the barriers that inhibit the implementation of cost – effective energy efficiency measures and the driving forces that promote the implementation. The aim of this thesis is to analyse the energy consumption pattern of electric motors, study factors that promote or inhibit energy efficiency improvements in EMDS and provide cost – effective solutions that improve energy efficiency to bridge the existing energy efficiency gap in the surveyed industries. The results from this thesis has revealed that, the existence of low energy efficiency in motor-driven systems in the surveyed industries were due to poor maintenance practices, absence of standards, power quality issues, lack of access to capital and limited awareness to the im-portance of energy efficiency improvements in EMDS. However, based on the results pre-sented in this thesis, a policy approach towards industrial SMEs should primarily include dis-counted or free energy audit in providing the industries with the necessary information on potential energy efficiency measures, practice best motor management programmes and estab-lish a minimum energy performance standard (MEPS) for motors imported into the country. The thesis has also shown that education and capacity development programmes, financial incentives and system optimization are effective means to promote energy efficiency in elec-tric motor – driven systems in industrial SMEs in Ghana

Kaksoiskäämitty hybridibussin kestomagneettiajomoottori

Tämä työ on tehty Lappeenrannan teknilliselle yliopistolle, joka on suunnitellut ja toteuttanut hybridibussin. Hybridibussin ajomoottorissa käytetään kaksoiskäämitystä, joka mahdollistaa bussin ajamisen vikatilanteessa, jossa toinen käämityksistä on epäkunnossa. Työn tavoitteena on selvittää, millainen kaksoiskäämitys toimii parhaiten tämän hybridibussin kestomagneettiajomoottorissa. Työssä tutustutaan ajomoottoreihin ja niiltä vaadittaviin ominaisuuksiin sekä vikasietoisiin sähkömoottoreihin. Tutkimuksessa löydettyihin vikasietoisiin ajomoottoreihin perustuen päädyttiin neljään kaksoiskäämitysvaihtoehtoon. Näitä kaksoiskäämityksiä tutkittiin FE-analyysiä hyödyntäen. Kaksoiskäämitysten toimintaa simuloitiin nimellis- ja vikatilanteessa. Simuloinnin tuloksista selvisi, että kaksoiskäämitys, jossa jokaisessa urassa oli puolet yhtä käämitystä ja puolet toista (kaksoiskäämitys 1), ei toiminut kunnolla nimellistilanteessa eikä vikatilanteessa. Suurin ongelma oli vikatilanteessa aiheutuva suuri oikosulkuvirta. Kaksoiskäämitys, jossa kaksi napaa oli samaa käämitystä (kaksoiskäämitys 2), toimi moitteettomasti nimellistilanteessa. Vikatilanteen toiminnassa kuitenkin havaittiin epäjaksollisuutta magneettivuontiheydessä, mikä on haitallista moottorin käynnille ja vaaraksi roottorille. Kaksoiskäämityksiä, joista ensimmäisessä oli neljäsosa konetta samaa käämitystä (kaksoiskäämitys 3) ja toisessa puolet koneesta samaa käämitystä (kaksoiskäämitys 4), tutkittiin vikatilanteessa vain magneettivuontiheyden osalta. Puolet ja puolet käämityn koneen osalta magneettivuontiheys osottautui epäjaksolliseksi kuten oli odotettu. Neljäsosiksi käämityn koneen magneettivuontiheys oli säännöllisen jaksollinen. Nimellispisteessä kaksoiskäämityksillä 3 ja 4 havaittiin suuri vääntöväre verrattuna kaksoiskäämityksiin 1 ja 2. Johtopäätöksenä kaksoiskäämitys 3 vaikuttaa lupaavalta, mikäli suuri nimellispisteen vääntöväre saadaan hallintaan käyttämällä uravinoutta staattorissa.

Utilização da lógica difusa no controle inteligente de sistemas eletro-hidráulicos

Electro-hydraulic servo-systems are widely employed in industrial applications such as robotic manipulators, active suspensions, precision machine tools and aerospace systems. They provide many advantages over electric motors, including high force to weight ratio, fast response time and compact size. However, precise control of electro-hydraulic systems, due to their inherent nonlinear characteristics, cannot be easily obtained with conventional linear controllers. Most flow control valves can also exhibit some hard nonlinearities such as deadzone due to valve spool overlap on the passage´s orifice of the fluid. This work describes the development of a nonlinear controller based on the feedback linearization method and including a fuzzy compensation scheme for an electro-hydraulic actuated system with unknown dead-band. Numerical results are presented in order to demonstrate the control system performance

On Nonlinear Dynamics and Control of A Particular Portal Frame Foundation Model, Excited by a Non-Ideal Motor

The nonlinear dynamic response and a nonlinear control method of a particular portal frame foundation for an unbalanced rotating machine with limited power (non-ideal motor) are examined. Numerical simulations are performed for a set of control parameters (depending on the voltage of the motor) related to the static and dynamic characteristics of the motor. The interaction of the structure with the excitation source may lead to the occurrence of interesting phenomena during the forward passage through the several resonance states of the systems. A mathematical model having two degrees of freedom simplifies the non-ideal system. The study of controlling steady-state vibrations of the non-ideal system is based on the saturation phenomenon due to internal resonance.

On non-linear and non-ideal interactions in two vibrating problems

In practical situations, the dynamics of the forcing function on a vibrating system cannot be considered as given a priori, and it must be taken as a consequence of the dynamics of the whole system. In other words, the forcing source has limited power, as that provided by a DC motor for an example, and thus its own dynamics is influenced by that of the vibrating system being forced. This increases the number of degrees of freedom of the problem, and it is called a non-ideal problem. In this work, we considerer two non-ideal problems analyzed by using numerical simulations. The existence of the Sommerfeld effect was verified, that is, the effect of getting stuck at resonance (energy imparted to the DC motor being used to excite large amplitude motions of the supporting structure). We considered two kinds of non-ideal problem: one related to the transverse vibrations of a shaft carrying two disks and another to a piezoceramic bar transducer powered by a vacuum tube generated by a non-ideal source Copyright © 2007 by ASME.

A structure excited by a DC motor of limited power supply and controlled by a pendulum like device

In this paper, a mathematical model is derived via Lagrange's Equation for a shear building structure that acts as a foundation of a non-ideal direct current electric motor, controlled by a mass loose inside a circular carving. Non-ideal sources of vibrations of structures are those whose characteristics are coupled to the motion of the structure, not being a function of time only as in the ideal case. Thus, in this case, an additional equation of motion is written, related to the motor rotation, coupled to the equation describing the horizontal motion of the shear building. This kind of problem can lead to the so-called Sommerfeld effect: steady state frequencies of the motor will usually increase as more power (voltage) is given to it in a step-by-step fashion. When a resonance condition with the structure is reached, the better part of this energy is consumed to generate large amplitude vibrations of the foundation without sensible change of the motor frequency as before. If additional increase steps in voltage are made, one may reach a situation where the rotor will jump to higher rotation regimes, no steady states being stable in between. As a device of passive control of both large amplitude vibrations and the Sommerfeld effect, a scheme is proposed using a point mass free to bounce back and forth inside a circular carving in the suspended mass of the structure. Numerical simulations of the model are also presented Copyright © 2007 by ASME.

On nonlinear dynamics in a free fluid surface of a tank excited by a non-ideal power source

We investigate the nonlinear oscillations in a free surface of a fluid in a cylinder tank excited by non-ideal power source, an electric motor with limited power supply. We study the possibility of parametric resonance in this system, showing that the excitation mechanism can generate chaotic response. Additionally, the dynamics of parametrically excited surface waves in the tank can reveal new characteristics of the system. The fluid-dynamic system is modeled in such way as to obtain a nonlinear differential equation system. Numerical experiments are carried out to find the regions of chaotic solutions. Simulation results are presented as phase-portrait diagrams characterizing the resonant vibrations of free fluid surface and the existence of several types of regular and chaotic attractors. We also describe the energy transfer in the interaction process between the hydrodynamic system and the electric motor. Copyright © 2011 by ASME.

Avaliação técnica para reativação de uma PCH na Fazenda Experimental Lageado, Botucatu - SP

Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Energia na Agricultura) - FCA

Desenvolvimento de uma metodologia para análise do potencial de cogeração de energia elétrica em usina de açúcar e álcool

Pós-graduação em Engenharia Mecânica - FEB

Desenvolvimento e análise de um protótipo automatizado para dosagem pontual de fertilizantes sólidos em taxas variáveis

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Energy Efficiency in Central America: Progress and action towards the fulfillment of the goals of the Central American sustainable energy strategy

Includes bibliography.