Környezeti kritériumok a beszállítóértékelésben = Green aspects of supplier evaluation

A környezeti szempontok figyelembe vétele egyre gyakoribb mind a szakirodalomban, mind a vállalati gyakorlatban. Ezt mutatja az is, hogy egyre növekszik a zöld szempontokat feldolgozó tanulmányok és szakcikkek száma. Emellett a kutatók egyre több környezeti kritériumot magukba foglaló, összetett módszertant dolgoznak ki az optimális beszállító kiválasztásához. A tanulmány célja, hogy bemutassa, illetve rendszerezze a zöld szempontokat a beszállítóértékelésben, illetve rámutasson arra, hogy mekkora eszköztár áll már most rendelkezésre a vállalatok részére, amennyiben nem csak hagyományos kritériumokat kívánnak felhasználni a beszállítóik értékelésekor. Foglalkozik azzal, hogy melyek azok a fő motivációk, amelyek miatt érdemes a vállalatoknak zöld szempontokat integrálniuk a beszállítóértékelő rendszerükbe. A kutatás alapján az derült ki, hogy nem csak a törvényi előírások a fő mozgatórugók a vállalatoknál, hogy beszállítóikat környezeti szempontból is mérjék. Ugyanakkor egyelőre a vállalatok leginkább a környezeti menedzsment rendszer meglétét vizsgálják a beszállítóiknál és kevés egyéb a szakirodalomban már megjelent zöld szempontot vesznek figyelembe. Ugyanez vonatkozik a módszertanra is, hiszen a vállalati gyakorlatból az derült ki, hogy kevésbé használják a szakirodalomban kidolgozott, összetett módszereket, hanem sokkal inkább a könnyen mérhető, kevesebb szempontot magukba foglaló eszközöket alkalmazzák. _______ Environmental criteria became more and more prevalent in the past not only in the literature but also in the companies practice. This is shown by the growing numbers of articles about green criteria. Alongside this, researchers are creating more and more methodologies for the selection of suppliers which contains environmental criteria. The purpose of this paper is to present and structure green criteria and to point out what a great selection of methodologies are available for the companies if they want to use not only the traditional criteria but environmentals too. Besides, in this research I present the most common motivations which can cause the introduction of green criteria in supplier evaluation. It was found that not the governmental requirements are the only motivations for companies. However, for the present, companies use mostly for green criteria the environmental management system if it is introduced at their suppliers or not and do not consider more, altough they are available in the literature. The same statement is appertain to the methodologies because it was found that companies rather than using the complex, elaborated ones, they search for the easily measurable methodologies which contains less criteria.

Um café pela natureza, qual a melhor opção

O café é originário das florestas tropicais da Etiópia e do Sudão, crescendo sobre uma canópia diversa. Devido ao facto de haver uma tendência para o desaparecimento do sombreamento tradicional e consequente perda de biodiversidade, os sistemas de certificação oferecem a oportunidade de aproximar objectivos económicos, sociais e ambientais de modo a beneficiar os agricultores. Este estudo tem como objectivo dar a conhecer a todos os intervenientes da cadeia de custódia, principalmente aos consumidores, qual a certificação que podem optar por se a sua principal preocupação quando tomam um café for a natureza. Caracterizou-se o valor ecológico do sistema de produção sustentável e do sistema convencional. Analisaram-se e comparam-se os diferentes critérios ambientais dos sistemas de certificação, através da construção de uma matriz. Os resultados sugerem que a certificação que melhor responde ao pretendido é a Rainforest Alliance, no entanto, a dupla ou tripla certificação parecem ser também boas opções. ABSTRACT; Coffee originates in Ethiopia and Sudan’s ram forests, growing above a diverse canephora. Due to the fact that there is a tendency to the vanishing of traditional shadowing and consequent loss of biodiversity, certification schemes offer the opportunity of bringing together economical, social and environmental goals allowing benefits to farmers. This study aims to bring cognizance to every intervenient of the custody chain, mainly to consumers, which certification scheme to choose if their major concern when drinking a coffee is nature. The ecological value of sustainable production system has been characterized as well as the conventional system. Different environmental criteria of certification schemes have been analysed and compared trough the construction of an evaluation template. Results suggest that the certification that better suits the desired goal is the Rainforest Alliance, but double or triple certification also appear as options that might be followed.

Multi-criteria analysis in the strategic environmental assessment of the sugar and alcohol sector

The Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) of the sugar and alcohol sector guides a territorial and sectoral planning that benefits most of the local society and supports this economic activity in all its stages. In this way, the present work aims to determine an index of aggregation of the indicators generated in the baseline of the SEA process, called Index of Sustainability of Expansion of the Sugar and Alcohol Sector (IScana). For this, it was used the normalization of the indicators of each city by the fuzzy logic and attribution of weights by the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Then, the IScana values had been spatialized in the region of 'Grande Dourados'-Mato Grosso do Sul State. The northern portion concentrated the highest values of IScana, 0.48 and 0.55, referring to the cities of Nova Alvorada do Sul and Rio Brilhante, while, in the central portion, the city of Dourados presented the lowest value, 0.10. The selection of the set of indicators forming the IScana, and their relative importance, was satisfactory for the application of fuzzy logic and AHP techniques. The IScana index supplies objective information regarding the diagnosis of the region for the application of SEA.

Some past decision theory models for euro construction model codes and for road drainage in Spain, and modest hints with multi-criteria methods for agro and environmental assurance

The authors are from UPM and are relatively grouped, and all have intervened in different academic or real cases on the subject, at different times as being of different age. With precedent from E. Torroja and A. Páez in Madrid Spain Safety Probabilistic models for concrete about 1957, now in ICOSSAR conferences, author J.M. Antón involved since autumn 1967 for euro-steel construction in CECM produced a math model for independent load superposition reductions, and using it a load coefficient pattern for codes in Rome Feb. 1969, practically adopted for European constructions, giving in JCSS Lisbon Feb. 1974 suggestion of union for concrete-steel-al.. That model uses model for loads like Gumbel type I, for 50 years for one type of load, reduced to 1 year to be added to other independent loads, the sum set in Gumbel theories to 50 years return period, there are parallel models. A complete reliability system was produced, including non linear effects as from buckling, phenomena considered somehow in actual Construction Eurocodes produced from Model Codes. The system was considered by author in CEB in presence of Hydraulic effects from rivers, floods, sea, in reference with actual practice. When redacting a Road Drainage Norm in MOPU Spain an optimization model was realized by authors giving a way to determine the figure of Return Period, 10 to 50 years, for the cases of hydraulic flows to be considered in road drainage. Satisfactory examples were a stream in SE of Spain with Gumbel Type I model and a paper of Ven Te Chow with Mississippi in Keokuk using Gumbel type II, and the model can be modernized with more varied extreme laws. In fact in the MOPU drainage norm the redacting commission acted also as expert to set a table of return periods for elements of road drainage, in fact as a multi-criteria complex decision system. These precedent ideas were used e.g. in wide Codes, indicated in symposia or meetings, but not published in journals in English, and a condensate of contributions of authors is presented. The authors are somehow involved in optimization for hydraulic and agro planning, and give modest hints of intended applications in presence of agro and environment planning as a selection of the criteria and utility functions involved in bayesian, multi-criteria or mixed decision systems. Modest consideration is made of changing in climate, and on the production and commercial systems, and on others as social and financial.

Final environmental impact statement for the offshore platform hazardous waste incineration facility : prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hazardous Response Support Division, Office of Emergency and Remedial Response, and Marine Protection Branch, Criteria and Standards Division, Office of Water Regulations and Standards.

"September 1982."

Environmental impact statement : criteria for classification of solid waste disposal facilities and practices /

September 1979.

A Multi-Criteria GIS-Based Route Selection Tool for Hazardous Material Transport: Consideration of Environmental Consequence, Traffic Congestions and Costs

Hazardous materials are substances that, if not regulated, can pose a threat to human populations and their environmental health, safety or property when transported in commerce. About 1.5 million tons of hazardous material shipments are transported by truck in the US annually, with a steady increase of approximately 5% per year. The objective of this study was to develop a routing tool for hazardous material transport in order to facilitate reduced environmental impacts and less transportation difficulties, yet would also find paths that were still compelling for the shipping carriers as a matter of trucking cost. The study started with identification of inhalation hazard impact zones and explosion protective areas around the location of hypothetical hazardous material releases, considering different parameters (i.e., chemicals characteristics, release quantities, atmospheric condition, etc.). Results showed that depending on the quantity of release, chemical, and atmospheric stability (a function of wind speed, meteorology, sky cover, time and location of accidents, etc.) the consequence of these incidents can differ. The study was extended by selection of other evaluation criteria for further investigation because health risk as an evaluation criterion would not be the only concern in selection of routes. Transportation difficulties (i.e., road blockage and congestion) were incorporated as important factor due to their indirect impact/cost on the users of transportation networks. Trucking costs were also considered as one of the primary criteria in selection of hazardous material paths; otherwise the suggested routes would have not been convincing for the shipping companies. The last but not least criterion was proximity of public places to the routes. The approach evolved from a simple framework to a complicated and efficient GIS-based tool able to investigate transportation networks of any given study area, and capable of generating best routing options for cargos. The suggested tool uses a multi-criteria-decision-making method, which considers the priorities of the decision makers in choosing the cargo routes. Comparison of the routing options based on each criterion and also the overall suitableness of the path in regards to all the criteria (using a multi-criteria-decision-making method) showed that using similar tools as the one proposed by this study can provide decision makers insights in the area of hazardous material transport. This tool shows the probable consequences of considering each path in a very easily understandable way; in the formats of maps and tables, which makes the tradeoffs of costs and risks considerably simpler, as in some cases slightly compromising on trucking cost may drastically decrease the probable health risk and/or traffic difficulties. This will not only be rewarding to the community by making cities safer places to live, but also can be beneficial to shipping companies by allowing them to advertise as environmental friendly conveyors.

Optimisation of environmental gas cleaning routes for solid wastes cogeneration systems - Part I - Analysis of waste incineration steam cycle

Research of advanced technologies for energy generation contemplates a series of alternatives that are introduced both in the investigation of new energy sources and in the improvement and/or development of new components and systems. Even though significant reductions are observed in the amount of emissions, the proposed alternatives require the use of exhaust gases cleaning systems. The results of environmental analyses based on two configurations proposed for urban waste incineration are presented in this paper; the annexation of integer (Boolean) variables to the environomic model makes it possible to define the best gas cleaning routes based on exergetic cost minimisation criteria. In this first part, the results for steam cogeneration system analysis associated with the incineration of municipal solid wastes (MSW) is presented. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Optimisation of environmental gas cleaning routes for solid wastes cogeneration systems. Part II - Analysis of waste incineration combined gas/steam cycle

In the first paper of this paper (Part I), conditions were presented for the gas cleaning technological route for environomic optimisation of a cogeneration system based in a thermal cycle with municipal solid waste incineration. In this second part, an environomic analysis is presented of a cogeneration system comprising a combined cycle composed of a gas cycle burning natural gas with a heat recovery steam generator with no supplementary burning and a steam cycle burning municipal solid wastes (MSW) to which will be added a pure back pressure steam turbine (another one) of pure condensation. This analysis aims to select, concerning some scenarios, the best atmospheric pollutant emission control routes (rc) according to the investment cost minimisation, operation and social damage criteria. In this study, a comparison is also performed with the results obtained in the Case Study presented in Part I. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.