ESTUDIO PILOTO SOBRE LA EVALUACIÓN CUALITATIVA DE LOS PROBLEMAS Y PROPUESTAS DE SOLUCIÓN PARA EL USO DEL RECURSO HÍDRICO EN LA SUBCUENCA DEL RÍO VIRILLA

La experiencia en la gestión de cuencas, en particular en su aspecto hídrico-social, indica que el problema surge por causalidad recíproca de distintos factores biológicos y socioeconómicos, ligados a una gestión del desarrollo, que por lo común, no atiende los riesgos que crea. La gestión efectiva de los recursos hídricos y bióticos involucrados suele ignorar el conflicto que. en términos sociales, traen consigo los usos no sustentables. Por tanto, una gestión alternativa exige un enfoque integral, que busque relacionar valores sociales (no  únicamente económicos) con criterios ecológicos y con otros parámetros diversos.La integral idad de la gestión de cuencas depende de que las decisiones estén sujetas tanto a sistemas de planificación territorial, con la perspectiva abierta sobre los ecosistemas boscosos (protección de cuencas, control de erosión, ciclo del carbono, recreación, etc.) como a sistemas interdependientes de preferencias o toma de decisiones sociales.Lo anterior no se puede evaluar eficientemente con las técnicas convencionales de valoración, ni con las herramientas de la economía ambiental y de recursos naturales para países en desarrollo. Si bien esas técnicas son útiles en la administración de algunos recursos estratégicos. no son suficientes cuando se trata de valorar ambientes donde se debe enfrentar limitaciones en términos de indeterminación, incertidumbre, indivisibilidad, racionalidades sujetas a decisiones colectivas e individuales o a cuestiones de distribución socioecológica.El diseño metodológico aquí presentado ha permitido identificar los diferentes actores involucrados, describiendo, al mismo tiempo, los problemas de gestión que enfrentan y ha pennitido delimitar los conflictos sociales y mostrar diferentes posibilidades para su solución por medio de compromisos, cooperación y diálogo entre las panes, dando oportunidad que emergieran soluciones para el manejo integral de la subcuenca del no Viruta.Abstract:The experience in the administration of basins, in particular in their social-hydric aspect, it indicates that thc problem anses for reciprocal causation of different biological and socioeconomic factors, bound toan administration of dic development thai in general doesn’t assist dic risks thai shelhe believes. The effectivc administration of the hydrics resources and involved biotic usually ignore dic conflict that, in social terms. she/he brings 1 gel the non sustainablc uses. Therefore. an alternative administration demands an integral focus thai looks for to relate social values (nol only economic) to ecological approaches and other diverse parameters.The composedly of dic basin administration depends thai the decisions are subject to systems of territorial planning. with dic open perspective on the wooded ecosystems (basin protection, erosion control. cycle of the carbon. recreation, etc.) as much as Lo intcrdcpendeni systems of preferences or taking of social decisions.The above-mentioned you can nol evaluate efficiendy with the conventional techniques of valuacion, neithcr with the tools of the environmental economy and of natural resources for countries in development. Although those techniques are useful in ihe administration of sorne strategic resources. they are fol enough when it is to value atmospheres where it should be faced limitations in indetermination terms. uncertainty, indivisibility, rationalities subject to collecuve and individual decisions. or to questions of partner-ecological distribution.The mcthodological design here prescnted it has allowcd lo ideniify. the different involved actors, describing, al the same time, dic administration problems that face and it has allowed to define the social contlicts and to show different possibilities for dic their solution through comrnitments, cooperation and dialogue arnong dic paris. giving opportunity thai solutions emerged for the integral handling of the Vinila river basin.

The geographical co-distribution and socio-ecological drivers of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea in Queensland, Australia

This study aimed to explore the spatiotemporal patterns, geographic co-distribution, and socio-ecological drivers of childhood pneumonia and diarrhea in Queensland. A Bayesian conditional autoregressive model was used to quantify the impacts of socio-ecological factors on both childhood pneumonia and diarrhea at a postal area level. A distinct seasonality of childhood pneumonia and diarrhea was found. Childhood pneumonia and diarrhea mainly distributed in northwest of Queensland. Mount Isa was the high-risk cluster where childhood pneumonia and diarrhea co-distributed. Emergency department visits (EDVs) for pneumonia increased by 3% per 10-mm increase in monthly average rainfall, in wet seasons. In comparison, a 10-mm increase in monthly average rainfall may increase 4% of EDVs for diarrhea. Monthly average temperature was negatively associated with EDVs for childhood diarrhea, in wet seasons. Low socioeconomic index for areas (SEIFA) was associated with high EDVs for childhood pneumonia. Future pneumonia and diarrhea prevention and control measures in Queensland should focus more on Mount Isa.

Unveiling the factors shaping the distribution of widely distributed alpine vertebrates, using multi-scale ecological niche modelling of the bat Plecotus macrobullaris

Several alpine vertebrates share a distribution pattern that extends across the South-western Palearctic but is limited to the main mountain massifs. Although they are usually regarded as cold-adapted species, the range of many alpine vertebrates also includes relatively warm areas, suggesting that factors beyond climatic conditions may be driving their distribution. In this work we first recognize the species belonging to the mentioned biogeographic group and, based on the environmental niche analysis of Plecotus macrobullaris, we identify and characterize the environmental factors constraining their ranges. Distribution overlap analysis of 504 European vertebrates was done using the Sorensen Similarity Index, and we identified four birds and one mammal that share the distribution with P. macrobullaris. We generated 135 environmental niche models including different variable combinations and regularization values for P. macrobullaris at two different scales and resolutions. After selecting the best models, we observed that topographic variables outperformed climatic predictors, and the abruptness of the landscape showed better predictive ability than elevation. The best explanatory climatic variable was mean summer temperature, which showed that P. macrobullaris is able to cope with mean temperature ranges spanning up to 16 degrees C. The models showed that the distribution of P. macrobullaris is mainly shaped by topographic factors that provide rock-abundant and open-space habitats rather than climatic determinants, and that the species is not a cold-adapted, but rather a cold-tolerant eurithermic organism. P. macrobullaris shares its distribution pattern as well as several ecological features with five other alpine vertebrates, suggesting that the conclusions obtained from this study might be extensible to them. We concluded that rock-dwelling and open-space foraging vertebrates with broad temperature tolerance are the best candidates to show wide alpine distribution in the Western Palearctic.

Ecological factors related to the distribution of Bankia gouldi Bartsch in Chesapeake Bay

Organisms were collected on test panels, six inch lengths of dressed two by four inch pine, suspended in the water in a vertical position as described by Turner (1947). The panels were usually located at some convenient structure such as a dock-piling or sea-wall. Except where otherwise indicated by the data, the samples were collected from each station once a month between May 1950 and May 1953. During the three year period, seven hundred and nineteen panels were submerged in Chesapeake Bay. Approximately 14,000 organisms were encountered on these panels of which 20% or approximately 3,000 organisms could be identified from the dried pallets. Preliminary notes on the extent of fouling were made in the field after which the samples were removed to the laboratory for further study.

An ecological study of seasonal distribution of Ostracoda, Solomons Island, Maryland, region

The determination of the distribution and seasonal fluctuations of ostracodes living in the littoral zone directly in front of the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory has been attempted in the present study. Samples taken in other parts of the Chesapeake Bay and around Solomons harbor, show that other species of ostracodes exist but these forms have not been considered in the two-year study here reported. The seasonal distribution of the species was compared with hydrographical records furnished for the same period by the Chesapeake Biological Laboratory in order to determine the correlation between ecological factors and seasonal fluctuations in numbers and species of Ostracoda.

Physiology, ecological niches and species distribution

Although many studies have debated the theoretical links between physiology, ecological niches and species distribution, few studies have provided evidence for a tight empirical coupling between these concepts at a macroecological scale. We used an ecophysiological model to assess the fundamental niche of a key-structural marine species. We found a close relationship between its fundamental and realized niche. The relationship remains constant at both biogeographical and decadal scales, showing that changes in environmental forcing propagate from the physiological to the macroecological level. A substantial shift in the spatial distribution is detected in the North Atlantic and projections of range shift using IPCC scenarios suggest a poleward movement of the species of one degree of latitude per decade for the 21st century. The shift in the spatial distribution of this species reveals a pronounced alteration of polar pelagic ecosystems with likely implications for lower and upper trophic levels and some biogeochemical cycles.

Assessing the distribution of social-ecological resilience and risk: Ireland as a case study of the uneven impact of famine

Explanations for the causes of famine and food insecurity often reside at a high level of aggregation or abstraction. Popular models within famine studies have often emphasised the role of prime movers such as population stress, or the political-economic structure of access channels, as key determinants of food security. Explanation typically resides at the macro level, obscuring the presence of substantial within-country differences in the manner in which such stressors operate. This study offers an alternative approach to analyse the uneven nature of food security, drawing on the Great Irish famine of 1845–1852. Ireland is often viewed as a classical case of Malthusian stress, whereby population outstripped food supply under a pre-famine demographic regime of expanded fertility. Many have also pointed to Ireland's integration with capitalist markets through its colonial relationship with the British state, and country-wide system of landlordism, as key determinants of local agricultural activity. Such models are misguided, ignoring both substantial complexities in regional demography, and the continuity of non-capitalistic, communal modes of land management long into the nineteenth century. Drawing on resilience ecology and complexity theory, this paper subjects a set of aggregate data on pre-famine Ireland to an optimisation clustering procedure, in order to discern the potential presence of distinctive social–ecological regimes. Based on measures of demography, social structure, geography, and land tenure, this typology reveals substantial internal variation in regional social–ecological structure, and vastly differing levels of distress during the peak famine months. This exercise calls into question the validity of accounts which emphasise uniformity of structure, by revealing a variety of regional regimes, which profoundly mediated local conditions of food security. Future research should therefore consider the potential presence of internal variations in resilience and risk exposure, rather than seeking to characterise cases based on singular macro-dynamics and stressors alone.

How historical and present climat conditions affected the distribution of the mediterranean whter shrew?:a phylogeographical and ecological approach

Tese de doutoramento, Biologia (Biologia Evolutiva), Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Ciências, 2014

Distribución potencial y análisis ecológico de taxus globosa en México = Potential distribution and ecological analysis of taxus globosa in México.

Tesis (Doctor en Ciencias con Especialidad en Manejo de Recursos Naturales) UANL, 2011.

Distribution and bioactive potential of soil actinomycetes from different ecological habitats

Emergence of drug resistance among pathogenic bacteria to currently available antibiotics has intensified the search for novel bioactive compounds from unexplored habitats. In the present study actinomycetes were isolated from two relatively unexplored and widely differing habitats such as mountain and wetlands and their ability to produce antibacterial substances were analyzed. Pure cultures of actinomycetes were identified by morphological and biochemical tests. Various genera of actinomycetes encountered included Nocardia, Pseudonocardia, Streptomyces, Nocardiopsis, Streptosporangium, Micromonospora, Rhodococcus, Actinosynnema, Nocardiodes, Kitasatosporia, Gordona, Intrasporangium and Streptoalloteichus. The frequency of occurrence of each genus was found to vary with sample. About 47% of wetland isolates and 33% of mountain isolates were identified as various species of Nocardia. The isolated strains differed among themselves in their ability to decompose proteins and amino acids and also in enzyme production potential. Antibiotic activities of these actinomycetes were evaluated against 12 test pathogenic bacteria by well diffusion method using agar wells in glycerol-yeast extract agar. About 95% of actinomycete isolates from wetland ecosystem and 75% of highland isolates suppressed in different degrees the growth of test pathogens. Relatively high antibacterial activity among these isolates underlined their potential as a source of novel antibiotics.

Ecological niche modeling and geographical distribution of pollinator and plants: A case study of Peponapis fervens (Smith, 1879) (Eucerini: Apidae) and Cucurbita species (Cucurbitaceae)

The bees of the Peponapes genus (Eucerini, Apidae) have a Neotropical distribution with the center of species diversity located in Mexico and are specialized in Cucurbita plants. which have many species of economic importance. such as squashes and pumpkins Peponapis fervens is the only species of the genus known from southern South America The Cucurbita species occurring in the same area as P fervens Include four domesticated species (C ficifolia, C maxima maxima, C moschata and C pepo) and one non-domesticated species (Cucurbita maxima andreana) It was suggested that C. in andreana was the original pollen source to P fervens, and this bee expanded its geographical range due to the domestication of Cucurbita The potential geographical areas of these species were determined and compared using ecological niche modeling that was performed with the computational system openModeller and GARP with best subsets algorithm The climatic variables obtained through modeling were compared using Cluster Analysis Results show that the potential areas of domesticated species practically spread all over South America The potential area of P fervens Includes the areas of C m andreana but reaches a larger area, where the domesticated species of Cucurbita also Occur The Cluster Analysis shows a high climatic similarity between P fervens and C. m. andreana Nevertheless. P fervens presents the ability to occupy areas with wider ranges of climatic variables and to exploit resources provided by domesticated species (C) 2009 Elsevier B V All rights reserved

Distribution of Brazilian dermatologists according to geographic location, population and HDI of municipalities: an ecological study

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Plasticity of stomatal distribution pattern and stem tracheid dimensions in Podocarpus lambertii: an ecological study

Leaf and wood plasticity are key elements in the survival of widely distributed plant species. Little is known, however, about variation in stomatal distribution in the leaf epidermis and its correlation with the dimensions of conducting cells in wood. This study aimed at testing the hypothesis that Podocarpus lambertii, a conifer tree, possesses a well-defined pattern of stomatal distribution, and that this pattern can vary together with the dimensions of stem tracheids as a possible strategy to survive in climatically different sites. Leaves and wood were sampled from trees growing in a cold, wet site in south-eastern Brazil and in a warm, dry site in north-eastern Brazil. Stomata were thoroughly mapped in leaves from each study site to determine a spatial sampling strategy. Stomatal density, stomatal index and guard cell length were then sampled in three regions of the leaf: near the midrib, near the leaf margin and in between the two. This sampling strategy was used to test for a pattern and its possible variation between study sites. Wood and stomata data were analysed together via principal component analysis. The following distribution pattern was found in the south-eastern leaves: the stomatal index was up to 25 higher in the central leaf region, between the midrib and the leaf margin, than in the adjacent regions. The inverse pattern was found in the north-eastern leaves, in which the stomatal index was 10 higher near the midrib and the leaf margin. This change in pattern was accompanied by smaller tracheid lumen diameter and length. Podocarpus lambertii individuals in sites with higher temperature and lower water availability jointly regulate stomatal distribution in leaves and tracheid dimensions in wood. The observed stomatal distribution pattern and variation appear to be closely related to the placement of conducting tissue in the mesophyll.