J.A.D.E. jardín y arquitectura doméstica del este: (la casa contemporánea japonesa, el refugio y el jardín, Tokio: 1991-2011)

El capítulo 1 de esta tesis doctoral describe conceptos relativos a la ontología y a la arquitectura como, por ejemplo, la cuestión de “El lugar” o “Basho” o el espacio visto desde un punto de vista filosófico. En este capítulo se examinan las diferencias y similitudes entre la ideología oriental y la filosofía de occidente a lo largo de la historia y se esbozan los puntos comunes entre ambas en cuestiones que atañen al habitar. En el capítulo 2, estos conceptos se enumeran y ordenan y se extraen diferentes conclusiones en cuanto a la percepción de valores como el espacio o el vacío, fundamentales para entender la arquitectura y el paisaje en las culturas de Oriente y Occidente. El capítulo 3 describe el paisaje oriental y el jardín chino a modo de prólogo del de Japón. Este capítulo introduce al lector en la historia del jardín y explica las transformaciones que éste ha sufrido a lo largo de la historia de China. El capítulo 4 es una asimilación de los conceptos examinados en los capítulos 1,2 y 3 y en él se analizan los aspectos compositivos fundamentales del jardín chino y sus elementos como, por ejemplo, el centro, el límite, el agua o la montaña. El capítulo 5 consiste en una introducción al paisaje japonés que comienza con el estudio de su geografía, su lengua, su literatura y sus períodos históricos más importantes previos a la era moderna: la era primitiva “Jomon”, la era “Yayoi”, los tres Shogunatos y la Revolución Meiji. La segunda parte del capítulo 5 describe los jardines japoneses a lo largo de la historia tales como el jardín Karesansui, los jardines de Kioto o el arte del jardín Tatebana, entre otros. El capítulo 6 comienza con una copia del texto medieval japonés, “HOJOKI”. Al igual que en los capítulos 2 y 4, en el capítulo 6 se extraen los valores del capítulo anterior, esta vez, mediante un comentario de texto. En esencia, este libro demuestra la importancia de la “cabaña en la naturaleza” para la cultura japonesa, así como la relación del espacio doméstico y el jardín a lo largo de su historia. El capítulo 7 describe la evolución del paisaje de la ciudad china en paralelo a la evolución del paisaje urbano japonés que se desarrolla en el capítulo 9. El capítulo 8 es un nexo de unión entre los capítulos 7 y 9 puesto que explica las influencias paisajísticas y urbanas mutuas entre las culturas china y japonesa a lo largo de la historia como es el caso del trazado de las antiguas ciudades capitales chinas y japonesas o el de los paisajes y urbes proyectados sobre la topografía de Manchuria durante la ocupación japonesa de China. El capítulo 9 describe el paisaje japonés moderno, sus ciudades y sus paisajes interurbanos como, por ejemplo, el Tokai-do. A continuación describe la evolución de la arquitectura y el jardín japonés a lo largo del siglo XX, los principales movimientos de vanguardia, las circunstancias económicas que llevaron al país a la crisis de los 90 y la lenta recuperación económica posterior. Por último, este capítulo explica la destrucción del paisaje del norte tras El Gran Terremoto del Este del 2011 y su recuperación a corto plazo. El capítulo 10 se compone de tres entrevistas a tres figuras relevantes del mundo académico y de la arquitectura japonesa. Algunos de los temas que exponen son la arquitectura doméstica japonesa, el jardín y la naturaleza de esta cultura, la situación de la ciudad de Tokio o el rol del arquitecto en la sociedad contemporánea, entre otros. Además de estas cuestiones, se debate acerca de los recursos y la recuperación del país tras El Gran Terremoto del Este de Japón. Finalmente, el capítulo 11 consiste en un estudio en profundidad acerca del paisaje de la ciudad de Tokio y el espacio doméstico y el jardín en base a los conceptos estudiados en los capítulos 1 y 2 y en relación a los valores paisajísticos vistos en los capítulos 3,4,5 y 6, además de los temas urbanos y topográficos estudiados en los capítulos 7,8,9 y 10. En este capítulo se estudia la figura del sujeto individual y colectivo, el refugio, el jardín, las acciones urbanas del Machizukuri, el parque y la morfología y evolución de los barrios centrales de Tokio y sus espacios domésticos y parques y jardines vistos a través de los datos estadísticos proporcionados por el gobierno. Además, el texto estudia un total de 21 casos seleccionados y analizados a través de la comparación de cerca de 800 viviendas domésticas publicadas entre 1991 y 2011 en las revistas de gran prestigio nacional e internacional, Shinkenchiku Jutakutokushu y GA Houses. Tras el análisis de los casos de estudio, se extraen una serie de conclusiones y clasificaciones del jardín en el espacio doméstico del centro de Tokio en dicho periodo. Los últimos tres capítulos de la tesis doctoral se dividen en: una traducción al inglés del resumen y las conclusiones más importantes del capítulo 11 (capítulo 12) una conclusión y resumen homólogos en japonés (capítulo 13) y un cuaderno de dibujos a mano realizado por la autora sobre especies botánicas naturalizadas domésticas de la ciudad de Tokio (capítulo 14) ABSTRACT Chapter 1 of this Ph.D. thesis describes concepts related to ontology and architecture like the issue of “The place” in Japan, or “The space” as seen from a philosophic point of view. In this chapter, the differences between the essential ancient Asian ideology and the philosophical contemporary thought of the East are discussed, and at the same time the transcendental thought coming from the West is analysed and compared to both of them. In Chapter 2 these concepts are analysed specifically in the field of “inhabiting the domestic space” and the text fathoms the common points between Eastern and Western thought relating to the house and the garden. Chapter 3 describes the oriental landscape and garden of China as a prologue to that of Japan. This chapter starts with a brief description of the history of the garden in the East and the West and introduces the reader into the geography and changes that have taken place in China since the birth of its culture. Chapter 4 entails a brief assimilation of what has been deduced from chapters 1, 2 and 3. In this chapter the compositive and design aspects of the Chinese garden are described, aspects such as centre, limit, the element of the mountain, emptiness, water, and vision or the theatre. Chapter 5 is an introduction to the history of landscape and architecture in Japan that starts with a geographical insight into the country and with a short summary about the language, the primitive “Jomon” culture, the “Yayoi” era , the three Shogunates.and the Meiji Revolution. In the second part of chapter 5, the text describes Japanese gardens throughout history, for example the Karesansui garden, the history of Kyoto and its gardens, the garden in relationship with art and with Japanese literature or the art of Tatebana. Chapter 6 starts with a copy of the medieval text “HOJOKI” and discusses issues such as the meaning of “the hut in the nature” for Japanese culture and its relationship with the domestic space and the garden. Chapter 7 discusses the development of cities in the landscape in Chinese culture in parallel with an observation of the evolution of cities in Japanese culture and landscape. Chapter 8 is the crux of the Ph.D. research as it explains the mutual influences of landscape, urban planning, construction and architecture between Japan in China. Chapter 9 describes the Japanese urban planning since the very first urban developments and develops a study on the evolution of the Japanese cities and roads (like the Tokai-do) in the landscape. Also, it describes the reconstruction of the cities of Japan after the Second World War, the cultural vanguard movements, the economical circumstances that led to the Japan´ s economic crisis of the 90´s and the slow recovery of its economy. Also, at the end of this chapter, the text analyses the event of the Great East Japan Earthquake of 211. Chapter 10 of this Ph.D. research is composed of a number of interviews with architects and professors about architecture, nature in the domestic space, the role of the architect nowadays in addition to facts about energy and about the Great East Japan Earthquake . Finally, chapter 11 consists of a deep study concerning the current situation in the city of Tokyo and the relationship between its domestic spaces (dwellings) and gardens based on the philosophical values studied in chapters 1 and 2, aswell as the landscape values of the garden studied in chapters 3,4,5, and 6 plus the information about the cities in the landscape studied in chapters 7,8, 9 and 10. In this chapter the main goal is to study the human being, the refuge, the garden, the urban planning actions of Machizukuri, the park and the morphology and evolution of the central quarters of Tokyo and of its domestic spaces and parks seen through the statistical data provided by the Japanese government in the last decades. Also, the text provides a study on 21 cases selected and analysed through the comparison of around 800 domestic spaces designed in between 1991 and 2011 and published in “Shinkenchiku Jutakutokushu” and “GA Houses” magazines. After these study cases, a number of conclusions are developed and also a classification of the domestic garden in the center of Tokyo. The last three chapters of this Ph.D. work are divided in: the translation to English of the summary and main conclusions of chapter 11 of the research in Chapter 12, the translation to Japanese of the summary and main conclusions of chapter 11 of the research in Chapter 13, and a collection of hand-drawings done by the author about the botanical species found in the gardens of the domestic realms of Tokyo in Chapter 14.

Gramática de la casa: perspectivas de análisis arqueológico de los espacios domésticos medievales en la Península Ibérica (siglos VII-XIII)

El espacio doméstico construido es un producto social que a su vez crea sociedad. La casa constituye un escenario privilegiado, un medio de expresión y transmisión de conductas y comportamientos. No obstante, resulta muy difícil comprender el espacio social a través de unas ruinas arqueológicas vacías y carentes de tercera dimensión, y se corre el riesgo de proyectar una imagen historiográfica previamente construida sobre las sociedades estudiadas. La comprensión del espacio social requiere formalizar y discutir los patrones formales de las estructuras domésticas y sus formas de agrupación. Este trabajo aborda el estudio de los espacios domésticos desde una perspectiva lingüística (una gramática de la casa), distinguiendo los elementos en sí y sus combinaciones. Se definen tres niveles distintos de análisis del hecho doméstico: el morfológico, que se ocupa de la forma de las unidades domésticas y de las transformaciones que experimentan; el sintáctico que enfatiza las relaciones entre las estructuras elementales en el marco de una estructura espacial organizada; y el semiótico, que las analiza como expresiones sociales, materialización e instrumento de significados culturales. De acuerdo a esta perspectiva se propone una reflexión metodológica sobre la caracterización de los espacios domésticos medievales e islámicos en la Península Ibérica; se plantean los problemas derivados del uso social del espacio, los modelos domésticos y su diacronía, y se discute acerca de la casa como indicador material de islamización.

Cerámica, espacio doméstico y vida social: el temprano al-Andalus en el sudeste peninsular a la luz de El Tolmo de Minateda (Hellín, Albacete)

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la cerámica emiral como indicador material de las formas de vida social. Para ello, hemos basado nuestro trabajo en el estudio de los espacios domésticos. Se contrastan dos aspectos: el conocimiento preciso de los conjuntos materiales emirales en el SE de al-Andalus, y la lectura contextual (social antes que morfológica) de diversos conjuntos materiales procedentes de espacios domésticos bien documentados arqueológicamente en el barrio emiral de El Tolmo de Minateda (Hellín, Albacete). El número de objetos completos y su variedad funcional permite comprender el espacio doméstico y proponer pautas de comensalía y vida social.

Sintaxis espacial en el oppidum ibérico. Reflexiones sobre los modelos espaciales y sociales

En el presente trabajo realizamos un aproximación mediante el análisis basado en la sintaxis espacial aplicado al espacio doméstico de las sociedades de la edad del Hierro de la franja central de la Iberia Mediterránea, entre los siglos VI y III a. C. En una primera sección se introduce la importancia de la configuración de las casas para comprender la sociedad ibérica. A continuación seleccionamos algunos ejemplos de la mitad meridional del País Valenciano para realizar nuestro análisis. Se identifican de dos modelos espaciales claramente definidos. Por último se relacionan estos esquemas constructivos con los procesos de agregación de unidades familiares para constituir las comunidades ibéricas.

Characterization of urban aerosol in Cork city (Ireland) using aerosol mass spectrometry

Ambient wintertime background urban aerosol in Cork city, Ireland, was characterized using aerosol mass spectrometry. During the three-week measurement study in 2009, 93% of the ca. 1 350 000 single particles characterized by an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (TSI ATOFMS) were classified into five organic-rich particle types, internally mixed to different proportions with elemental carbon (EC), sulphate and nitrate, while the remaining 7% was predominantly inorganic in nature. Non-refractory PM1 aerosol was characterized using a High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Aerodyne HR-ToF-AMS) and was also found to comprise organic aerosol as the most abundant species (62 %), followed by nitrate (15 %), sulphate (9 %) and ammonium (9 %), and chloride (5 %). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the HR-ToF-AMS organic matrix, and a five-factor solution was found to describe the variance in the data well. Specifically, "hydrocarbon-like" organic aerosol (HOA) comprised 20% of the mass, "low-volatility" oxygenated organic aerosol (LV-OOA) comprised 18 %, "biomass burning" organic aerosol (BBOA) comprised 23 %, non-wood solid-fuel combustion "peat and coal" organic aerosol (PCOA) comprised 21 %, and finally a species type characterized by primary m/z peaks at 41 and 55, similar to previously reported "cooking" organic aerosol (COA), but possessing different diurnal variations to what would be expected for cooking activities, contributed 18 %. Correlations between the different particle types obtained by the two aerosol mass spectrometers are also discussed. Despite wood, coal and peat being minor fuel types used for domestic space heating in urban areas, their relatively low combustion efficiencies result in a significant contribution to PM1 aerosol mass (44% and 28% of the total organic aerosol mass and non-refractory total PM1, respectively).Ambient wintertime background urban aerosol in Cork city, Ireland, was characterized using aerosol mass spectrometry. During the three-week measurement study in 2009, 93% of the ca. 1 350 000 single particles characterized by an Aerosol Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (TSI ATOFMS) were classified into five organic-rich particle types, internally mixed to different proportions with elemental carbon (EC), sulphate and nitrate, while the remaining 7% was predominantly inorganic in nature. Non-refractory PM1 aerosol was characterized using a High Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (Aerodyne HR-ToF-AMS) and was also found to comprise organic aerosol as the most abundant species (62 %), followed by nitrate (15 %), sulphate (9 %) and ammonium (9 %), and chloride (5 %). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the HR-ToF-AMS organic matrix, and a five-factor solution was found to describe the variance in the data well. Specifically, "hydrocarbon-like" organic aerosol (HOA) comprised 20% of the mass, "low-volatility" oxygenated organic aerosol (LV-OOA) comprised 18 %, "biomass burning" organic aerosol (BBOA) comprised 23 %, non-wood solid-fuel combustion "peat and coal" organic aerosol (PCOA) comprised 21 %, and finally a species type characterized by primary m/z peaks at 41 and 55, similar to previously reported "cooking" organic aerosol (COA), but possessing different diurnal variations to what would be expected for cooking activities, contributed 18 %. Correlations between the different particle types obtained by the two aerosol mass spectrometers are also discussed. Despite wood, coal and peat being minor fuel types used for domestic space heating in urban areas, their relatively low combustion efficiencies result in a significant contribution to PM1 aerosol mass (44% and 28% of the total organic aerosol mass and non-refractory total PM1, respectively).

"Suffragettes of the Harem": The Evolution of Sympathy and the Afterlives of Sentimentality in American Feminist Orientalism, 1865-1920

This project examines narrative encounters in space identified as “harem,” produced by authors with biographical ties to the vanguard of the American Suffrage Movement. I regard these feminists’ circulations East, to the domestic space of the Other, as a hitherto unstudied, yet critical component of transnationalism in the history of U.S. Suffrage. This literary record also crucially reveals the extent to which sentimentality was plotted as a potential force for the reform of other cultures. An urge to sympathize denied in the space of the harem illustrates the colonial anxieties that subtended sentimentality’s prospective deployment beyond national borders. In five chapters on the work of Anna Leonowens, Susan Elston Wallace, Demetra Vaka Brown, Charlotte Perkins Gilman, and Edith Wharton, I examine how Suffrage-minded authors writing the harem strategically abandon an activist praxis of fellow feeling. Such a reluctance to transform sentimental literature into a colonial literature consequently informs that genre’s postbellum decline. The sentiments that run dry for American feminists in the harem additionally foreground the costly failures of Wilsonian Idealism, a doctrine that appropriated a discourse of sentimentality in order to script the United States’ expanded involvement in global affairs.

Da cozinha ao terreiro em Mutamba da Caieira (RN) : cotidiano, espaço doméstico e sociabilidade

In this work we thought about the social use of the domestic space and, specifically, the space destined to the preparation of food. The kitchen is a creative space of social relationships. There the families exchange daily interaction with the neighbors, in a collective of the space reserved to the making of food. Our empiric research was in the Mutamba da Caieira community, located in the county of Assu (RN). The data was collected through the etnographic method aided by the photographic resources. In the discussion, we delimitated at the house three types of kitchens: one reserved to the family, another kitchen in the terrace and yet another kitchen in the yard. They are kitchens that link amongst themselves with activities and differentiated temporalities. In the daily social exchange, the kitchen imposes itself as a social space through the conditions that it offers for the production of the foods, the circulation of domestic objects, the communication of knowledge around the cookery, operating a group of symbolic and ritual actions combined with appropriate techniques for the transformation of the foods. The study reveals that the domestic chores accomplished amon relatives and friends form webs of intracommunitary relationships in the use of the three kitchens, and that the social network is updated in a singular moment that usually happens in the community, the Game of Pacará

Saudosa Maloca, Maloca querida: um estudo morfológico da relação forma/usos do espaço em moradias autoconstruídas e construídas pelo poder público após um ano de ocupação

This study intends to enhance the existing knowledge concerning the patterns of the uses of space for low cost housing in Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, by way of comparative morphological studies in spatial arrangements and articulations regarding three distinct, however inter-related, sets of social housing: (1) a development comprising 21 self-built houses erected on public routes and illegal plots within a tract of land originally designed to be an industrial development: (2) architect-designed houses built by the public authority in order to accommodate the previous 21 (plus a few additions) families occupying the self-built dwellings, and (3) modifications performed by dwellers on a total of those 24 houses built by the public authority after an occupation period of one year. The predominant uses of each room within the self-built and modified houses were represented in ground plan, based on empirical observation, surveys with dwellers and the use of analytical procedures of morphologic analysis of nature predominantly geometric (specific) and topology (space syntax analysis). A scale of priorities was identified in relation to the uses of each room, its geometrical arrangement (adjacency, front/back relations etc), and underlying structures (connectivity, depth and spatial integration) in order to establish congruencies and non-congruencies between a social-cultural order embedded in the self-built domestic space and the design logic contained in the houses offered by official agencies. The comparative analysis points towards the convivial existence of two tendencies: one that seems to reinforce a design logic inasmuch as the additions and modifications performed by the dwellers do not alter but even emphasize the original configuration of the designed houses, and another one in which those patterns are subverted in accordance with a logic which, to a lesser or greater degree, coincides with that of the self-built dwellings

Aparências da forma e forma do espaço: análise da configuração espacial de residências unifamiliares dos anos 1970 em João Pessoa PB

Assuming that the form of a building shell and its content the spatial form are distinct dimensions of architecture - however indivisible and interdependent -, this study focus, in the light of the Social Logic of Space (HILLIER; HANSON, 1984), on the intrinsic properties through which domestic space was structured in a sample of single-family dwellings built in João Pessoa (PB) during the 1970s - when the vocabulary of modern architecture still prevailed in Brazil though sharing the urban scene with other architectural trends -, in order to investigate regularities or divergences underlying their conception. These dwellings were originally classified (ARAÚJO, 2010a) in five categories defined according to the form of their building shells and to their prevailing construction techniques: (1) Brazilian modern legacy (considered as truly Brazilian modern style); (2) Paulista architecture (that refers to the modern production of São Paulo, Brazil, from the 1950s through the 1970s); (3) experiences of rationalization and prefabrication ; (4) experiences of adaptation to the climate (referring to a design strongly influenced by the hot and humid climate of North-eastern Brazil); and (5) hybrid (to account for a kind of stylistic hybridism that includes formal attributes, which evoke our colonial past). This study aims to determine, through the analyses of nineteen cases that represent each category, whether this taxonomy corresponds to distinct modes of spatial configuration. This research therefore proposes an approach to the classification of domestic architecture based on topological properties. The dwellings spatial organization was represented, quantified and analyzed, their spatial properties explored in consonance with one another and with the literature. Results pointed out that there is no evidence of a reciprocal relationship between the formal look of the built shells and their respective spatial structures

Da cozinha ao terreiro em Mutamba da Caieira (RN) : cotidiano, espaço doméstico e sociabilidade

In this work we thought about the social use of the domestic space and, specifically, the space destined to the preparation of food. The kitchen is a creative space of social relationships. There the families exchange daily interaction with the neighbors, in a collective of the space reserved to the making of food. Our empiric research was in the Mutamba da Caieira community, located in the county of Assu (RN). The data was collected through the etnographic method aided by the photographic resources. In the discussion, we delimitated at the house three types of kitchens: one reserved to the family, another kitchen in the terrace and yet another kitchen in the yard. They are kitchens that link amongst themselves with activities and differentiated temporalities. In the daily social exchange, the kitchen imposes itself as a social space through the conditions that it offers for the production of the foods, the circulation of domestic objects, the communication of knowledge around the cookery, operating a group of symbolic and ritual actions combined with appropriate techniques for the transformation of the foods. The study reveals that the domestic chores accomplished amon relatives and friends form webs of intracommunitary relationships in the use of the three kitchens, and that the social network is updated in a singular moment that usually happens in the community, the Game of Pacará

Saudosa Maloca, Maloca querida: um estudo morfológico da relação forma/usos do espaço em moradias autoconstruídas e construídas pelo poder público após um ano de ocupação

This study intends to enhance the existing knowledge concerning the patterns of the uses of space for low cost housing in Parnamirim, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, by way of comparative morphological studies in spatial arrangements and articulations regarding three distinct, however inter-related, sets of social housing: (1) a development comprising 21 self-built houses erected on public routes and illegal plots within a tract of land originally designed to be an industrial development: (2) architect-designed houses built by the public authority in order to accommodate the previous 21 (plus a few additions) families occupying the self-built dwellings, and (3) modifications performed by dwellers on a total of those 24 houses built by the public authority after an occupation period of one year. The predominant uses of each room within the self-built and modified houses were represented in ground plan, based on empirical observation, surveys with dwellers and the use of analytical procedures of morphologic analysis of nature predominantly geometric (specific) and topology (space syntax analysis). A scale of priorities was identified in relation to the uses of each room, its geometrical arrangement (adjacency, front/back relations etc), and underlying structures (connectivity, depth and spatial integration) in order to establish congruencies and non-congruencies between a social-cultural order embedded in the self-built domestic space and the design logic contained in the houses offered by official agencies. The comparative analysis points towards the convivial existence of two tendencies: one that seems to reinforce a design logic inasmuch as the additions and modifications performed by the dwellers do not alter but even emphasize the original configuration of the designed houses, and another one in which those patterns are subverted in accordance with a logic which, to a lesser or greater degree, coincides with that of the self-built dwellings

Flexibilidade no espaço doméstico

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Arquitectura, apresentada na Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitetura.

Aparências da forma e forma do espaço: análise da configuração espacial de residências unifamiliares dos anos 1970 em João Pessoa PB

Assuming that the form of a building shell and its content the spatial form are distinct dimensions of architecture - however indivisible and interdependent -, this study focus, in the light of the Social Logic of Space (HILLIER; HANSON, 1984), on the intrinsic properties through which domestic space was structured in a sample of single-family dwellings built in João Pessoa (PB) during the 1970s - when the vocabulary of modern architecture still prevailed in Brazil though sharing the urban scene with other architectural trends -, in order to investigate regularities or divergences underlying their conception. These dwellings were originally classified (ARAÚJO, 2010a) in five categories defined according to the form of their building shells and to their prevailing construction techniques: (1) Brazilian modern legacy (considered as truly Brazilian modern style); (2) Paulista architecture (that refers to the modern production of São Paulo, Brazil, from the 1950s through the 1970s); (3) experiences of rationalization and prefabrication ; (4) experiences of adaptation to the climate (referring to a design strongly influenced by the hot and humid climate of North-eastern Brazil); and (5) hybrid (to account for a kind of stylistic hybridism that includes formal attributes, which evoke our colonial past). This study aims to determine, through the analyses of nineteen cases that represent each category, whether this taxonomy corresponds to distinct modes of spatial configuration. This research therefore proposes an approach to the classification of domestic architecture based on topological properties. The dwellings spatial organization was represented, quantified and analyzed, their spatial properties explored in consonance with one another and with the literature. Results pointed out that there is no evidence of a reciprocal relationship between the formal look of the built shells and their respective spatial structures

Flexibilidade da casa

Dissertação para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Arquitectura, apresentada na Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitectura.

Habitação para uma área critica, Bairro do Barruncho

Dissertação apresentada na Universidade de Lisboa - Faculdade de Arquitetura, para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em Arquitetura.