TESTING THE DISTANCE-DUALITY RELATION WITH GALAXY CLUSTERS AND TYPE Ia SUPERNOVAE

In this Letter, we propose a new and model-independent cosmological test for the distance-duality (DD) relation, eta = D(L)(z)(1 + z)(-2)/D(A)(z) = 1, where D(L) and D(A) are, respectively, the luminosity and angular diameter distances. For D(L) we consider two sub-samples of Type Ia supernovae (SNe Ia) taken from Constitution data whereas D(A) distances are provided by two samples of galaxy clusters compiled by De Filippis et al. and Bonamente et al. by combining Sunyaev-Zeldovich effect and X-ray surface brightness. The SNe Ia redshifts of each sub-sample were carefully chosen to coincide with the ones of the associated galaxy cluster sample (Delta z < 0.005), thereby allowing a direct test of the DD relation. Since for very low redshifts, D(A)(z) approximate to D(L)(z), we have tested the DD relation by assuming that. is a function of the redshift parameterized by two different expressions: eta(z) = 1 + eta(0)z and eta(z) = 1 +eta(0)z/(1 + z), where eta(0) is a constant parameter quantifying a possible departure from the strict validity of the reciprocity relation (eta(0) = 0). In the best scenario (linear parameterization), we obtain eta(0) = -0.28(-0.44)(+0.44) (2 sigma, statistical + systematic errors) for the De Filippis et al. sample (elliptical geometry), a result only marginally compatible with the DD relation. However, for the Bonamente et al. sample (spherical geometry) the constraint is eta(0) = -0.42(-0.34)(+0.34) (3 sigma, statistical + systematic errors), which is clearly incompatible with the duality-distance relation.

In the eye of the storm: exploring the introduction of environmental issues in the production function in Brazilian companies

This article aims to analyse the introduction of environmental issues in the context of the production function, which has been referred to as the organisational area to lead corporate environmental management. With that purpose, the theoretical references for corporate environmental management and the necessary alterations in production function have been organised to include environmental aspects, especially in terms of product and process development, quality management, and logistics. Considering that this research field still lacks empirical evidence for Brazilian companies, four case studies were conducted using companies located in the country. The environmental management maturity level of those companies tends to follow the rate with which the environmental issue is introduced in production sub-areas, especially in the product development process. However, in most cases we found that the companies had difficulties in structuring the insertion of the environmental dimension in logistics. The final notes point out the distance observed between what is recommended by international literature and the reality of Brazilian companies in the challenge of making the production function environmentally friendly.

Wavefront analysis and modulation transfer function of three multifocal intraocular lenses

Purpose: To evaluate wavefront performance and modulation transfer function (MTF) in the human eye aft er the implantation of diffractive or refractive multifocal intraocular lenses (IOLs). Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, interventional, comparative, nonrandomized clinical study. Uncorrected distance and near visual acuity, and wavefront analysis including MTF curves (iTrace aberrometer, Tracey Technologies, Houston, TX, USA) were measured in 60 patients aft er bilateral IOL implantation with 6 months of follow-up. Forty eyes received the diffractive ReSTOR (Alcon), 40 eyes received the refractive ReZoom (Advanced Medical Optics) and 40 eyes, the Tecnis ZM900 (Advanced Medical Optics). The comparison of MTF and aberration between the intraocular lenses was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by the Dunn test when necessary. Results: The mean uncorrected distance visual acuity was similar in all three groups of multifocal IOLs. The ReSTOR group provided better uncorrected near visual acuity than the ReZoom group (P < 0.001), but similar to the Tecnis group. Spherical aberration was significantly higher in the ReZoom group (P = 0.007). Similar MTF curves were found for the aspheric multifocal IOL Tecnis and the spheric multifocal IOL ReSTOR, and both performed better than the multifocal IOL ReZoom in a 5 mm pupil (P < 0.001 at all spatial frequencies). Conclusions: Diffractive IOLs studied presented similar MTF curves for a 5 mm pupil diameter. Both diffractive IOLs showed similar spherical aberration, which was significantly better with the full-diffractive IOL Tecnis than with the refractive IOL ReZoom.

Dynamic assessment of tongue function in children with dysarthria associated with acquired brain injury using electromagnetic articulography

The study to be presented is the first to use a new physiological device, the electromagnetic articulograph, to assess articulatory dysfunction in children with acquired brain injury. Two children with dysarthria subsequent to acquired brain injury participated in the study. One child, a female aged 12 years 9 months exhibited a mild-moderate ataxic dysarthria following traumatic head injury while the other, a male aged 13 years 10 months, demonstrated a moderate-severe flaccid-ataxic dysarthria also following traumatic head injury. The speed and accuracy of their tongue movements was assessed using the Carstens AG100 electromagnetic articulograph. Movement trajectories together with a range of quantitative kinematic parameters were estimated during performance of ten repetitions of the lingual consonants /t, s, k/ and consonant cluster /kl/ in the word initial position of single syllable words. A group of ten non-neurologically impaired children served as controls. Examination of the kinematic parameters, including movement trajectories, velocity, acceleration, deceleration, distance travelled and duration of movement, revealed differences in the speed and accuracy of the tongue movements in both children with acquired brain injury compared to those produced by the non-neurologically impaired controls. The results are discussed in relation to contemporary theories of the effects of acquired brain injury on neuromuscular function. The implications of the findings for the treatment of articulatory dysfunction in children with motor speech disorders associated with acquired brain injury are highlighted.

Logarithmically proportional objective function for planar surfaces recognition in 3D point cloud

3D laser scanning is becoming a standard technology to generate building models of a facility's as-is condition. Since most constructions are constructed upon planar surfaces, recognition of them paves the way for automation of generating building models. This paper introduces a new logarithmically proportional objective function that can be used in both heuristic and metaheuristic (MH) algorithms to discover planar surfaces in a point cloud without exploiting any prior knowledge about those surfaces. It can also adopt itself to the structural density of a scanned construction. In this paper, a metaheuristic method, genetic algorithm (GA), is used to test this introduced objective function on a synthetic point cloud. The results obtained show the proposed method is capable to find all plane configurations of planar surfaces (with a wide variety of sizes) in the point cloud with a minor distance to the actual configurations. © 2014 IEEE.

Visual function assessment in medical imaging research

Background - Medical image perception research relies on visual data to study the diagnostic relationship between observers and medical images. A consistent method to assess visual function for participants in medical imaging research has not been developed and represents a significant gap in existing research. Methods - Three visual assessment factors appropriate to observer studies were identified: visual acuity, contrast sensitivity, and stereopsis. A test was designed for each, and 30 radiography observers (mean age 31.6 years) participated in each test. Results - Mean binocular visual acuity for distance was 20/14 for all observers. The difference between observers who did and did not use corrective lenses was not statistically significant (P = .12). All subjects had a normal value for near visual acuity and stereoacuity. Contrast sensitivity was better than population norms. Conclusion - All observers had normal visual function and could participate in medical imaging visual analysis studies. Protocols of evaluation and populations norms are provided. Further studies are necessary to understand fully the relationship between visual performance on tests and diagnostic accuracy in practice.

Damage detection in structures using a transmissibility-based Mahalanobis distance

In this paper, a damage-detection approach using the Mahalanobis distance with structural forced dynamic response data, in the form of transmissibility, is proposed. Transmissibility, as a damage-sensitive feature, varies in accordance with the damage level. Besides, Mahalanobis distance can distinguish the damaged structural state condition from the undamaged one by condensing the baseline data. For comparison reasons, the Mahalanobis distance results using transmissibility are compared with those using frequency response functions. The experiment results reveal quite a significant capacity for damage detection, and the comparison between the use of transmissibility and frequency response functions shows that, in both cases, the different damage scenarios could be well detected. Copyright (c) 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Pulmonary function and aerobic capacity in asymptomatic bariatric candidates with very severe morbid obesity

PURPOSE: Aerobic capacity and respiratory function may be compromised in obesity, but few studies have been done in highly obese bariatric candidates. In a prospective study, these variables were documented in the preoperative period, aiming to define possible physiologic limitations in a apparently healthy and asymptomatic population. METHOD: Forty-six consecutively enrolled adults (age 39.6 ± 8.4 years, 87.0% females, body mass index /BMI 49.6 ± 6.3 kg/m² ) were analyzed. Ventilatory variables were investigated by automated spirometry, aerobic capacity was estimated by a modified Bruce test in an ergometric treadmill, and body composition was determined by bioimpedance analysis. RESULTS: Total fat was greatly increased (46.4 ± 4.6% of body weight) and body water reduced (47.3 ± 4.6 % body weight), as expected for such obese group. Spirometric findings including forced vital capacity of 3.3 ± 0.8 L and forced expiratory volume-1 second of 2.6 ± 0.6 L were usually acceptable for age and gender, but mild restrictive pulmonary insufficiency was diagnosed in 20.9%. Aerobic capacity was more markedly diminished, as reflected by very modest maximal time (4.5 ± 1.1 min) and distance (322 ±142 m) along with proportionally elevated maximal oxygen consumption (23.4 ± 9.5 mL/kg/min) achieved by these subjects during test exercise. CONCLUSIONS: 1) Cardiopulmonary evaluation was feasible and well-tolerated in this severely obese population; 2) Mean spirometric variables were not diminished in this study, but part of the population displayed mild restrictive changes; 3) Exercise tolerance was very negatively influenced by obesity, resulting in reduced endurance and excessive metabolic cost for the treadmill run; 4) More attention to fitness and aerobic capacity is recommended for seriously obese bariatric candidates;

Influence of emphysema distribution on pulmonary function parameters in COPD patients

Objective: To evaluate the impact that the distribution of emphysema has on clinical and functional severity in patients with COPD. Methods: The distribution of the emphysema was analyzed in COPD patients, who were classified according to a 5-point visual classification system of lung CT findings. We assessed the influence of emphysema distribution type on the clinical and functional presentation of COPD. We also evaluated hypoxemia after the six-minute walk test (6MWT) and determined the six-minute walk distance (6MWD). Results: Eighty-six patients were included. The mean age was 65.2 ± 12.2 years, 91.9% were male, and all but one were smokers (mean smoking history, 62.7 ± 38.4 pack-years). The emphysema distribution was categorized as obviously upper lung-predominant (type 1), in 36.0% of the patients; slightly upper lung-predominant (type 2), in 25.6%; homogeneous between the upper and lower lung (type 3), in 16.3%; and slightly lower lung-predominant (type 4), in 22.1%. Type 2 emphysema distribution was associated with lower FEV1 , FVC, FEV1 /FVC ratio, and DLCO. In comparison with the type 1 patients, the type 4 patients were more likely to have an FEV1 < 65% of the predicted value (OR = 6.91, 95% CI: 1.43-33.45; p = 0.016), a 6MWD < 350 m (OR = 6.36, 95% CI: 1.26-32.18; p = 0.025), and post-6MWT hypoxemia (OR = 32.66, 95% CI: 3.26-326.84; p = 0.003). The type 3 patients had a higher RV/TLC ratio, although the difference was not significant. Conclusions: The severity of COPD appears to be greater in type 4 patients, and type 3 patients tend to have greater hyperinflation. The distribution of emphysema could have a major impact on functional parameters and should be considered in the evaluation of COPD patients.

Analysis of the regulation of Nodal function by SPC-mediated cleavage during early mammalian development

RÉSUMÉ Après implantation dans l'utérus, le foetus de mammifère est composé de trois populations différentes de cellules: l'epiblast, l'ectoderme extraembryonnaire et l'endoderme viscéral. Pendant la gastrulation, les cellules de l'epiblast donnent naissance aux trois lignées germinales: l'ectoderme, le mésoderme et l'endodermes. Les lignées germinales produisent par la suite les différents tissus et organes du corps embryonnaire et adulte. Les cellules de l'ectoderme extraembryonnaire donnent par la suite le composant foetal du placenta qui est essentiel à la survie de l'embryon dans l'utérus. L'épiblast et l'ectoderme extraembryonnaire sont entourés par l'endoderme viscéral et forment une structure connue sous le nom de bouton embryonnaire. L'endoderme viscéral joue un rôle important dans l'embryogenèse car il comporte une sous-population de cellules appelées l'endoderme viscéral antérieur dont les signaux influencent l'épiblast adjacent et déterminent le futur axe antéro-postérieur de l'embryon. La protéine de signalisation Nodal de la famille des TGFß est essentielle dans l'épiblast pour spécifier le mésendoderme, l'endoderme viscéral antérieur, ainsi que pour maintenir les cellules souche de l'ectoderme extraembryonnaire. Ainsi, dans les embryons mutants pour Nodal, aucun axe antéro-postérieur n'est établi, les lignées germinales ne sont pas spécifiés et le placenta ne se développe pas. Au niveau moléculaire, comme pour les protéines de la famille des TGFß, Nodal est initialement synthétisée sous forme de précurseur avant d'être clivée de façon endoproteolytique par des protéanes sécrétées, les proprotéines convertases du type subtilisin (SPC), qui suppriment la partie inhibitrice N-terminale du pro peptide. Dans ce contexte, le projet de ma thèse a été d'analyser l'influence des SPC sur la fonction de Nodal en employant une combinaison d'approches génétiques et biochimiques. Premièrement, nous avons constaté que le clivage du précurseur par les protéases active Nodal, mais en même temps augmente son turn-over et diminue la portée de son action. Deuxièmement, dans l'embryon, il apparaît que Nodal est activé par l'action combinée de Furin et de PACE4, deux protéases sécrétées qui sont spécifiquement exprimées dans les cellules de l'ectoderme extraembryonnaire, donc adjacentes au domaine d'expression de Nodal. De manière similaire aux mutants de Nodal, les embryons mutants pour les deux protéases ne forment pas d'endoderme viscéral antérieur et ne gastrulent pas. Cependant, certains gènes cible de Nodal restent exprimés, suggérant que toutes les activités de Nodal ne sont pas dépendent du clivage par les SPCs. En effet, la génération et l'analyse de mutants portant un allèle knock-in qui code pour une forme mutante de Nodal résistante aux SPC, ont montré que ces mutants ont les caractères phénotypique des mutants de Nodal seulement de façon partielle. La formation de mésoderme est partiellement induite, et de façon remarquable, la forme de Nodal résistante aux SPC est capable d'agir à une distance de sa source, maintenant l'expression de ses propres protéases et d'autres gènes essentiels pour la spécification de l'ectoderme extraembryonnaire. Ensemble, ces résultats prouvent que par leur action directe les protéases extraembryonnaire modulent la signalisation de Nodal pendant le développement mammifère précoce. SUMMARY : Early after implantation in the uterus, the mammalian conceptus is composed of three different cell populations: the epiblast, the extraembryonic ectoderm and the visceral endoderm. During gastrulation, epiblast cells give rise to the three embryonic germ layers: the ectoderm, the mesoderm and the endoderm. These germ layers then generate the different tissues and organs of the embryonic and adult bodies. In parallel, extraembryonic ectoderm cells give rise to the fetal component of the placenta, which is essential for the survival of the embryo in the uterus. Both the epiblast and extraembryonic ectoderm are surrounded by the visceral endoderm to form a structure known as the egg cylinder. The visceral endoderm plays an important role as it harbours a subpopulation of cells called the anterior visceral endoderm, from which signals influence the adjacent epiblast and determine the future antero-posterior embryonic axis. The TGFß-related signalling protein Nodal is required within the epiblast to specify the mesoderm, the endoderm,the anterior visceral endoderm and is also essential to maintain stem cells in the extraembryonic ectoderm. Thus, in Nodal null conceptuses, no antero-posterior axis is established, the germ layers are not specified and the placenta does not develop. At the molecular level, Nodal, like related proteins of the TGFß family, is initially synthesized as a precursor and undergoes endoproteolytic cleavage by secreted proteases of the subtilisin-like proprotein convertases (SPC) to remove an inhibitory N-terminal pro peptide. In the embryo, Nodal is activated by the combined action of Furin and PACE4, two secreted SPCs that are specifically expressed in cells of the extraembryonic ectoderm, thus adjacent to the Nodal expression domain. Similar to Nodal null .embryos, mutant embryos lacking both these proteases fail to specify the anterior visceral endoderm and to undergo gastrulation. However, these mutants still express a subset of Nodal target genes, suggesting that part of Nodal activity is independent on cleavage by SPCs. Indeed, by generating and analyzing mutants with a knock-in allele that encodes an SPC-resistant mutant form of Nodal, I could show that they retain a subset of Nodal activities. Mesoderm formation is partially induced, but most remarkably, SPC-resistant Nodal form is able to act at a distance from its source, maintaining the expression of its proteases and of other genes essential for maintenance of the extraembryonic ectoderm.

Minimum distance estimation of stationary and non-stationary ARFIMA processes

A new parametric minimum distance time-domain estimator for ARFIMA processes is introduced in this paper. The proposed estimator minimizes the sum of squared correlations of residuals obtained after filtering a series through ARFIMA parameters. The estimator iseasy to compute and is consistent and asymptotically normally distributed for fractionallyintegrated (FI) processes with an integration order d strictly greater than -0.75. Therefore, it can be applied to both stationary and non-stationary processes. Deterministic components are also allowed in the DGP. Furthermore, as a by-product, the estimation procedure provides an immediate check on the adequacy of the specified model. This is so because the criterion function, when evaluated at the estimated values, coincides with the Box-Pierce goodness of fit statistic. Empirical applications and Monte-Carlo simulations supporting the analytical results and showing the good performance of the estimator in finite samples are also provided.

Invader immunology: invasion history alters immune system function in cane toads (Rhinella marina) in tropical Australia.

Because an individual's investment into the immune system may modify its dispersal rate, immune function may evolve rapidly in an invader. We collected cane toads (Rhinella marina) from sites spanning their 75-year invasion history in Australia, bred them, and raised their progeny in standard conditions. Evolved shifts in immune function should manifest as differences in immune responses among the progeny of parents collected in different locations. Parental location did not affect the offspring's cell-mediated immune response or stress response, but blood from the offspring of invasion-front toads had more neutrophils, and was more effective at phagocytosis and killing bacteria. These latter measures of immune function are negatively correlated with rate of dispersal in free-ranging toads. Our results suggest that the invasion of tropical Australia by cane toads has resulted in rapid genetically based compensatory shifts in the aspects of immune responses that are most compromised by the rigours of long-distance dispersal.

Bootstrapping pairs in Distance-Based Regression

La regressió basada en distàncies és un mètode de predicció que consisteix en dos passos: a partir de les distàncies entre observacions obtenim les variables latents, les quals passen a ser els regressors en un model lineal de mínims quadrats ordinaris. Les distàncies les calculem a partir dels predictors originals fent us d'una funció de dissimilaritats adequada. Donat que, en general, els regressors estan relacionats de manera no lineal amb la resposta, la seva selecció amb el test F usual no és possible. En aquest treball proposem una solució a aquest problema de selecció de predictors definint tests estadístics generalitzats i adaptant un mètode de bootstrap no paramètric per a l'estimació dels p-valors. Incluim un exemple numèric amb dades de l'assegurança d'automòbils.

Outcome evaluation of ankle osteoarthritis treatments: plantar pressure analysis during relatively long-distance walking.

Background : This study aimed to use plantar pressure analysis in relatively long-distance walking for objective outcome evaluation of ankle osteoarthritis treatments, i.e., ankle arthrodesis and total ankle replacement.Methods : Forty-seven subjects in four groups: three patient groups and controls, participated in the study. Each subject walked twice in 50-m trials. Plantar pressure under the pathological foot was measured using pressure insoles. Six parameters: initial contact time, terminal contact time, maximum force time, peak pressure time, maximum force and peak pressure were calculated and averaged over trials in ten regions of foot. The parameters in each region were compared between patient groups and controls and their effect size was estimated. Besides, the correlations between pressure parameters and clinical scales were calculated.Findings : We observed based on temporal parameters that patients postpone the heel-off event, when high force in forefoot and high ankle moment happens. Also based on maximum force and peak pressure, the patients apply smoothened maximum forces on the affected foot. In ten regions, some parameters showed improvements after total ankle replacement, some showed alteration of foot function after ankle arthrodesis and some others showed still abnormality after both surgical treatments. These parameters showed also significant correlation with clinical scales in at least two regions of foot.Interpretation : Plantar pressure parameters in relatively long-distance trials showed to be strong tools for outcome evaluation of ankle osteoarthritis treatments. (C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Bootstrapping pairs in Distance-Based Regression

La regressió basada en distàncies és un mètode de predicció que consisteix en dos passos: a partir de les distàncies entre observacions obtenim les variables latents, les quals passen a ser els regressors en un model lineal de mínims quadrats ordinaris. Les distàncies les calculem a partir dels predictors originals fent us d'una funció de dissimilaritats adequada. Donat que, en general, els regressors estan relacionats de manera no lineal amb la resposta, la seva selecció amb el test F usual no és possible. En aquest treball proposem una solució a aquest problema de selecció de predictors definint tests estadístics generalitzats i adaptant un mètode de bootstrap no paramètric per a l'estimació dels p-valors. Incluim un exemple numèric amb dades de l'assegurança d'automòbils.