Diagnóstico prenatal : su relación con la prevención de enfermedades fundantes de discapacidad

Resumen: La prevención de enfermedades que fundan discapacidad es un tema central en las políticas de salud pública, y en la vida de las familias, dada la contribución de las mismas en la morbi-mortalidad perinatal. La implementación del diagnóstico prenatal genera, entonces, un dilema controversial. Por un lado, se interpreta que el diagnóstico temprano de la patología favorece el mejor desarrollo y adaptación del niño por nacer y sus familias, porque definen el estatuto moral del feto como inherente, por lo que deben recibir las mismas consideraciones morales que el niño ya nacido. Pero por otro, se asumen como medidas preventivas que disminuyen la prevalencia de enfermedades genéticas, al evitar el nacimiento de niños con estas patologías. El niño por nacer no es considerado como persona y la discapacidad se interpreta como un daño para el niño y su familia, y debe ser evitada. Tres conceptos se involucran en este conflicto: el de persona; el de discapacidad; y el de prevención de enfermedades. El objetivo del trabajo es realizar una reflexión acerca de la interpretación de estos conceptos en las diferentes visiones en bioética, que facilite una profundización de la compresión de los mismos y permita aplicar los avances tecnológicos de manera que respeten la condición humana.

Survival, growth and production of Penaeus monodon at different stocking densities in earthen ponds with flow-through system and supplementary feeding

The survival, growth and production of Penaeus monodon in earthen ponds were observed. A significant effect of stocking density on the survival rate of prawns was observed. The final average weight obtained varied inversly with the stocking density and the production varied directly with stocking density and survival rates. The maintenance of a clear water environment is recommended as a preventive measure against Vorticella attack.

Influence of ultraviolet-B irradiation on engraftment, graft-versus-host disease and graft-versus-leukemia effect in a rat model for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation

Ultraviolet-B (UVB) irradiation is known to inhibit lymphocyte activity and consequently to reduce the incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) in experimental models for allogeneic bone marrow transplantation (BMT). GVHD is frequently associated with morbidity and mortality, but also with the beneficial graft-versus-leukemia (GVL) effect, demonstrated by a reduction in the incidence of leukemia relapse. In this study, we investigated whether UVB treatment of allogeneic T cells could prevent GVHD while sparing the beneficial GVL effect following allogeneic BMT in the Brown Norway myelocytic leukemia (BNML) rat model analogous to human acute myelocytic leukemia (AML). The dose of UVB required to abolish lethal GVHD in the rat allogeneic BMT model (WAG/Rij donors into BN recipients) was 4000 J/m2. However, this UVB dose simultaneously abrogated all GVL activity mediated by the T cells in the graft, while the radio-protective capacity of rat BM cells was strongly reduced. The number of allogeneic BM cells required to protect lethally irradiated BN rats was increased 50 to 100-fold. It is concluded that UVB acts as a non-selective form of T cell inactivation, and that UVB pretreatment of an allogeneic marrow graft is unlikely to be useful clinically as a preventive measure for GVHD, since other means of reduction of the number of functional T cells are less damaging to bone marrow stem cells.

Prévention, contre-prévention et analyse d’impact : le cas du clonage de carte de débit

Contexte et objectifs. Depuis plusieurs années, la criminalité économique génère des coûts économiques et sociaux importants. Plusieurs acteurs, dont les entreprises privées, se sont mobilisés pour lutter contre ce phénomène. La fraude par carte de débit est un crime économique en expansion contre lequel plusieurs organisations ont entrepris des actions. L’objectif de ce mémoire est d’améliorer les connaissances sur les effets des mesures de prévention situationnelle appliquées dans les succursales d’un commerce de détail et leur impact sur le processus décisionnel des délinquants impliquées dans le clonage de cartes de débit. Méthodologie. Les effets des mesures de prévention mises en place sont évalués à l’aide d’analyses de séries chronologiques interrompues. En complément des analyses statistiques, des entrevues et une analyse documentaire sont effectuées. Les entrevues sont réalisées avec des enquêteurs du service de sécurité de l’entreprise de commerce de détail. L’analyse documentaire est basée sur les rapports d’événement ouverts lors des fraudes par carte de débit. Résultats. Les mesures de prévention ont produit différents effets. Selon la mesure, il fut possible de constater soit une hausse ou une baisse dans le nombre de délits commis. Certaines mesures ont, en outre, provoqué un déplacement spatial, un déplacement dans le choix de la cible, un déplacement dans le type de crime commis et, finalement, un déplacement tactique. Conclusion. Les résultats suggèrent que les mesures de prévention adoptées ont empêché la réalisation des délits associés à la fraude par carte de débit. Par contre, la présence de plusieurs formes de déplacement indique que les fraudeurs se sont adaptés aux mesures de prévention. Afin de documenter adéquatement cette forme de crime et les déplacements générés, d’autres études s’avèrent nécessaires.

Studies on isolation and molecular characterization of plasmids from Vibrios

While the seriousness of the problem of antibiotic resistance is now recognized, the complex web of resistance linking humans, animals, and the environment is getting realized. More often, antibiotics are used as a preventive measure against diseases. Antibiotic use for agriculture leads to the increased resistance in the environment since antibiotics are inevitable element during agriculture/aquaculture and antibiotic residues are excreted as waste that is frequently spread onto farmland as organic fertilizer. Fecal bacteria survive long periods in the environment and spread through runoff into groundwater, rivers, and marine ecosystems.However, horizontal gene transfer occurs in the animals and guts of humans and in a variety of ecosystems, creating a pool of resistance in the rice fields and open waters. Even if people are not in direct contact with resistant disease through food animals, there are chances of contact with resistant fecal pathogens from the environment. Additionally, pathogens that are autochthonous to the environment can acquire resistance genes from the environment. Our study revealed that autochthonous , bacteria Vibrio spp gained antibiotic resistance in the environment. Further, it was evident that horizontal gene transfer occurs in Vibrio by means of plasmids, which further augments the gravity of the problem. Non-pathogenic bacteria may also acquire resistance genes and serve as a continuing source of resistance for other bacteria, both in the environment, and in the human gut. As the effectiveness of antibiotics for medical applications decline, the indiscriminate use of in aquaculture and in humans can have disastrous conditions in future due to horizontal gene transfer and the spread of resistant organisms: We must recognize and deal with the threat posed by overuse of antibiotics.

La cooperación internacional para el desarrollo como herramienta de política exterior japonesa en África Subsahariana

El presente caso de estudio tiene como objetivo explicar el rol de la cooperación internacional para el desarrollo en Tanzania, Mozambique, Nigeria para la consolidación del liderazgo político internacional de Japón. El interés de realizar esta investigación es la ampliación del conocimiento sobre el uso del poder blando, para alcanzar los objetivos de política exterior japonesa. Por eso, se llevara a cabo una revisión bibliográfica para el análisis de documentos oficiales y artículos académicos para la consolidación de información. A partir de ello, se pretende demostrar que la cooperación al desarrollo es una herramienta de política exterior japonesa para consolidarse como líder, en la medida en que el uso de herramientas propias de la cooperación y el presupuesto destinada a la ejecución de éstas tienen incidencia en los votos de estos Estados africanos para las iniciativas japonesas en las Naciones Unidas.

A Perda Auditiva Induzida pelo Ruído (PAIR) na formação odontológica: conhecimentos e níveis de exposição

The rationalization of work in the Dentistry has been taking the professional to work for ways and systems based in the ergonomics, turning their work efficient and less tiring. Since their academic formation, the dentists surgeons are concerned with the high productivity in clinic and with the final result of the work, neglecting the way as it is executed, which reduce their work capacity and exhibits them to occupational diseases that could be minimized and/or forewarned. This research had as the main objective to investigate the knowledge of the Dentistry academics of Rio Grande do Norte Federal University concerning the Noise-induced Hearing Loss (NIHL), relating them at the noise levels that they are exposed, as well as to the preventive measures taken during the clinical activities. Was observed that 95% of the individuals know that the dentist surgeon is a professional in risk for NIHL. Among the causes of NIHL, the one that obtained the largest frequency citation was the high-speed handpieces, reminded by 92,4% of the academics. Among the students which enumerated protective measures for NIHL, 92% mentioned the use of the ear plugs, although 97% of the researched have told do not use any kind of preventive measure related to the noise. Was also observed that 96% of the academics notice the noise during the clinical attendance, what inconvenience 28,1% of them. Related the noise levels, the high-speed handpieces of the academics presented a medium value of 80,5 dB varying from 72,3 to 88,3 dB. The average of the ambient noise observed at the Integrated Clinic was about 74,8 dB. In spite of the noise levels in this research were observed below the established limits of tolerance by the legislation, they can provoke damages to the Dentistry professionals' health, or that suggests the need of an intervention and use of immediate preventive measures able to generate a healthy atmosphere of work and less risky

Physiotherapeutic stimulation: Early prevention of lymphedema following axillary lymph node dissection for breast cancer treatment

The aim of this study was to confirm the effectiveness of early physiotherapeutic stimulation for lymphatic flaw progression in patients with breast cancer undergoing axillary dissection This was a randomized experimental study oil 22 patients who underwent lymphoscintigraphy in their arms on two different occasions, firstly without stimulation and secondly after randomization into two groups without physiotherapeutic stimulation (WOPS, n=10) and with physiotherapeutic stimulation (WPS, n=12) The lymphoscintigraphy scan was performed with (99m)Tc-phytate administered into the second interdigital space of the hand, ipsilaterally to the dissected axilla, in three phases dynamic, static, and delayed whole body imaging Physiotherapeutic stimulation was earned out using Foldi's technique In both groups, images from the two examinations of each patient were compared Flow progression was considered positive when, on the second damnation, the radiopharmaceutical reached areas more distant from the injection site Statistical analysis was used to evaluate frequencies, percentages and central trend measurements, and non-parametric tests were conducted Descriptive analysis showed that the WPS and WOPS groups were similar M terms of mean age, weight, height, body mass index and number of lymph nodes removed There were statistically significant associations between physiotherapeutic stimulation and radiopharmaceutical progression at all three phases of the study (p < 0 0001) Early physiotherapeutic stimulation in beast cancer patients undergoing radical axillary dissection is effective, and can therefore be indicated as a preventive measure against lymphedema

Survey for Foot-and-mouth Disease in the Endangered Marsh Deer (Blastocerus dichotomus) from Marshlands of the Parana River Basin, Brazil

Habitat fragmentation and diseases have resulted in a decline of the marsh deer (Blastocerus (dichotomus) throughout its South American range. Our objectives were to determine whether marsh deer intended for translocation from a region of the Rio Parana Basin had been infected previously by foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) and whether they were carrying virus We captured marsh deer from June to October 1998 and collected blood from 108 animals and esophageal-pharyngeal fluid from 53 Serum was tested for antibodies against three FMDV serotypes (O, A, and C) by liquid-phase-blocking sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Esophageal-pharyngeal fluid was tested for FMDV RNA by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and inoculation into three successive baby hamster kidney (BHK-21) cell subcultures, followed by RT-PCR of cultures We detected low log(10) titers (range 1 0-1 5) to FM DV subtype A(24) Cruzeiro in 19 of 108 sampled marsh deer, but failed to isolate FMDV or detect FMDV RNA in any samples we conclude that marsh deer from our study site were unlikely to carry FMDV, however, as a preventive measure, the 19 animals with titers for FMDV were not sent to FMDV-free Brazilian states

Histomorfometria das fibras colágenas e das fibras do sistema elástico da queilite actínica e sua relação com os níveis de atipia

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Resposta sorológica de bovinos vacinados contra o Clostridium chauvoei avaliada pelos testes de aglutinação em placa e Elisa

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Inquérito sobre o conhecimento da população da cidade de Três Lagoas – MS sobre leishmaniose visceral

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Diagnóstico citológico e molecular da infecção pelo HPV em mulheres do município de Barcarena, Pará, Norte do Brasil

O HPV (Papilomavírus humano) foi apontado pela OMS (Organização Mundial de Saúde - WHO) como principal fator de risco para o desenvolvimento do câncer de colo uterino, tornando-se assim um importante e gravíssimo problema de saúde pública, especialmente nos países subdesenvolvidos ou em desenvolvimento. A precocidade das atividades sexuais, múltiplos parceiros e sexo casual, o tabagismo, a imunossupressão (por exemplo, na população de pacientes aidéticos), gravidez, doenças sexualmente transmissíveis prévias como herpes e clamídia, além do não cumprimento das medidas já adotadas como prevenção de Doenças Sexualmente Transmissíveis (DST), como por exemplo, o simples uso de preservativos, está reconhecidamente associado à incidência da infecção por HPV. Essa pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o desempenho diagnóstico das metodologias de citologia convencional (Exame de Papanicolau) em relação à citologia em base líquida, além de determinar a prevalência dos genótipos 16 e 18 do HPV em mulheres sem efeito citopático compatível com HPV e relacionar a presença de quadros inflamatórios, associados ou não ao HPV, com dados epidemiológicos como idade, escolaridade, condição sociocultural de mulheres provenientes do município de Barcarena – Pará – Brasil. Para tanto, participaram deste estudo, voluntariamente, 50 mulheres atendidas na Unidade de Saúde de Barcarena – Pará, através de campanha para coleta de Exame de Papanicolau como método de prevenção de câncer do colo do útero. Estas mulheres receberam informações referentes a todos os procedimentos realizados pelo corpo de saúde deste estudo e aos resultados desta pesquisa e somente após as voluntárias terem assinado o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido, as mesmas foram incluídas para as coletas de amostras. As análises e os resultados dos testes de citologia de base líquida e convencional foram realizados segundo a Classificação de Bethesda e revisados cegamente por dois citopatologistas. Para a análise estatístca foi utilizado o teste exato de Fisher e o "Screening Test" visando determinar a especificidade/ sensibilidade dos métodos, considerando significativo o valor de p ≤ 0,05. Como resultado, observamos que o uso da citologia de base líquida tem demonstrado uma série de vantagens em relação à citologia convencional. No diagnóstico molecular (PCR) foram observadas ocorrências de HPV dos tipos 16 e 18 em 10% das mulheres atendidas. Dentre os casos que apresentaram PCR positivo para os tipos 16 ou 16/18 a maioria das mulheres tinham 27,4 anos de idade em média; com maior escolaridade; que exercem atividades domésticas e rurais; e com ocorrências de co-infecção por agentes infecciosos causadores de outras doenças sexualmente transmissíveis. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo reforçam a importância da manutenção de campanhas gratuitas de prevenção do câncer de colo do útero como uma medida preventiva no combate desta doença, principalmente no Estado do Pará onde, provavelmente, o perfil epidemiológico da doença está associado às grandes distâncias que as mulheres de comunidades ribeirinhas têm que percorrer para realizar este exame de forma gratuita; ao tipo de atividade econômica da região; ao preconceito local ainda existente com o exame; e ao grau de dificuldade de implementação de ações efetivas de retorno das pacientes às consultas médicas após a obtenção do resultado do exame e mesmo o encaminhamento para diagnóstico molecular dos casos positivos para lesões do tipo ASC-H e NIC I, II e III.

Tecnologia da informação, discurso e poder: análise de domínio a partir do conceito de exclusão digital na perspectiva da teoria centro-periferia

Pós-graduação em Ciência da Informação - FFC

Do anticoagulant and antiplatelet agents prevent acute graft thrombosis in renal transplantation? A meta-analysis of case series studies

Introduction & Objectives: Thrombosis of the renal allograft is expected to occur in 1–6% of kidney transplants, and graft loss is expected in almost all cases. Anticoagulant and anti-platelet agents could serve as an adjunctive preventive measure, but sound evidence of benefits are still lacking, in this setting. We therefore assessed the efficacy and safety of anticoagulant and anti-platelet agents, in reducing the rate of renal allograft thrombosis. Methods: A review of the literature was carried out in major databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and LILACS), with a comprehensive search strategy, to locate all available case series studies of anticoagulant and/or anti-platelet prophylaxis of thrombosis in renal transplantation. The date of the last search was 11 August 2014. We pooled all case series in a proportional meta-analysis. Statistical significance was achieved if the 95% confidence intervals obtained for each intervention did not overlap. Results: Our search strategy retrieved 7160 titles, from which 21 case series were chosen for analysis. A total of 3246 patients were identified (1718 treated with antiplatelet and/or anticoagulant agents, and 1528 non-treated control subjects). Allograft thrombosis occurred in 7.24% (95% CI 3.45 to 12.27%) of the patients receiving no intervention, compared to 3.38% (95% CI 1.45 to 6.1%), 1.2% (95% CI 0.6 to 2.1%) and 0.47% (95% CI 0.001 to 1.79%), in the anticoagulant, aspirin, and aspirin + anticoagulant groups, respectively. Bleeding complication rates were 28.0% (95% CI 15.4 to 42.7%) for anticoagulants, compared to 12.13% (95% CI 0.8 to 33.93%) for aspirin + anticoagulant, 0.31% (95% CI 0.0001 to 1.32%) for aspirin, and 6.1% (95% CI 2.2 to 11.7%) for the control group. Conclusions: Aspirin is more effective in reducing allograft thrombosis, after kidney transplantation, whether alone or in association with an anticoagulant, when compared to no drug prophylaxis, and without higher haemorrhagic complication rates. Anticoagulants, when used alone, do not show a beneficial effect on thrombosis rates, additionally yielding higher bleeding rates.