977 resultados para Discounted cash flow


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There have been various techniques published for optimizing the net present value of tenders by use of discounted cash flow theory and linear programming. These approaches to tendering appear to have been largely ignored by the industry. This paper utilises six case studies of tendering practice in order to establish the reasons for this apparent disregard. Tendering is demonstrated to be a market orientated function with many subjective judgements being made regarding a firm's environment. Detailed consideration of 'internal' factors such as cash flow are therefore judged to be unjustified. Systems theory is then drawn upon and applied to the separate processes of estimating and tendering. Estimating is seen as taking place in a relatively sheltered environment and as such operates as a relatively closed system. Tendering, however, takes place in a changing and dynamic environment and as such must operate as a relatively open system. The use of sophisticated methods to optimize the value of tenders is then identified as being dependent upon the assumption of rationality, which is justified in the case of a relatively closed system (i.e. estimating), but not for a relatively open system (i.e. tendering).

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The rapid expansion of the TMT sector in the late 1990s and more recent growing regulatory and corporate focus on business continuity and security have raised the profile of data centres. Data centres offer a unique blend of occupational, physical and technological characteristics compared to conventional real estate assets. Limited trading and heterogeneity of data centres also causes higher levels of appraisal uncertainty. In practice, the application of conventional discounted cash flow approaches requires information about a wide range of inputs that is difficult to derive from limited market signals or estimate analytically. This paper outlines an approach that uses pricing signals from similar traded cash flows is proposed. Based upon ‘the law of one price’, the method draws upon the premise that two identical future cash flows must have the same value now. Given the difficulties of estimating exit values, an alternative is that the expected cash flows of data centre are analysed over the life cycle of the building, with corporate bond yields used to provide a proxy for the appropriate discount rates for lease income. Since liabilities are quite diverse, a number of proxies are suggested as discount and capitalisation rates including indexed-linked, fixed interest and zero-coupon bonds. Although there are rarely assets that have identical cash flows and some approximation is necessary, the level of appraiser subjectivity is dramatically reduced.

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The use of discounted cash flow (DCF) methods in investment valuation and appraisal is argued by many academics as being rational and more rigorous than the traditional capitalisation model. However those advocates of DCF should be cautious in their claims for rationality. The various DCF models all rely upon an all-encompassing equated yield (IRR) within the calculation. This paper will argue that this is a simplification of the risk perception which the investor places on the income profile from property. In determining the long term capital value of a property an 'average' DCF method will produce the 'correct' price, however, the individual short term values of each cash-flow may differ significantly. In the UK property market today, where we are facing a period in which prices are not expected to rise generally at the same rate or with such persistence as hitherto, investors and tenants are increasingly concerned with the down side implications of rental growth and investors may indeed be interested in trading property over a shorter investment horizon than they had originally planned. The purpose of this paper is therefore to bring to the analysis a rigorous framework which can be used to analyse the constituent cash flows within the freehold valuation. We show that the arbitrage analysis lends itself to segregating the capital value of the cash flows in a way which is more appropriate for financial investors

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O presente trabalho trata da Administração Baseada em Valor (VBM do inglês Value Based Management), que é uma ferramenta de auxílio à administração de empresas, que busca a identificação de value drivers, que são controles internos a serem monitorados, que devem abranger os principais pontos vistos pelo mercado como criadores de valor, pois o objetivo central da VBM é a majoração de valor para o acionista. A VBM também se utiliza do fluxo de caixa descontado (DCF do inglês Discounted Cash Flow). O objetivo central desta dissertação é fazer uma análise comparativa da estrutura interna de funcionamento e acompanhamento e dos controles de uma organização do segmento de telecomunicações com a filosofia da VBM, identificando o distanciamento de uma para com a outra. A empresa pesquisada é a Dígitro Tecnologia Ltda., de Florianópolis, que não utiliza a VBM. É uma pesquisa quantitativa e foi desenvolvida através do método de estudo de caso. Sua investigação foi dividida em três pontos principais: (1) a identificação, na empresa, da estrutura básica necessária para a implantação da Administração Baseada em Valor, (2) os itens necessários para se montar um DCF e (3) os controles internos possuídos pela organização, que possam servir como value drivers ou suas intenções de implantar controles. O estudo de caso foi único e exploratório, contando com a aplicação de entrevistas semi-estruturadas, observação direta e coleta de documentos. Conclui-se que a organização pesquisada está distante da filosofia da VBM, porém, com intenção de utilizar-se de inúmeros conceitos da Administração Baseada em Valor para auxiliar sua gestão.

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Ao mesmo tempo que os ativos intangíveis têm sido amplamente discutidos e apresentados como condutores de sucesso, ainda são poucas as reflexões sobre a influência destes ativos no valor das empresas. Este trabalho surge portanto com o objetivo de identificar uma maneira de se contemplar os ativos intangíveis no valor de uma empresa, quando a mesma é avaliada pelo método de Fluxo de Caixa Descontado. A partir desta metodologia foram analisadas como os intangíveis marca, reputação, redes e alianças estratégicas, tecnologias e processos, capital humano, capital intelectual, inovação, adaptabilidade, cultura organizacional, liderança, responsabilidade socioambiental, e comunicação e transparência podem impactar o valor da empresa, e como eles relacionam-se entre si.

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Estudo da teoria das opções reais que incorpora à avaliação de projetos de investimentos, as opções de crescimento e as flexibilidades gerenciais que surgem devido às incertezas existentes no ambiente no qual as empresas operam. Aborda os métodos tradicionais de avaliação de investimentos baseados no fluxo de caixa descontado (FCD), destaca as suas vantagens e limitações; a teoria das opções reais mostrando suas vantagens em relação aos métodos tradicionais; e um estudo de caso. Tem como objetivo principal apresentar que a teoria das opções reais é viável e complementar aos métodos tradicionais de avaliação de investimentos na indústria de mineração de ferro, com a abordagem da avaliação em tempo discreto. Este método permite especificar o problema de análise e resolvê-lo com o uso de programa de software de análise de decisão disponível no mercado de forma mais simples e mais intuitivo que os métodos tradicionais de avaliação de opções reais e permite maior flexibilidade na modelagem do problema de avaliação. A modelagem das opções reais do projeto baseia-se no uso de árvore de decisão binomial para modelar o processo estocástico. A avaliação é realizada em quatro passos de acordo com a metodologia proposta por Copeland e Antikarov (2001) e Brandão e Dyer (2005): modelagem do ativo básico, ou seja, cálculo do valor presente líquido sem flexibilidade; criação do modelo binomial utilizando o software computacional para modelar o ativo básico, computando as probabilidades neutras a risco; modelagem das opções reais no projeto; e resolução da árvore binomial, ou seja, análise das opções reais. Os resultados apresentados demonstram que é possível implementar a abordagem da avaliação de opções reais em projetos de investimentos na indústria de mineração de ferro.

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Os ativos intangíveis tornaram-se a principal fonte de competitividade para as empresas operantes na Economia do Conhecimento. Entretanto, ativos intangíveis são de difícil mensuração, colocando desafios para investidores e bancos que, expostos a uma maior assimetria de informação, tendem a requerer retornos significativos, para aportar capital em Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PMEs) inovadoras, quando o fazem. O setor de Private Equity e Venture Capital (PE/VC) se desenvolveu concomitantemente à crescente importância dos ativos intangíveis na economia. Trata-se de um importante segmento de intermediação financeira composto por organizações desenhadas para lidar com elevada assimetria de informação. Neste trabalho, dez dessas organizações, atuantes no mercado brasileiro, foram entrevistadas. O objetivo é descrever o processo de seleção de investimentos, os critérios e os indicadores utilizados por tais organizações para identificar e mensurar os ativos intangíveis. O método usualmente adotado por essas organizações para a valoração (valuation) das PMEs inovadoras também é estudado. Resultados sugerem que as organizações de PE/VC utilizam técnicas sofisticadas para avaliar propostas de investimento, com critérios e indicadores específicos para se medir as principais classes de ativos intangíveis de uma empresa. Entretanto, tais ativos não são avaliados individualmente. A informação obtida é utilizada para se compreender a origem dos fluxos de caixa projetados e os principais fatores de risco. Por sua vez, tais elementos são combinados pelo método do fluxo de caixa descontado para se estimar o valor da empresa. Graças à extensa experiência dos gestores de PE/VC com PMEs inovadoras, acredita-se que o estudo das práticas deste segmento traz importantes reflexões para a recente discussão em torno dos ativos intangíveis

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The increase in the importance of intangibles in business competitiveness has made investment selection more challenging to investors that, under high information asymmetry, tend to charge higher premiums to provide capital or simply deny it. Private Equity and Venture Capital (PE/VC) organizations developed contemporarily with the increase in the relevance of intangible assets in the economy. They form a specialized breed of financial intermediaries that are better prepared to deal with information asymmetry. This paper is the result of ten interviews with PE/VC organizations in Brazil. Its objective is to describe the selection process, criteria and indicators used by these organizations to identify and measure intangible assets, as well as the methods used to valuate prospective investments. Results show that PE/VC organizations rely on sophisticated methods to assess investment proposals, with specific criteria and indicators to assess the main classes of intangible assets. However, no value is given to these assets individually. The information gathered is used to understand the sources of cash flows and risks, which are then combined by discounted cash flow methods to estimate firm's value. Due to PE/VC organizations extensive experience with innovative Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), we believe that shedding light on how PE/VC organizations deal with intangible assets brings important insights to the intangible assets debate.

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Este estudo objetiva analisar, do ponto de vista da empresa concessionária, as possíveis mudanças na regulamentação das concessões ferroviárias, ao mesmo tempo tenta entender a relação entre a empresa, o governo e a população, e quais seriam beneficiados com as essas alterações. Há uma necessidade real do país de expandir suas linhas para regiões mais afastadas do interior, para promover a integração e gerar um ambiente mais propício para o investimento, assim foram feitas propostas de mudanças na regulação do modelo atual de concessões com o objetivo de proporcionar as bases para que esse cenário possa ser concretizado. Muito se tem discutido sobre a eficácia dessas mudanças, se seriam realmente benéficas para a empresa, e até que ponto o aumento do volume e diminuição de preços consegue gerar valor para ela. Foi utilizado um modelo de fluxo de caixa descontado de uma das malhas da empresa ALL Logística para tentar encontrar o valor dessa malha em três cenários: a situação atual, utilizando as novas regras propostas, e uma situação com concorrência. Os resultados mostraram que a nova proposta de regulamentação, utilizando premissas julgadas como mais plausíveis, diminui o valor da empresa, e pode vir a ser muito custosa para o governo.

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This study has as main objective to verify the effect of the tax and financial incentives granted by the brazilian states, specially in the reduction of ICMS on the investment decision of the entities, which in the last years led to the companies to decide new projects in based on the region that presented the better infrastructure beyond lesser tributary expense. For in such was made an economic valuation of the companies with focus in the beneficiary s optics using an adaptation of the Discounted Cash Flow method to measure the impact of the tax incentives in the value of the companies, this study selected the textile industry segment located in the State of Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. The results indicated that such incentives created addition in the value of the companies, however the inexistence of incentives would not be enough to a negative decision of investment in the Rio Grande do Norte. The smallest difference between the value with and without incentive observed was 8.9%, and the biggest 31.7%, and the average of value aggregation with the tax incentives represented 18.9%

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A evolução da teoria de precificação de opções considera um conjunto de ferramentas necessárias para gerenciar e explorar o valor advindo da incerteza e da volatilidade que ampliam os parâmetros da geração de valor ao acrescentarem os conceitos de flexibilidade gerencial. Dentro deste contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar economicamente a implantação do Mecanismo de Desenvolvimento Limpo em uma empresa de cerâmica vermelha localizada no Arranjo Produtivo de São Miguel do Guamá, nordeste do Pará. A avaliação pretendeu demonstrar o valor da flexibilidade gerencial de Diferimento conforme adaptações realizadas na metodologia proposta por Copeland & Antikarov (2001), a qual adiciona à avaliação tradicional de fluxo de caixa descontado a Opção Real – OR – que a pesquisa considerou; e que fundamentou-se por meio de revisão de literatura para formulação do método. Essa determinação seguiu um roteiro de etapas essenciais para a análise das variáveis que compreendem o modelo e que possibilitou a ordenação dos resultados quanto aos valores da OR considerada e do valor presente incluindo a flexibilidade gerencial; com a aplicação do método na empresa objeto da pesquisa. Finalmente, como resultado deste estudo conclui-se que a Teoria de Opções Reais por meio da Opção de Diferimento ou Adiamento contribui com informações que auxiliam nas decisões gerenciais de investimento em projetos quando comparados à metodologia tradicional de avaliação visto que são consideradas incertezas inerentes ao projeto, tal como o ambiente real.

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This study analyzed the economic viability of an investment in feedlot cattle on a farm in the midsize state of Goias. The research identified that different thematic studies whose interests have focused mainly on cost analysis and profitability punctual. Differently, this study used the approaches of the Discounted Cash Flow (DCF) and the Real Options Theory (ROT). The first used the projected cash flow for 10 years and a discount rate determined by CAPM at 8% p.a. for containment of heads 400. The second was modeled by the binomial model of Cox, Ross and Rubinstein (1979) incorporating the option of waiting. This methodology has not been employed in Brazilian cattle industry. The search results pointed to the economic viability of the project when considered possible scenarios for the different price ranges of the ox that state bushel. In addition, the TOR proved to be a more robust tool for investment analysis, by incorporating the flexibility of farmers to wait for the right time to make the confinement.

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Diminishing crude oil and natural gas supplies, along with concern about greenhouse gas are major driving forces in the search for efficient renewable energy sources. The conversion of lignocellulosic biomass to energy and useful chemicals is a component of the solution. Ethanol is most commonly produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of complex carbohydrates to simple sugars followed by fermentation using yeast. C6Hl0O5 + H2O −Enxymes→ C6H12O6 −Yeast→ 2CH3CH2OH + 2C02 In the U.S. corn is the primary starting raw material for commercial ethanol production. However, there is insufficient corn available to meet the future demand for ethanol as a gasoline additive. Consequently a variety of processes are being developed for producing ethanol from biomass; among which is the NREL process for the production of ethanol from white hardwood. The objective of the thesis reported here was to perform a technical economic analysis of the hardwood to ethanol process. In this analysis a Greenfield plant was compared to co-locating the ethanol plant adjacent to a Kraft pulp mill. The advantage of the latter case is that facilities can be shared jointly for ethanol production and for the production of pulp. Preliminary process designs were performed for three cases; a base case size of 2205 dry tons/day of hardwood (52 million gallons of ethanol per year) as well as the two cases of half and double this size. The thermal efficiency of the NREL process was estimated to be approximately 36%; that is about 36% of the thermal energy in the wood is retained in the product ethanol and by-product electrical energy. The discounted cash flow rate of return on investment and the net present value methods of evaluating process alternatives were used to evaluate the economic feasibility of the NREL process. The minimum acceptable discounted cash flow rate of return after taxes was assumed to be 10%. In all of the process alternatives investigated, the dominant cost factors are the capital recovery charges and the cost of wood. The Greenfield NREL process is not economically viable with the cost of producing ethanol varying from $2.58 to $2.08/gallon for the half capacity and double capacity cases respectively. The co-location cases appear more promising due to reductions in capital costs. The most profitable co-location case resulted in a discounted cash flow rate of return improving from 8.5% for the half capacity case to 20.3% for the double capacity case. Due to economy of scale, the investments become more and more profitable as the size of the plant increases. This concept is limited by the amount of wood that can be delivered to the plant on a sustainable basis as well as the demand for ethanol within a reasonable distance of the plant.

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This study has been conceived with the primary objective of identifying and evaluating the financial aspects of the transformation in country/company relations of the international oil industry from the traditional concessionary system to the system of governmental participation in the ownership and operation of oil concessions. The emphasis of the inquiry was placed on assembling a case study of the oil exploitation arrangements of Libya. Through a comprehensive review of the literature, the sociopolitical factors surrounding the international oil business were identified and examined in an attempt to see their influence on contractual arrangements and particularly to gauge the impact of any induced contractual changes on the revenue benefit accruing to the host country from its oil operations. Some comparative analyses were made in the study to examine the viability of the Libyan participation deals both as an investment proposal and as a system of conducting oil activities in the country. The analysis was carried out in the light of specific hypotheses to assess the relative impact of the participation scheme in comparison with the alternative concessionary model on the net revenue resulting to the government from oil operations and the relative effect on the level of research and development within the industry. A discounted cash flow analysis was conducted to measure inputs and outputs of the comparative models and judge their revenue benefits. Then an empirical analysis was carried out to detect any significant behavioural changes in the exploration and development effort associated with the different oil exploitation systems. Results of the investigation of revenues support the argument that the mere introduction of the participation system has not resulted in a significant revenue benefit to the host government. Though there has been a significant increase in government revenue, associated with the period following the emergence of the participation agreements, this increase was mainly due to socio-economic factors other than the participation scheme. At the same time the empirical results have shown an association of the participation scheme with a decline of the oil industry's research and development efforts.

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Using the case of a low cost airline company’s website we analyze some special research questions of information technology valuation. The distinctive characteristics of this research are the ex post valuation perspective; the parallel and comparative use of accounting and business valuation approaches; and the integrated application of discounted cash flow and real option valuation. As the examined international company is a strategic user of e-technology and wants to manage and account intangible IT-assets explicitly, these specific valuation perspectives are gaining practical significance.