169 resultados para Diogenes Laertios
Resumo:
Uma adequada contracepção no puerpério é recomendada para prevenir morbidades maternas e infantis. Os benefícios materno-fetais da lactação são indiscutíveis e a amamentação exclusiva em pacientes amenorréicas é um método contraceptivo eficaz. No entanto, o reinício da fertilidade é variável entre as mulheres e deve-se considerar que o acesso ao serviço de saúde em muitas regiões não é garantido, comprometendo a prescrição de um método eficaz, quando ocorre o retorno dos ciclos ovulatórios. Foram pesquisados no Medline (PubMed) os artigos relacionados ao tema publicados entre 1971 e abril de 2008 e selecionados os artigos relevantes na literatura sobre contracepção no puerpério. Curtos intervalos intergestacionais aumentam complicações maternas e fetais, portanto uma contracepção eficaz no puerpério é imperiosa. O ideal é que o método prescrito seja eficaz e seguro (não interfira na lactação e nem altere o sistema hemostático). Apesar do método contraceptivo da lactação-amenorréia representar um método eficaz de prevenção de gestação, o retorno à fertilidade é impreciso. Em populações de risco para intervalo intergestacional curto e/ou acesso difícil ao serviço de saúde, outros métodos deverão ser associados após seis semanas, como os não hormonais ou os de progestagênios isolados, podendo ser utilizados antes em situações especiais.
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Bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) is recognized as a major cause of economic losses in cattle. Vaccination has been widely applied to minimize losses induced by BoHV-1 infections. We have previously reported the development of a differential BoHV-1 vaccine, based on a recombinant glycoprotein E (gE)-deleted virus (265gE-). In present paper the efficacy of such recombinant was evaluated as an inactivated vaccine. Five BoHV-1 seronegative calves were vaccinated intramuscularly on day 0 and boostered 30 days later with an inactivated, oil adjuvanted vaccine containing an antigenic mass equivalent to 10(7.0) fifty per cent cell culture infectious doses (CCID50) of 265gE-. Three calves were kept as non vaccinated controls. On day 60 post vaccination both vaccinated and controls were challenged with the virulent parental strain. No clinical signs or adverse effects were seen after or during vaccination. After challenge, 2/5 vaccinated calves showed mild clinical signs of infection, whereas all non vaccinated controls displayed intense rhinotracheitis and shed virus for longer and to higher titres than vaccinated calves. Serological responses were detected in all vaccinated animals after the second dose of vaccine, but not on control calves. Following corticosteroid administration in attempting to induce reactivation of the latent infection, no clinical signs were observed in vaccinated calves, whereas non vaccinated controls showed clinical signs of respiratory disease. In view of its immunogenicity and protective effect upon challenge with a virulent BoHV-1, the oil adjuvanted preparation with the inactivated 265gE- recombinant was shown to be suitable for use as a vaccine.
Resumo:
Cette étude cherche à établir un rapport entre les nombreuses références positives à l’animal présentes dans le corpus cynique et une certaine conception de l’activité philosophique mise de l’avant par ces philosophes et, plus particulièrement, incarnée par la figure de Diogène de Sinope. Comme il le sera brièvement montré dans la première partie, l’animal est un concept pratiquement absent de la pensée grecque qui tend à penser l’unité du vivant. Il ne peut faire son apparition que dans un contexte moral afin de fonder les normes de l’agir proprement humain, et dans ce contexte, les références positives à l’animal sont plutôt rares. La position des philosophes cyniques, qui exhortent fréquemment les hommes à s’inspirer des animaux afin d’atteindre la vertu, est donc, à cet égard, excessivement singulière. Comment interpréter ce renversement de perspective où l’homme ne semble plus occuper la position intermédiaire entre les immortels et les bêtes? En examinant les thèses de Thierry Gonthier, d’Ovide Florès-Junior et de Marie-Odile Goulet-Cazé sur la question, la deuxième partie de cette étude nous mettra sur la voie de la rhétorique d’exhortation qui, nous le verrons, est constitutive même de la pratique philosophique cynique. Il reste cependant à déterminer à quoi, plus précisément, les philosophes cyniques exhortent leurs concitoyens et, ce qui est pour cette étude le nœud du problème, dans quelle mesure la figure de l’animal est-elle susceptible de nous renseigner. La troisième partie de cette étude portera ainsi sur l’idéal de sagesse cynique et sur la figure emblématique du mouvement, le chien. Nous tâcherons alors de montrer, en prolongeant les lectures qu’en ont faites Jean-Marie Meilland, D. Deleule et Peter Sloterdijk, que la valorisation de l’animal chez les cyniques ne doit pas être comprise comme un vil appel à la régression en l’animalité mais plutôt comme la promotion d’une singulière conception de l’activité philosophique.
Resumo:
Conocer las dificultades que los entrevistados encuentran por ser analfabetos. Saber si los programas de alfabetización de adultos que hay actualmente en la ciudad de Fortaleza son accesibles y están al alcance de la población. Investigar las razones por las cuales esos ciudadanos analfabetos no ingresan en los programas de alfabetización de adultos que son ofertados en la ciudad de Fortaleza. Descubrir a través de la opinión de los entrevistados las limitaciones de los programas de alfabetización de adultos actuales. Investigar el grado de interés de los entrevistados por alfabetizarse. Estudiar y conocer un poco de los analfabetos: sus deseos, problemas y frustraciones. Se ha trabajado con un estudio bibliográfico y posteriormente una investigación cualitativa. La investigación cualitativa fue elegida para completar el estudio bibliográfico, que es sin duda muy importante, pero de tipo teórico. No obstante, se piensa que la vía más efectiva para conocer la realidad social del analfabetismo en Brasil es a través de un trabajo complementado por la parte práctica. Se escoge la investigación de tipo cualitativo al trabajar con una realidad que no puede ser cuantificada, puesto que maneja un universo de significados, creencias, opiniones y actitudes. La investigación cualitativa se diferencia de la cuantitativa básicamente por su carácter subjetivo. La investigación fue desarrollada en las playas localizadas en la provincia de Fortaleza en el estado de Ceará-Brasil, durante el período comprendido entre diciembre del 2003 y febrero del 2004. La localidad se establece en el estado que presenta la tasa de analfabetismo más grandes a nivel regional y nacional. Los sujetos del estudio son analfabetos residentes de dos barrios de la ciudad de Fortaleza. Praia do Futuro y Meirele, ambos son barrios que están localizados junto a la playa. Participaron del estudio 10 sujetos, cinco hombres y cinco mujeres, vendedores ambulantes en las playas de Fortaleza. Esos sujetos fueron seleccionados independientemente de sexo, raza, color y religión. En la selección se busca priorizar el hecho de que fueran todos analfabetos y que acepten participar voluntariamente en el estudio. En la actualidad hay una fuerte diferencia entre un país desarrollado y uno en desarrollo en cuanto a la alfabetización, ente una persona insegura y una persona segura, entre una persona exitosa profesionalmente y una persona frustrada, entre un rico y un pobre. El problema de la ausencia de programas de alfabetización es la falta de interés de los analfabetos, por diversos motivos, pero en gran parte por la falta de tiempo. En general son personas pobres y que trabajan mucho para vivir. Otros dos grandes problemas son la falta de concienciación y motivación. Hay que reconocer ser analfabeto, perder la vergüenza, sentir la necesidad y tener la motivación necesaria para por fin ingresar en un programa de alfabetización de adultos. Eso es lo que hace falta. Además de esto, el programa de alfabetización tiene que ser de calidad, estar compuesto de buenos profesionales, materiales adecuados y motivadores, disponer de recursos financieros, etc. A través de la investigación, fue posible concluir que un cambio publicitario en relación a la alfabetización de adultos puede ser un factor muy importante para el cambio de conceptos y conducta de los analfabetos, puesto que hay muchos programas de alfabetización de adultos de calidad pero falta una mayor participación por parte de los analfabetos. Falta motivación e incentivo. La solución para muchos de estos problemas puede estar en la publicidad. Como fue visto, las propagandas que hay en Brasil son buenas, pero en muchas cosas lo que hace es inhibir a los analfabetos y crear un sentimiento de vergüenza en ellos. La falta de tiempo también es un problema en la enseñanza de los analfabetos. En general, son personas pobres que trabajan mucho y no disponen de mucho tiempo libre para frecuentar cursos de alfabetización. La educación a distancia podría ayudar a solucionar este problema.
Resumo:
The reaction of cis-[RuCl(2)(P-P)(N-N)] type complexes (P-P = 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane or (1,1`-diphenylphosphino)ferrocene; N-N = 2,2`-bipyridine or 1,10-phenantroline) with monodentate ligands (L), such as 4-methylpyridine, 4-phenylpyridine and benzonitrile forms [RuCl(L)(P-P)(N-N)](+) species Upon characterization of the isolated compounds by elemental analysis, (31)P{(1)H} NMR and X-ray crystallography it was found out that the type of the L ligand determines its position in relation to the phosphorus atom. While pyridine derivatives like 4-methylpyridine and 4-phenylpyridine coordinate trans to the phosphorus atom, the benzonitrile ligand (bzCN), a good pi acceptor, coordinates trans to the nitrogen atom. A (31)P{(1)H} NMR experiment following the reaction of the precursor cis-[RuCl(2)(dppb)(phen)] with the benzonitrile ligand shows that the final position of the entering ligand in the complex is better defined as a consequence of the competitive effect between the phosphorus atom and the cyano-group from the benzonitrile moiety and not by the trans effect. In this case, the benzonitrile group is stabilized trans to one of the nitrogen atoms of the N-N ligand. A differential pulse voltammetry experiment confirms this statement. In both experiments the [RuCl(bzCN)(dppb)(phen)]PF(6) species with the bzCN ligand positioned trans to a phosphorus atom of the dppb ligand was detected as an intermediate complex. (c) 2009 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Fluorescence quenching of meso-tetrakis-4-sulfonatophenyl (TPPS4) and meso-tetrakis-4-N-methylpyridil (TMPyP) porphyrins is studied in aqueous solution and upon addition of micelles of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS), cetyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (HPS) and t-octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (Triton X-100). Potassium iodide (KI) was used as quencher. Steady-state Stern-Volmer plots were best fitted by a quadratic equation, including dynamic (K-D) and static (K-s) quenching. Ks was significantly smaller than K-D. Frequency-domain fluorescence lifetimes allowed estimating bimolecular quenching constants, k(q). At 25 degrees C, in aqueous solution, TMPyP shows k(q), values a factor of 2-3 higher than the diffusional limit. TPPS4 shows collisional quenching with pH dependent k(q) values. For TMPyP quenching results are consistent with reported binding constants: a significant reduction of quenching takes place for SDS, a moderate reduction is observed for H PS and almost no change is seen for Triton X-100. Similar data were obtained at 50 C. For CTAC-TPPS4 system an enhancement of quenching was observed as compared to pure buffer. This is probably associated to accumulation of iodide at the cationic micellar interface. The attraction between CTAC headgroups and 1(-), and repulsion between SDS and 1(-), enhances and reduces the fluorescence quenching, respectively, of porphyrins located at the micellar interface. The small quenching of TPPS4 in Triton X-100 is consistent with strong binding as reported in the literature. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
STM and impedance results of the self-assembled monolayer (SAM) formed with thionicotinamide (TNA) on gold indicate the presence of defects that increase with the immersion time of the electrode in the TNA solution affecting the SAM electroactivity toward the electron transfer reaction of the cytochrome e metalloprotein and [Fe(CN)(6)](4-) and [Ru(NH(3))(6)](3+) complexes. It was observed that this electroactivity was also affected by the pH of the electrolyte solution. SERS and STM data indicate sulfur coordination to the surface with contribution of the NH(2) group. From the dependence of the TNA surface coverage on the temperature and concentration in solution, thermodynamic parameters of adsorption were determined.
Resumo:
Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most common infectious diseases known to man and responsible for millions of human deaths in the world. The increasing incidence of TB in developing countries, the proliferation of multidrug resistant strains, and the absence of resources for treatment have highlighted the need of developing new drugs against TB. The shikimate pathway leads to the biosynthesis of chorismate, a precursor of aromatic amino acids. This pathway is absent from mammals and shown to be essential for the survival of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of TB. Accordingly, enzymes of aromatic amino acid biosynthesis pathway represent promising targets for structure-based drug design. The first reaction in phenylalanine biosynthesis involves the conversion of chorismate to prephenate, catalyzed by chorismate mutase. The second reaction is catalyzed by prephenate dehydratase (PDT) and involves decarboxylation and dehydratation of prephenate to form phenylpyruvate, the precursor of phenylalanine. Here, we describe utilization of different techniques to infer the structure of M. tuberculosis PDT (MtbPDT) in solution. Small angle X-ray scattering and ultracentrifugation analysis showed that the protein oligomeric state is a tetramer and MtbPDT is a flat disk protein. Bioinformatics tools were used to infer the structure of MtbPDT A molecular model for MtbPDT is presented and molecular dynamics simulations indicate that MtbPDT i.s stable. Experimental and molecular modeling results were in agreement and provide evidence for a tetrameric state of MtbPDT in solution.
Resumo:
EPR spectra of 5- and 16-doxyl stearic acid nitroxide probes (5-DSA and 16-DSA, respectively) bound to bovine serum albumin (BSA) revealed that in the presence of ionic surfactants, at least, two label populations coexist in equilibrium. The rotational correlation times (tau) indicated that component I displays a more restricted mobility state, associated to the spin labels bound to the protein; the less immobilized component 2 is due to label localization in the surfactant aggregates. For both probes, the increase of surfactant concentration leads to higher motional levels of component 1 followed by a simultaneous decrease of this fraction of nitroxides and its conversion into component 2. For 10 mM cethyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC), the nitroxides are 100% bound to the protein, whereas at 10mM N-hexadecyl-N,N-dimethyl-3-ammonio-1-propanesulfonate (HPS) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) the fractions of bound nitroxides are reduced to 18% and 86%, respectively. No significant polarity changes were observed in the whole surfactant concentration range for component 1. Moreover, at higher surfactant concentration, component 2 exhibited a similar polarity as in the pure surfactant micelles. For 16-DSA the surfactant effect is different: at 10mM of HPS and CTAC the fractions of bound nitroxides are 76% and 49%, respectively, while at 10 mM SDS they are present exclusively in a micellar environment, consistent with 100% of component 2. Overall, both SDS and HPS are able to effectively displace the nitroxide probes from the protein binding sites. while CTAC seems to affect the nitroxide binding to a significantly smaller extent. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
Entre as doenças causadas por bactérias do gênero Mycobacterium, a tuberculose por M. tuberculosis é a mais conhecida. O diagnóstico da doença é feito utilizando-se um conjunto de exames que possibilitam a identificação da mesma (WATT, 2000). Contudo, sabe-se que o diagnóstico combinado de microscopia direta e com o posterior isolamento em meio de cultivo é o “padrão-ouro”. A principal desvantagem desse método é que tal bactéria possui um crescimento lento (cerca de 8 semanas). Recentemente, a detecção de doenças através da técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) tem proporcionado avanços significativos no diagnóstico. O uso da amplificação específica de genes, para identificar a M. tuberculosis, tais como rDNA 16S, IS6110 ou a região intergênica senX3-regX3, tem apresentado algumas restrições, ao nível de confiabilidade e sensibilidade, para a aplicação da técnica de PCR. O presente estudo mostra a construção e a aplicação de um novo alvo para a aplicação da PCR no diagnóstico da tuberculose, baseado no ensaio da diferença de organização gênica do operon plcA, B e C diferenciando a M. tuberculosis das demais micobactérias. Neste trabalho, foram examinadas 273 amostras de pacientes com suspeita de tuberculose, sendo estas submetidas ao estudo comparativo da técnica de PCR versus cultivo (padrão ouro). A PCR amplificou fragmentos de 439pb. Os resultados mostram 93,7% de acurácia para PCR/Cultivo (p<000,1), 93,1% de sensibilidade com intervalo de confiança de 88,7-96,0 e especificidade de 96,4% com intervalo de confiança de 96,4-99,4. O valor da estatística Kappa (k) foi de 0,82 com erro padrão de 0,041, demonstrando um alinhamento quase perfeito para a verificação do grau de concordância entre os testes. Desta forma, o uso desta nova região para a amplificação da PCR se mostra uma importante e confiável ferramenta no diagnóstico específico da tuberculose. Outra região que compreende parte dos genes mbaA e inhA foi utilizada para diferenciar o Complexo tuberculosis do Complexo avium. Porém, novos experimentos serão necessários para o emprego desta região como uma ferramenta de diagnóstico.
Resumo:
A Tuberculose (TB) é a principal causa de óbitos entre as doenças infecciosas causadas por um único agente. De acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) o agente etiológico da TB no homem, o complexo Mycobacterium (M. tuberculosis, M. africanum, M. bovis) é responsável por cerca de 8 milhões de novas infecções e 3 milhões de mortes a cada ano no mundo. No começo da década de 80, a reemergência da TB em países em desenvolvimento deve-se à crescente incidência do Vírus da Imunodeficiência Humana (HIV), à falta de recursos para o tratamento desta doença e à proliferação de cepas resistentes a múltiplas drogas (MDR-TB). Esta situação criou a necessidade da busca por novos agentes antimicobacterianos capazes de reduzir o tempo de tratamento, melhorar a adesão dos pacientes ao mesmo e ser efetiva contra cepas MDR-TB. A via do chiquimato leva à biossíntese do corismato, o precursor de aminoácidos aromáticos, tirosina, triptofano e fenilalanina. A primeira reação na biossíntese de fenilalanina envolve a conversão de corismato a prefenato, catalisada pela corismato mutase. A segunda reação na biossíntese de fenilalanina é a descarboxilação e desidratação de prefenato a fenilpiruvato, catalisada pela prefenato desidratase. Embora ausente em mamíferos, esta via está presente em bactérias, algas, fungos, plantas e parasitos do Phyllum Apicomplexa. Esta rota é essencial em M. tuberculosis e, portanto, suas enzimas representam alvos potenciais para o desenvolvimento de novas drogas antimicobacterianas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar o gene pheA da linhagem de M. tuberculosis H37Rv e seu produto, a enzima prefenato desidratase Para isso, DNA genômico de M. tuberculosis H37RV foi extraído e o gene pheA foi amplificado pela técnica de PCR, clonado no vetor de expressão pET-23a(+), seqüenciado e superexpresso em células de Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Os resultados obtidos confirmaram a região predita para o gene pheA, que foi amplificado com sucesso, mostrando 963 pb, sendo que a presença de 10% dimetil sulfoxido (DMSO) mostrou ser essencial para permitir a desnaturação do DNA rico em bases G-C. Análise da seqüência nucleotídica pelo método de Sanger confirmou a identidade do gene clonado e demonstrou que nenhuma mutação foi introduzida pelos passos de PCR e clonagem. A enzima prefenato desidratase foi superexpressa em células de E. coli BL21(DE3) eletroporadas com pET-23a(+)::pheA. Análise por SDS-PAGE mostrou expressão significativa de uma proteína com aproximadamente 33kDa, estando de acordo com a massa molecular esperada para a prefenato desidratase. A proteína recombinante foi superexpressa sem a adição de IPTG, e a presença da proteína pôde ser detectada em todos os intervalos de tempo testados (6, 9 e 24 horas depois da OD600nm alcançar o valor de 0,5). Foi realizado ensaio enzimático com a prefenato desidratase de acordo com Gething et al. (1976) utilizando prefenato de bário como substrato e coeficiente de extinção molar de 17.500 a 320 nm para calcular a concentração de fenilpiruvato. Houve um aumento de 1766 vezes na atividade específica da prefenato desidratase no extrato bruto da proteína recombinante em relação ao controle, no qual o vetor pET23a(+) sem o gene pheA foi introduzido em células de E. coli BL21(DE3).
Resumo:
Bothrops insularis venom contains a variety of substances presumably responsible for several pharmacological effects. We investigated the biochemical and biological effects of phospholipase A(2) protein isolated from B. insularis venom and the chromatographic profile showed 7 main fractions and the main phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) enzymatic activity was detected in fractions IV and V. Fraction IV was submitted to a new chromatographic procedure on ion exchange chromatography, which allowed the elution of 5 main fractions designated as lV-1 to IV-5, from which lV-4 constituted the main fraction. The molecular homogeneity of this fraction was characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and demonstrated by mass spectrometry (MS), which showed a molecular mass of 13984.20 Da; its N-terminal sequence presented a high amino acid identity (up to 95%) with the PLA(2) of Bothrops jararaca and Bothrops asper. Phospholipase A(2) isolated from B. insularis (Bi PLA(2)) venom (10 mu g/mL) was also studied as to its effect on the renal function of isolated perfused kidneys of Wistar rats (n = 6). Bi PLA(2) increased perfusion pressure (PP), renal vascular resistance (RVR), urinary flow (UF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Sodium (%TNa+) and chloride tubular reabsorption (%TCl-) decreased at 120 min, without alteration in potassium transport. In conclusion, PLA(2) isolated from B. insularis venom promoted renal alterations in the isolated perfused rat kidney. (c) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Resumo:
The pineapple crop are high potential for economic expression and social, but problems with productivity and management of production costs can be solved in order to ensure the sustainability of the farming system. The objective of this study was determine the cost of production and profitability of the pineapple's cultivation Pearl in Cassilandia-MS, under application of potassium doses fertilizer. The treatments consisted of the following doses of potassium (K2O): 0, 200, 400, 600, 800 kg ha(-1), used as a commercial source of potassium chloride (60% K2O). Were determined by estimating the effective operational cost (EOC), total operating cost (TOC), gross (RB), operating profitability (LO), profitability index (%), productivity of balance and equilibrium price. It was found that all treatments had operating profitability and positive profitability index. Potassium fertilization with 200 kg ha(-1) gave an average productivity of 50416.58 kg ha(-1), and also promoted the highest operating profit of R$ 9,108.97, the profit margin of 36.13% and best benefit cost (R$ 1.57).
Resumo:
The Pitimbu River Basin is concern reason, therefore this is one of the mains freshwater sources for the Natal city supplying. The Pitimbu waters river flow into Jiqui pond, as the main supplier of this, that supplies 16% of Natal population and there is a bigger importance despite the supplying of a parcel of Natal city made joining underground waters with the water proceeding from the Jiqui pond, being used for dilution waters of contaminated wells with nitrate. Even with the importance of the Pitimbu, there is a strong pressure of occupation of its edge according to a critical urban growth, becoming the situation worse and increasing the necessity of management of the use and occupation of the ground and keeping the control of the prompt pollution, as punctual as diffuse. There are many studies about Pitimbu River Basin, however they summarize themselves to some months or even in a few years. This work, that gathers these information, increasing the amplitude and making possible an evaluation of the attitude of the water in a period extended for an evaluation of values of variable quality of water referring to the standards, that usually happens about the variable frequency distribution, central tendency and measures of dispersion, as the coefficient of variation, coefficient of skewness and the coefficient of determination of certain variable on another one. This work to evaluates the quality conditions of the Pitimbu river waters by analyzing thirty five (35) variables Physical, chemical and biological in eight (8) points of water course since 1993 to 2007. Given this situation, all knowledge about the waters quality conditions obtained in this work, is a strong subsidy for management of use and ground occupation, considering the river basin as territorial unit of management, and as the water is public good domain, being a priority human use, It is necessary to guarantee to current and the future generations available water resources in appropriate standards of quality as the established standard and identifying possible reasons of pollution through statistics analysis