Congo grass grown in rotation with soybean affects phosphorus bound to soil carbon

The phosphorus supply to crops in tropical soils is deficient due to its somewhat insoluble nature in soil, and addition of P fertilizers has been necessary to achieve high yields. The objective of this study was to examine the mechanisms through which a cover crop (Congo grass - Brachiaria ruziziensis) in rotation with soybean can enhance soil and fertilizer P availability using long-term field trials and laboratory chemical fractionation approaches. The experimental field had been cropped to soybean in rotation with several species under no-till for six years. An application rate of no P or 240 kg ha-1 of P2O5 had been applied as triple superphosphate or as Arad rock phosphate. In April 2009, once more 0.0 or 80.0 kg ha-1 of P2O5 was applied to the same plots when Congo grass was planted. In November 2009, after Congo grass desiccation, soil samples were taken from the 0-5 and 5-10 cm depth layer and soil P was fractionated. Soil-available P increased to the depth of 10 cm through growing Congo grass when P fertilizers were applied. The C:P ratio was also increased by the cover crop. Congo grass cultivation increased P content in the soil humic fraction to the depth of 10 cm. Congo grass increases soil P availability by preventing fertilizer from being adsorbed and by increasing soil organic P.

Forms of phosphorus in an oxisol under different soil tillage systems and cover plants in rotation with maize

Phosphorus fractions play a key role in sustaining the productivity of acid-savanna Oxisols and are influenced by tillage practices. The aim of this study was to quantify different P forms in an Oxisol (Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo) from the central savanna region of Brazil under management systems with cover crops in maize rotation. Three cover crops (Canavalia brasiliensis, Cajanus cajan (L.), and Raphanus sativus L.) were investigated in maize rotation systems. These cover crops were compared to spontaneous vegetation. The inorganic forms NaHCO3-iP and NaOH-iP represented more than half of the total P in the samples collected at the depth of 5-10 cm during the rainy season when the maize was grown. The concentration of inorganic P of greater availability (NaHCO3-iP and NaOH-iP) was higher in the soil under no-tillage at the depth of 5-10 cm during the rainy season. Concentrations of organic P were higher during the dry season, when the cover crops were grown. At the dry season, organic P constituted 70 % of the labile P in the soil planted to C. cajan under no-tillage. The cover crops were able to maintain larger fractions of P available to the maize, resulting in reduced P losses to the unavailable pools, mainly in no-tillage systems.

The effect of cover crop and crop rotation on soil water storage and on sorghum yield

Crop rotation and cover crop can be important means for enhancing crop yield in rainfed areas such as the lower Coastal Bend Region of Texas, USA. A trial was conducted in 1995 as part of a long-term cropping experiment (7 years) to investigate the effect of oat (Avena sativa L.) cover and rotation on soil water storage and yield of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.). The trial design was a RCB in a split-plot arrangement with four replicates. Rotation sequences were the main plots and oat cover crop the subplots. Cover crop reduced sorghum grain yield. This effect was attributed to a reduced concentration of available soil N and less soil water storage under this treatment. By delaying cover termination, the residue with a high C/N acted as an N sink through competition and/or immobilization instead of an N source to sorghum plants. Crop rotation had a significantly positive effect on sorghum yield and this effect was attributed to a significantly larger amount of N concentration under these rotation sequences.

Cardiac rotation and relaxation in patients with aortic valve stenosis.

BACKGROUND: Diastolic dysfunction with delayed relaxation and abnormal passive elastic properties has been described in patients with severe pressure overload hypertrophy. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the time course of rotational motion of the left ventricle in patients with aortic valve stenosis using myocardial tagging. METHODS: Myocardial tagging is a non-invasive method based on magnetic resonance which makes it possible to label ('tag') specific myocardial regions. From the motion of the tag's cardiac rotation, radial displacement and translational motion can be determined. In 12 controls and 13 patients with severe aortic valve stenosis systolic and diastolic wall motion was assessed in an apical and basal short axis plane. RESULTS: The normal left ventricle performs a systolic wringing motion around the ventricular long axis with clockwise rotation at the base (-4.4+/-1.6 degrees) and counter-clockwise rotation at the apex (+6.8+/-2.5 degrees) when viewed from the apex. During early diastole an untwisting motion can be observed which precedes diastolic filling. In patients with aortic valve stenosis systolic rotation is reduced at the base (-2.4+/-2.0 degrees; P<0.01) but increased at the apex (+12.0+/-6.0 degrees; P<0.05). Diastolic untwisting is delayed and prolonged with a decrease in normalized rotation velocity (-6.9+/-1.1 s(-1)) when compared to controls (-10.7+/-2.2 s(-1); P<0.001). Maximal systolic torsion is 8.0+/-2.1 degrees in controls and 14.1+/-6.4 degrees (P<0.01) in patients with aortic valve stenosis. CONCLUSIONS: Left ventricular pressure overload hypertrophy is associated with a reduction in basal and an increase in apical rotation resulting in increased torsion of the ventricle. Diastolic untwisting is delayed and prolonged. This may explain the occurrence of diastolic dysfunction in patients with severe pressure overload hypertrophy.

Effects of rotation period on biomass production and atmospheric CO‚́‚ emissions from broadleaved stands growing on abandoned farmland

Abstract

Rotation mentale et différences sexuelles: influence des axes directionnels extraits de l'environnement

Les tâches nécessitant des manipulations et des transformations de figures géométriques et de formes, comme les tâches de rotation mentale, donnent lieu à des différences de performance entre hommes et femmes qui restent intrigantes. Plusieurs hypothèses ont été proposées pour expliquer ces différences. La plus récurrente porte sur les différences de stratégie globale vs locale utilisées pour traiter l'information. Bien que cette conjecture soit intéressante, elle reste difficile à opérationnaliser car elle englobe tous les mécanismes cognitifs (acquisition, conservation et récupération de l'information). Ce travail prend la forme d'un retour aux sources dans la mesure où il se base sur des recherches anciennes qui ont montré que les hommes perçoivent significativement mieux que les femmes la verticale et l'horizontale. Il teste l'hypothèse selon laquelle les hommes, comparativement aux femmes, présentent une plus forte indépendance au champ perceptif visuel et sont donc plus susceptibles d'utiliser la verticalité et l'horizontalité pour résoudre une tâche de rotation mentale. Une première série d'expériences s'est penchée sur la perception spatiale pour évaluer son impact sur la résolution d'une tâche impliquant la rotation mentale. Les résultats ont montré que seuls les hommes se référaient à la verticalité et à l'horizontalité pour résoudre la tâche. Une seconde série d'expériences ont investigué l'effet de la présence, ou absence, d'axes directionnels directement liés à une tâche de rotation mentale. Elles ont été menées également en environnement réel afin d'évaluer comment le déplacement actif ou passif, correspondant à un changement de perspective en lieu et place d'une rotation mentale, module la performance des hommes et des femmes. Les résultats n'ont pas mis en évidence de différence sexuelle. Notre hypothèse est vérifiée puisque c'est uniquement lorsque la tâche ne présente pas d'axes orthogonaux évidents mais implicites que seuls les hommes, plus indépendants au champ perceptif visuel que les femmes, utilisent la perception de la verticalité et de l'horizontalité pour améliorer leur compétence en rotation mentale. -- Tasks that require manipulation and transformation of geometric shapes and forms, like tasks of mental rotation and give rise to differences in performance between men and women, remain intriguing. Several hypotheses have been proposed to explain these differences. The most recurring hypothesis addresses differences in global versus local strategies for processing information. While this conjecture is interesting, it remains difficult to study because it encompasses all the cognitive mechanisms (acquisition, retention and output). This work returns to the sources, which are based on earlier research that shows that men are significantly better than women at perceiving verticality and horizontality. It tests the hypothesis according to which men, as compared to women, exhibit a greater independence on the perceptive visual field, and therefore are more susceptible to utilizing the verticality and the horizontality to solve a mental rotation task. A first set of experiments examined spatial perception in order to assess its impact on the resolution of a task involving mental rotation. The results showed that only men referred to the verticality and the horizontality to solve the task. A second series of experiments investigated the effect of a presence, or absence of directional axes directed tied to the task of mental rotation. They were also conducted in a real world environment to evaluate how the active or passive displacement, corresponding to a change in perspective instead of a mental rotation, modulates the performance of men and women. The results did not show sex differences. Our hypothesis is verified: it is only when the task presents no obvious, but implicit orthogonal axes that men, who exhibit a greater independence on the perceptive visual field than women, use the perception of verticality and horizontality to improve their competence in mental rotation.

Soil salinization and maize and cowpea yield in the crop rotation system using saline waters

The use of saline water and the reuse of drainage water for irrigation depend on long-term strategies that ensure the sustainability of socio-economic and environmental impacts of agricultural systems. In this study, it was evaluated the effects of irrigation with saline water in the dry season and fresh water in the rainy season on the soil salt accumulation yield of maize and cowpea, in a crop rotation system. The experiment was conducted in the field, using a randomized complete block design, with five replications. The first crop was installed during the dry season of 2007, with maize irrigated with water of different salinities (0.8, 2.2, 3.6 and 5.0 dS m-1). The maize plants were harvested at 90 days after sowing (DAS), and vegetative growth, dry mass of 1000 seeds and grain yield were evaluated. The same plots were utilized for the cultivation of cowpea, during the rainy season of 2008. At the end of the crop, cycle plants of this species were harvested, being evaluated the vegetative growth and plant yield. Soil samples were collected before and after maize and cowpea cultivation. The salinity of irrigation water above 2.2 dS m-1 reduced the yield of maize during the dry season. The high total rainfall during the rainy season resulted in leaching of salts accumulated during cultivation in the dry season, and eliminated the possible negative effects of salinity on cowpea plants. However, this crop showed atypical behavior with a significant proportion of vegetative mass and low pod production, which reduced the efficiency of this strategy of crop rotation under the conditions of this study.

Yield of cotton/cowpea and sunflower/cowpea crop rotation systems during the reclamation process of a saline-sodic soil

The objective of this study was to evaluate the use of subsoiling, gypsum and organic matter associated with the cultivation of cotton, sunflower and cowpea in crop rotation, seeking the reclamation and use of a saline-sodic soil. The treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in split plots with four replications, during two crop cycles (2009/2010 and 2010/2011). The plots were formed by the treatments: T1. Subsoiling (S); T2. S + 20 Mg ha-1 of gypsum; T3. S + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T4. S + 10 Mg ha-1 of gypsum + 20 Mg ha-1 of organic matter; T5. S + 20 Mg ha-1 of gypsum + 40 Mg ha-1 of organic matter and the sub-plots consisted of the cotton-cowpea (C/CP) and sunflower-cowpea (S/CP) crop rotation. The use of gypsum and organic matter contributed to decrease the soil salinity and sodicity. Cotton was not affected by the treatments, while the sunflower crop was favored by the application of amendments only in the second production cycle. Higher yields of cowpea in T5 treatment, during the 2009/2010 cycle, are indicative that higher doses of gypsum and organic matter applied in this treatment accelerate the reclamation process. For other treatments with amendment application there was a beneficial effect for this crop only in the second cycle, when the values of productivity were similar to T5.