The pernicious cycle of vlus in brazil: Epidemiology, pathogeny and auxiliary healing methods

Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) represent the most advanced stage of chronic venous insufficiency. Despite the large body of knowledge available regarding the risk factors and aetiopathogeny of the condition, patients referred to public health care systems in developing countries often do not receive adequate diagnosis or early treatment, leading to clinical evolution and disease recurrence. This review collates updated information about the epidemiology, risk factors, aetiopathogeny, diagnosis, ulcer healing methods and determinant factors of the pernicious cycle of VLUs in developing countries, with a focus on the Brazilian setting.

A constituição e a atuação de grupos, tribos, gangues e galeras no entorno de uma escola pública de ensino médio: uma coexistência possível?

Pós-graduação em Educação Escolar - FCLAR

O mapa conceitual na avaliação do processo ensino-aprendizagem na Odontologia

Pós-graduação em Odontologia Preventiva e Social - FOA

O índice de desenvolvimento da educação básica (IDEB) e as dimensões associadas à qualidade da educação na escola pública municipal

Pós-graduação em Educação - FFC

Resposta fenotípica integrada do morcego frugívoro Artibeus lituratus (Chiroptera, phyllostomidae) frente à redução da qualidade da dieta

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

História e filosofia da ciência na pesquisa em ensino de ciências no Brasil: manutenção de um mito?

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Incidentes relacionados a medicamentos em uma instituição hospitalar: subsídios para a gestão

Pós-graduação em Enfermagem (mestrado profissional) - FMB

Phox2b-expressing retrotrapezoid neurons and the integration of central and peripheral chemosensory control of breathing in conscious rats

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Criopreservação de embriões bovino produzidos in vitro: estado da arte

In the last years, the embryo in vitro production for every domestic species and mainly for bovine has attained a notorius status. This reproductive biotechnical procedure associate with ultrasound-guided ovum pick up (OPU) has been more and more incorporated and spread in our cattle herds, ranking up Brazil already at the top of the list in number of in vitro embryo produced. Some significant advantages provided, such as the possibility of using the premature or pregnant animals oocytes, without necessarily requiring the use of hormonal treatment, to make it possible to generate pregnancy at a shorter period of time, the rationalization in the use of semen and optimization in the use of sexed semen were determinant factors for OPU/IVP to reach this outstanding position. Nevertheless, right now the possibility of IVP embryo cryopreservation, just now is the biggest impediment for maximizing the use of this biotechnology, due to both lack of efficient methods and low laboratory produced embryo cryotolerance. Nowadays, the most used methods of IVP embryo cryopreservation are: slow freezing and vitrification. Traditionally, slow freezing is still the most used methods for in vivo and in vitro produced embryo cryopreservation. However, more recently vitrification - although still not commercially used in large scale - has been presenting satisfactory results in IVP embryo cryopreservation, according to searches

Relações entre proeminência facial nas fotos do Orkut e o perfil dos usuários

Relationship Between Facial Prominence of Orkut’s Photos and the Users’ Profile This research aimed to verify the relation between facial prominence index (FPI) and the profile of 600 users of Orkut. The results demonstrated that in all evaluated segments the average of male facial prominence was higher than the female; women increase the prominence while men decrease it as they become older and university graduates women have presented higher prominence than high school graduates. Significant differences were also found in the categories of humor when comparing the FPI between the genders and between persons of the same gender. In summary, the results indicate that the determinant factors for the facial prominence presented at Orkut are probably related to both biological and cultural aspects.

Mortalidade Materna: uma abordagem atualizada

Purpose: to review literature, highlighting current aspects of maternal mortality.  Method: research initiated through electronic data base PubMed [http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed], limited to the last 10 years. The selected cases which related to pre-defined aspects of interest to the study, such as vulnerable population, risk factors, causes, difficulties in obtaining data, preventive measures e new approaches to the problem, among them, ‘near misses’ and severe maternal morbidity.  Results: maternal death is directly related to the quality of life of the population, with relevant disparities among the different social economic areas. Although maternal mortality is the proper indicator to the female population health, its numbers are presented in unrealistic manners due to the difficulties in identifying the cases through death certificates. Preventive measures associated to early and adequate diagnose and treatment are benefic factors in decreasing those maternal deaths. Apart from these, identification and classification of ‘near misses’ and maternal morbidity are featured in the contemporary approach to the issue.  Final considerations: In spite of advanced technology and recognition of preventive measures, a large number of women die daily due to complications in the pregnancy and puerperal cycle. To decrease such tragedy political, social and economical commitment to Health is necessary, in order to promote the needed reforms in the assistance of such cycle.

Ecological aspects of the sandfly fauna (Diptera, Psychodidae) in an American cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic area under the influence of hydroelectric plants in Paranapanema river, State of Parana, Brazil

Introduction: An epidemiological study was undertaken to identify determinant factors in the occurrence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in areas under the influence of hydroelectric plants in Paranapanema river, State of Parana, Brazil. The ecological aspects of the phlebotomine fauna were investigated. Methods: Sandflies were sampled with automatic light traps from February 2004 to June 2006 at 25 sites in the urban and rural areas of Itambaraca, and in Porto Almeida and Sao Joaquim do Pontal. Results: A total of 3,187 sandflies of 15 species were captured. Nyssomyia neivai predominated (34.4%), followed by Pintomyia pessoai (32.6%), Migonemyia migonei (11.6%), Nyssomyia whitmani (8.8%), and Pintomyia fischeri (2.7%), all implicated in the transmission of Leishmania. Males predominated for Ny. neivai, and females for the other vector species, with significant statistical differences (p < 0.001). Nyssomyia neivai, Pi. pessoai, Ny. whitmani, Brumptomyia brumpti, Mg. migonei, and Pi. fischeri presented the highest values for the Standardized Species Abundance Index (SSAI). The highest frequencies and diversities were found in the preserved forest in Porto Almeida, followed by forests with degradation in Sao Joaquim do Pontal and Vila Rural. Conclusions: Sandflies were captured in all localities, with the five vectors predominating. Ny. neivai had its highest frequencies in nearby peridomestic environments and Pi. pessoai in areas of preserved forests. The highest SSAI values of Ny. neivai and Pi. pessoai reflect their wider dispersion and higher frequencies compared with other species, which seems to indicate that these two species may be transmitting leishmaniasis in the area.

Isolated right atrial appendage (RAA) rupture in blunt trauma – a case report and an anatomic study comparing RAA and right atrium (RA) wall thickness

Abstract Background Heart chambers rupture in blunt trauma is uncommon and is associated with a high mortality. The determinant factors, and the incidence of isolated heart chambers rupture remains undetermined. Isolated rupture of the right atrium appendage (RAA) is very rare, with 8 cases reported in the reviewed literature. The thin wall of the RAA has been presumed to render this chamber more prone to rupture in blunt trauma. Objective To report a case of isolated RAA rupture in blunt trauma, and to compare right atrium (RA) and RAA wall thickness in a necropsy study. Methods The thickness of RA and RAA wall of hearts from cadavers of fatal penetrating head trauma victims was measured. Our case of isolated RAA rupture is presented. The main findings of the 8 cases reported in the literature, and the findings of our case, were organized in a table. Result The comparison of the data showed that wall thickness of the RAA (0.53 ± 0.33 mm) was significantly thinner than that of RA (1.11 ± 0.42 mm) (p < 0.05). Comments In all these 9 cases of isolated RAA rupture, cardiac tamponade occurred, RAA rupture was diagnosed intraoperatively and sutured, and the patients survived. Main mechanisms hypothesized for heart chamber rupture include mechanical compression coincident with phases of cardiac cycle, leading to high hydrostatic pressure inside the chamber. Published series include numerous cases of RA rupture, and only a few cases of RAA rupture. Conclusion Thus, our data suggests that wall thickness is not a determinant factor for RA or RAA rupture in blunt trauma.

Ecological aspects of the sandfly fauna (Diptera, Psychodidae) in an American cutaneous leishmaniasis endemic area under the influence of hydroelectric plants in Paranapanema river, State of Paraná, Brazil

INTRODUCTION: An epidemiological study was undertaken to identify determinant factors in the occurrence of American cutaneous leishmaniasis in areas under the influence of hydroelectric plants in Paranapanema river, State of Paraná, Brazil. The ecological aspects of the phlebotomine fauna were investigated. METHODS: Sandflies were sampled with automatic light traps from February 2004 to June 2006 at 25 sites in the urban and rural areas of Itambaracá, and in Porto Almeida and São Joaquim do Pontal. RESULTS: A total of 3,187 sandflies of 15 species were captured. Nyssomyia neivai predominated (34.4%), followed by Pintomyia pessoai (32.6%), Migonemyia migonei (11.6%), Nyssomyia whitmani (8.8%), and Pintomyia fischeri (2.7%), all implicated in the transmission of Leishmania. Males predominated for Ny. neivai, and females for the other vector species, with significant statistical differences (p < 0.001). Nyssomyia neivai, Pi. pessoai, Ny. whitmani, Brumptomyia brumpti, Mg. migonei, and Pi. fischeri presented the highest values for the Standardized Species Abundance Index (SSAI). The highest frequencies and diversities were found in the preserved forest in Porto Almeida, followed by forests with degradation in São Joaquim do Pontal and Vila Rural. CONCLUSIONS: Sandflies were captured in all localities, with the five vectors predominating. Ny. neivai had its highest frequencies in nearby peridomestic environments and Pi. pessoai in areas of preserved forests. The highest SSAI values of Ny. neivai and Pi. pessoai reflect their wider dispersion and higher frequencies compared with other species, which seems to indicate that these two species may be transmitting leishmaniasis in the area.

Untersuchung von T-Zell-vermittelten Immunantworten in der murinen und humanen kutanen Leishmaniasis

Für die Ausheilung von L. major-Infektionen ist eine effektive Th1-/Tc1-Antwort unerlässlich. Dennoch sind bis heute nicht alle Mechanismen der schützenden Immunabwehr beim Menschen und in der Maus endgültig geklärt. Deshalb bestand das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit darin, Th1-/Tc1-Antworten und damit die Schnittstelle zwischen angeborenem und adaptivem Immunsystem eingehender zu untersuchen. Für diesen Ansatz wurde zunächst der Einfluss des genetischen Hintergrundes auf den Verlauf der Infektion anhand von BALB/c- und C57BL/6-Zellen analysiert. Als entscheidender Faktor für Heilung und Suszeptibilität wurde mit Hilfe von Knochenmarkschimären die Herkunft der T und/oder B Zellen identifiziert. Erst die Aktivierung durch Th1-/Tc1-Zellen versetzt L. major-infizierte Makrophagen in die Lage, die intrazellulären Parasiten abzutöten. In diesem Aktivierungsprozess spielt die TNF-induzierte Signalweiterleitung über den TNF-Rezeptor 1 (TNF-R1) eine wichtige Rolle. TNF-R1 ist mit dem Signalmolekül FAN assoziiert. In dieser Arbeit konnte anhand von Mäusen, denen FAN fehlt, die Involvierung dieses Moleküls in der Induktion eines Th1-Zytokinsprofils und in der Kontrolle der Parasitenzahl sowie der lokalen Begrenzung der Infektion gezeigt werden. Weiterhin wurde unter Verwendung immundefizienter Mäuse die Realisierbarkeit eines PBMC-Transfermodells geprüft. Ein solches wird zur Validierung an Mäusen gewonnener Erkenntnisse und als präklinisches Testsystem der humanen kutanen Leishmaniasis dringend benötigt. In allen getesteten Stämmen ließ sich durch den Transfer humaner PBMC die L. major-Infektion beeinflussen. Humane CD4+ und CD8+ T-Zellen waren an den Infektionsstellen präsent und es konnten antigenspezifische Immunreaktionen nnachgewiesen werden. Das PBMC-Transfermodell konnte durch die Transplantation humaner Haut auf immundefiziente Mäuse zusätzlich entscheidend verbessert werden. In diesen Transplantaten ließen sich L. major-Infektionen etablieren und durch zusätzlichen Transfer von PBMC die Zahl humaner CD45+ Zellen an der Infektionsstelle deutlich steigern. In ihrer Gesamtheit trägt die vorliegende Arbeit wesentlich zum Verständnis der Determinanten von Heilung und Suszeptibilität der kutanen Leishmaniasis bei und zeigt neue Ansatzpunkte für eine Beeinflussung des Krankheitsverlaufes auf. Die Etablierung eines präklinischen Testmodells der humanen Leishmaniasis ist entscheidend, um das Wissen über die murine Leishmaniasis auf die humane Erkrankung zu übertragen. So kann dem dauerhaften Problem der Entwicklung von Vakzinen an Mäusen, die keine Wirksamkeit gegen die humane Erkrankung zeigen, begegnet werden. Ein vollständig etabliertes Modell wird es ermöglichen, der humanen Erkrankung zugrundeliegende Mechanismen zu untersuchen und Patienten-spezifisch aber auch allgemeingültig Vakzinierungs-Ansätze und Therapien unter experimentellen Bedingungen zu testen.