The Maunder minimum (1645-1715) was indeed a grand minimum: a reassessment of multiple datasets

Aims. Although the time of the Maunder minimum (1645–1715) is widely known as a period of extremely low solar activity, it is still being debated whether solar activity during that period might have been moderate or even higher than the current solar cycle (number 24). We have revisited all existing evidence and datasets, both direct and indirect, to assess the level of solar activity during the Maunder minimum. Methods. We discuss the East Asian naked-eye sunspot observations, the telescopic solar observations, the fraction of sunspot active days, the latitudinal extent of sunspot positions, auroral sightings at high latitudes, cosmogenic radionuclide data as well as solar eclipse observations for that period. We also consider peculiar features of the Sun (very strong hemispheric asymmetry of the sunspot location, unusual differential rotation and the lack of the K-corona) that imply a special mode of solar activity during the Maunder minimum. Results. The level of solar activity during the Maunder minimum is reassessed on the basis of all available datasets. Conclusions. We conclude that solar activity was indeed at an exceptionally low level during the Maunder minimum. Although the exact level is still unclear, it was definitely lower than during the Dalton minimum of around 1800 and significantly below that of the current solar cycle #24. Claims of a moderate-to-high level of solar activity during the Maunder minimum are rejected with a high confidence level.

Raimundi Alafont e Soc. J. Rhetoris Orationes quas adhuc ambas habuit in Academia Valentina

Sign.: []4, A-C4, D2

Sermon de María Santissima en el misterio de su Presentación al Templo, titular del Colegio de Santo Thomas de Villanueua de ... Valencia, predicado en la solemnidad que en ... 1770 celebró el Colegio en su capilla

Sign.: []2, A-C4

Reglas y constituciones dispuestas ... para el Real Seminario sacerdotal y conciliar de la Inmaculada Concepcion y Santo Thomas de Villanueva de ... Valencia

Sign. : [A]-F4

Oracion panegírica en honor del angelico doctor Sto Thomas de Aquino como protector de la castidad [Texto impreso]

Sign. : A-D4, E4

Catalog of books in the chest sent by Thomas Hollis to Boston, 1720 January 1

This one-page document contains a list of books sent to Increase Mather (1639-1723; Harvard AB 1656) by Captain Chadder on behalf of English Harvard benefactor Thomas Hollis (1659-1731).

[Admittatur of Thomas Gray (Harvard AB 1790)], 1786 July 15

Published copy of the 1790 College Laws, bound in modern board binding, with the admittatur of undergraduate Thomas Gray signed by President Joseph Willard on July 15, 1786.

[Admittatur of Samuel Weed (Harvard AB 1800)], 1796 August 17

Published copy of the 1790 College Laws, bound in modern board binding, with the admittatur of undergraduate Samuel Weed signed by President Joseph Willard on August 17, 1796.

[Admittatur of Benjamin Merrill (Harvard AB 1804)], 1800 August 12

Published copy of the 1790 College Laws with the admittatur of undergraduate Benjamin Merrill signed by President Joseph Willard on August 12, 1800. Four pages of amendments of and additions to the Harvard Laws "enacted since the Summer of 1798, and are now in force Dec. 1, 1800" are tipped in at the beginning of the volume.

[Admittatur of Thomas Lindall Winthrop], 1803 September 29

Published copy of the 1798 College Laws with the admittatur of undergraduate Thomas Lindall Winthrop signed by President Joseph Willard on September 29, 1803.

[Admittatur of Thomas Wigglesworth], 1829 August 24

Printed copy of an undated abstract of laws and regulations with the admittatur of undergraduate Thomas Wigglesworth signed by President Josiah Quincy on August 24, 1829.

[Admittatur of Thomas Bartlett Hall], 1840 August 25

Printed copy of an undated abstract of laws and regulations with the admittatur of undergraduate Thomas B. Hall signed by President Josiah Quincy on August 25, 1840. The admittatur identifies Hall as a freshman.

[Certificate of admission of Thomas B. Hall], 1840 August 27

Printed copy of an undated abstract of laws and regulations with the admittatur of undergraduate Thomas Bartlett Hall to the Sophomore class on probation signed by President Josiah Quincy on August 27, 1840. The admittatur identifies Hall as a sophomore.

Bond of Samuel Shapleigh and Thomas Adams to the Harvard Corporation, Aug. 15, 1789

Shapleigh and Adams' signatures have been cut out from the bottom of this document. It was "signed, sealed and delivered" in the presence of Thomas Gray and Darius Shaw.