Investigations on phytoplankton with special reference to water usage

Experiments and observations on the phytoplankton of certain lakes in the English Lake District were made from early 1973 to the end of March, 1974. They included laboratory and lake bioassays and observations on the quantity and quality of the phytoplankton in six lakes. The introductory sections of the report are about algae, the ecology of phytoplankton and the scope of the contracted work. Laboratory bioassays on water from one lake, Blelham Tarn, showed that phosphorus, silicon (for diatoms) and organic substances forming complexes with iron were the major substances limiting the growth of the algae tested. The growth of the test algae was limited to different degrees by those substances and, to some extent, to a greater or lesser degree at different times of year. It is suggested that a relatively simple form of bioassay could give valuable information to water undertakings. Lake bioassays and other experiments were carried out by using large in situ tubular plastic enclosures. Two such investigations are described. The effects of a change in sewerage in two drainage basins on the phytoplankton of three lakes is described and some data given about changes since 1945 in three other lakes in the same overall drainage basin. These latter lakes have been affected too by changes in sewerage and by increasing inputs of domestic and agricultural wastes. Throughout, the relevance of the work done to practical problems of water usage is kept in mind and discussed. In the last section special reference is made to the largely unpredictable results of water transfers. The report ends with a note on river phytoplankton.

Cianobactérias como parâmetro de qualidade ambiental: um estudo no complexo lagunas de Jacarepaguá.

O Complexo Lagunar de Jacarepaguá, localizado no município do Rio de Janeiro, região sudeste do Brasil, é formado pelas lagunas de Jacarepaguá, Camorim, Tijuca e Marapendi. Estas lagunas estão interligadas ao mar pelo canal da Joatinga e têm como afluentes rios e canais que vertem dos maciços da Tijuca e da Pedra Branca. Recebem esgotos sanitários e efluentes industriais, além de contribuições difusas de águas de drenagem e circulação das massas de águas de várias origens, com elevada carga de poluição. A eutrofização cultural aliada aos processos de evolução de ecossistemas costeiros produziu um estado de degradação destas águas com constantes florações de cianobactérias potencialmente tóxicas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a ocorrência das cianobactérias (Classe Cyanophyceae) no Complexo Lagunar de Jacarepaguá e corroborar a hipótese de serem boas indicadoras de qualidade ambiental de águas salobras. Foi realizado um monitoramento ambiental nas lagunas de Jacarepaguá, Camorim, Tijuca e Marapendi, nos anos de 2004 a 2006, sendo analisados parâmetros físicos, químicos e biológicos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram a dominância e a persistência das cianobactérias em elevadas concentrações de nutrientes, caracterizando a hipereutrofização dessas lagunas. As estratégias ecológicas das cianobactérias garantiram sua dominância em quase todo o período amostral e demonstraram ser um refinado sensor das variáveis ambientais. A salinidade não foi um fator de limitação ao desenvolvimento desses microorganismos. Desta forma, este estudo, oferece subsídios para gestão de recursos hídricos, corroborando com a legislação CONAMA 357/05-MMA, na sugestão de indicação deste parâmetro de qualidade ambiental também para ambientes salobros na classe 1.

Avaliação da metodologia IQAFAL nas bacias contribuintes da Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, RJ, Brasil.

A pressão antrópica crescente impõe a necessidade de um monitoramento sistemático da água e de seus ambientes aquáticos. O desenvolvimento de Índices de Qualidade de Água (IQAs) tem como objetivo transformar dados em informações acessíveis e de fácil entendimento para os gestores e usuários das águas, visando refletir a deterioração deste recurso em nível de bacia hidrográfica e ao longo do tempo. O Instituto Estadual do Ambiente (INEA) adotou um novo Índice de Qualidade de Água para ambiente lótico, baseado em lógica nebulosa, o IQAFAL, desenvolvido no âmbito do rio Paraíba do Sul. O objetivo principal deste estudo consiste em aplicar o IQAFAL aos rios dos Macacos, Cabeça e Rainha, contribuintes da bacia de drenagem da Lagoa Rodrigo de Freitas, de grande interesse sócio-político-ambiental para a cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Busca-se analisar a sua adequação em sintetizar a qualidade de água em bacias hidrográficas de pequeno porte e primordialmente urbana. Para tanto, utilizam-se dados físicos, químicos e biológicos do INEA, no período 2003 - 2010. Os resultados mostraram que o IQAFAL foi capaz de refletir a qualidade da água de modo satisfatório e compatível com os registros disponíveis e a percepção de especialistas acerca da real qualidade dos rios. Ou seja, este Índice se mostrou mais sensível às condições ruins, traduzindo a verdadeira condição destes corpos dágua, ao contrário do IQACETESB, que classifica estas águas como de qualidade mediana. Os resultados confirmam também as vantagens deste índice, observadas em estudos anteriores, sobretudo quanto à capacidade de identificar as variáveis de qualidade de água que são mais determinantes para o resultado final do Índice, através do estudo dos subíndices.

A sensitivity analysis of Southwestern climate [abstract and conclusions]

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): We provide here an estimate of the extent that modern climate in the southwest US is sensitive to changes in several parameters that reflect global climatic changes. For the purposes of this study, we define modern climate as mean monthly values for the months of February and August (called winter and summer, respectively) of temperature and precipitation, at points representing the average of cells of dimension 7.5' on a side. The area studied surrounds the drainage basin of Death Valley, California.

Nutrient enhanced coastal ocean productivity in the north Gulf of Mexico: understanding the effects of nutrients on a coastal ecosystem

The continental shelf adjacent to the Mississippi River is a highly productive system, often referred to as the fertile fisheries crescent. This productivity is attributed to the effects of the river, especially nutrient delivery. In the later decades of the 2oth century, though, changes in the system were becoming evident. Nutrient loads were seen to be increasing and reports of hypoxia were becoming more frequent. During most recent summers, a broad area (up to 20,000 krn2) of near bottom, inner shelf waters immediately west of the Mississippi River delta becomes hypoxic (dissolved oxygen concentrations less than 2 mgll). In 1990, the Coastal Ocean Program of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration initiated the Nutrient Enhanced Coastal Ocean Productivity (NECOP) study of this area to test the hypothesis that anthropogenic nutrient addition to the coastal ocean has contributed to coastal eutrophication with a significant impact on water quality. Three major goals of the study were to determine the degree to which coastal productivity in the region is enhanced by terrestrial nutrient input, to determine the impact of enhanced productivity on water quality, and to determine the fate of fixed carbon and its impact on living marine resources. The study involved 49 federal and academic scientists from 14 institutions and cost $9.7 million. Field work proceeded from 1990 through 1993 and analysis through 1996, although some analyses continue to this day. The Mississippi River system delivers, on average, 19,000 m3/s of water to the northern Gulf of Mexico. The major flood of the river system occurs in spring following snow melt in the upper drainage basin. This water reaches the Gulf of Mexico through the Mississippi River birdfoot delta and through the delta of the Atchafalaya River. Much of this water flows westward along the coast as a highly stratified coastal current, the Louisiana Coastal Current, isolated from the bottom by a strong halocline and from mid-shelf waters by a strong salinity front. This stratification maintains dissolved and particulate matter from the rivers, as well as recycled material, in a well-defined flow over the inner shelf. It also inhibits the downward mixing of oxygenated surface waters from the surface layer to the near bottom waters. This highly stratified flow is readily identifiable by its surface turbidity, as it carries much of the fine material delivered with the river discharge and resuspended by nearshore wave activity. A second significant contribution to the turbidity of the surface waters is due to phytoplankton in these waters. This turbidity reduces the solar radiation penetrating to depth through the water column. These two aspects of the coastal current, isolation of the inner shelf surface waters and maintenance of a turbid surface layer, precondition the waters for the development of near bottom summer hypoxia.

Tropical and subtropical moisture and southerly displaced North Pacific storm track: factors in the growth of late Quaternary lakes in the Mojave Desert

Historical flood events produced lakes in the Mojave River watershed in southeastern California and represent climatic conditions similar to those in the late Quaternary when perennial lakes formed in the Mojave Desert. Historical lakes are related to tropical and subtropical sources of moisture and an extreme southward shift of storm tracks. It is suggested that this atmospheric pattern occurred frequently during earlier periods with perennial lakes in the Mojave River drainage basin.

Decadal hydroclimatic variability in the western coastal United States: temporal and spatial variations in precipitation, streamflow, and lake level

EXTRACT (SEE PDF FOR FULL ABSTRACT): We have analyzed streamflow variations recorded at 15 USGS gauging stations in California during the past 90 years or so. The anomalies (departures from the 1960-1990 mean discharge) of streamflow on annual-to-decadal time scales are strongly correlated with precipitation anomalies in each drainage basin. ... Although causes of the decadal climate (precipitation) variability are not known with certainty, the use of streamflow records may help us understand the relative strengths of moisture sources and shift of the jet stream in atmospheric circulation.

The evolution of the fishery of Oreochromis niloticus (Pisces : Cichlidae) in Lake Victoria

The Lake Victoria ecosystem has experienced changes associated fishing levels, arise in lake level of the 1960s, fish introductions and human activities in the drainage basin. Following the fish introductions of the 1950s and 1960s, niloticus has become the most abundant and commercially important species among the tilapiines. It appears to be the only species which has managed to co-exist with the Nile perch not only in Lake Victoria but also in Lake Kyoga where the two species were also introduced. There is, however, little published information on the biology and ecology of the species in the habitats. It has therefore been found necessary to initiate studies as have been developed for Lates niloticus, especially as the two species have assumed major role in the lake's fisheries.

应用输沙量推演流域侵蚀量的方法探讨

鉴于至今还没有一个有效获取流域侵蚀产沙量的方法,在分析悬移质泥沙与侵蚀泥沙之间的数量与粒配关系的基础上,阐述了应用输沙量推演流域侵蚀量在理论上的可能性,但却存在着难点,且主要表现在水文站数量不足与区域分布不均、流域内的生态环境复杂与区域差异大、水文站输沙量观测记录起始时间不同步、及新技术应用存在时空条件的局限性。结合与侵蚀产沙和泥沙输移比相关的定性与定量指标,提出了应用输沙量推演流域侵蚀量的方法,即"层次类剔法",来计算与评估流域侵蚀量和泥沙输移比,具体的操作过程是首先制作一幅流域地貌类型地块图,然后是逐类型、逐类型地块的侵蚀量计算和沟道流域泥沙输移比的判断,最终获取流域不同地块的侵蚀强度和流域泥沙输移比。本研究结果可为水土流失监测点的选择提供科学依据,同时对解决流域的泥沙问题也有重要的启迪作用。

Rare earth elements in bottom sediments of major rivers around the Yellow Sea: implications for sediment provenance

Rare earth elements (REEs) of 91 fine-grained bottom sediment samples from five major rivers in Korea (the Han, Keum, and Yeongsan) and China (the Changjiang and Huanghe) were studied to investigate their potential as source indicator for Yellow Sea shelf sediments, this being the first synthetic report on REE trends for bottom sediments of these rivers. The results show distinct differences in REE contents and their upper continental crust (UCC)-normalized patterns: compared to heavy rare earth elements (HREEs), light rare earth elements (LREEs) are highly enriched in Korean river sediments, in contrast to Chinese river sediments that have a characteristic positive Eu anomaly. This phenomenon is observed also in primary source rocks within the river catchments. This suggests that source rock composition is the primary control on the REE signatures of these river sediments, due largely to variations in the levels of chlorite and monazite, which are more abundant in Korean bottom river sediments. Systematic variations in I LREE pound/I HREE pound ratios, and in (La/Yb)-(Gd/Yb)(UCC) but also (La/Lu)-(La/Y)(UCC) and (La/Y)-(Gd/Lu)(UCC) relations have the greatest discriminatory power. These findings are consistent with, but considerably expand on the limited datasets available to date for suspended sediments. Evidently, the REE fingerprints of these river sediments can serve as a useful diagnostic tool for tracing the provenance of sediments in the Yellow Sea, and for reconstructing their dispersal patterns and the circulation system of the modern shelf, as well as the paleoenvironmental record of this and adjoining marginal seas.

西江流域环境河水地球化学研究

River is a major component of the global surface water and CO2 cycles. The chemistry of river waters reveals the nature of weathering on a basin-wide scale and helps us understand the exogenic cycles of elements in the continent-river-ocean system. In particular, geochemical investigation of large river gives important information on the biogeochemical cycles of the elements, chemical weathering rates, physical erosion rates and CO2 consumption during the weathering of the rocks within the drainage basin. Its importance has led to a number of detailed geochemical studies on some of the world's large and medium-size river systems. Flowing in the south of China, the Xijiang River is the second largest river in the China with respect to its discharge, after the Yangtze River. Its headwaters drain the YunGui Plateau, where altitude is approximately 2000 meters. Geologically, the carbonate rocks are widely spread in the river drainage basin, which covers an area of about 0.17xl06 km2, i.e., 39% of the whole drainage basin. This study focuses on the chemistry of the Xijiang river system and constitutes the first geochemical investigation into major and trace elements concentrations for both suspended and dissolved loads of this river and its main tributaries, and Sr isotopic composition of the dissolved load is also investigated, in order to determine both chemical weathering and mechanical erosion rates. As compared with the other large rivers of the world, the Xijiang River is characterized by higher major element concentration. The dissolved major cations average 1.17, 0.33, 0.15, and 0.04 mmol I"1 for Ca, Mg, Na, and K, respectively. The total cation concentrations (TZ+) in these rivers vary between 2.2 and 4.4 meq I'1. The high concentration of Ca and Mg, high (Ca+Mg)/(Na+K) ratio (7.9), enormous alkalinity and low dissolved SiO2/HCO3 ratio (0.05) in river waters reveal the importance of carbonate weathering and relatively weak silicate weathering over the river drainage basin. The major elements in river water, such as the alkalis and alkaline-earths, are of different origins: from rain water, silicate weathering, carbonate and evaporite weathering. A mixing model based on mass budget equation is used in this study, which allows the proportions of each element derived from the different source to be calculated. The carbonate weathering is the main source of these elements in the Xijiang drainage basin. The contribution of rainwater, especially for Na, reaches to approximately 50% in some tributaries. Dissolved elemental concentration of the river waters are corrected for rain inputs (mainly oceanic salts), the elemental concentrations derived from the different rock weathering are calculated. As a consequence, silicate, carbonate and total rock weathering rates, together with the consumption rates of atmospheric CO2 by weathering of each of these lithologies have been estimated. They provide specific chemical erosion rates varying between 5.1~17.8 t/km2/yr for silicate, 95.5~157.2 t/km2/yr for carbonate, and 100.6-169.1 t/km2/yr for total rock, respectively. CO2 consumptions by silicate and carbonate weathering approach 13><109and 270.5x10 mol/yr. Mechanical denudation rates deduced from the multi-year average of suspended load concentrations range from 92-874 t/km2/yr. The high denudation rates are mainly attributable to high relief and heavy rainfall, and acid rain is very frequent in the drainage basin, may exceed 50% and the pH value of rainwater may be <4.0, result from SO2 pollution in the atmosphere, results in the dissolution of carbonates and aluminosilicates and hence accelerates the chemical erosion rate. The compositions of minerals and elements of suspended particulate matter are also investigated. The most soluble elements (e.g. Ca, Na, Sr, Mg) are strongly depleted in the suspended phase with respect to upper continent crust, which reflects the high intensity of rock weathering in the drainage basin. Some elements (e.g. Pb, Cu, Co, Cr) show positive anomalies, Pb/Th ratios in suspended matter approach 7 times (Liu Jiang) to 10 times (Nanpan Jiang) the crustal value. The enrichment of these elements in suspended matter reflects the intensity both of anthropogenic pollution and adsorption processes onto particles. The contents of the soluble fraction of rare earth elements (REE) in the river are low, and REE mainly reside in particulate phase. In dissolved phase, the PAAS-normalized distribution patterns show significant HREE enrichment with (La/Yb) SN=0.26~0.94 and Ce depletion with (Ce/Ce*) SN=0.31-0.98, and the most pronounced negative Ce anomalies occur in rivers of high pH. In the suspended phase, the rivers have LREE-enriched patterns relative to PAAS, with (La/Yb) SN=1 -00-1 .40. The results suggest that pH is a major factor controlling both the absolute abundances of REE in solution and the fractionation of REE of dissolved phase. Ce depletion in river waters with high pH values results probably from both preferential removal of Ce onto Fe-Mn oxide coating of particles and CeC^ sedimentation. This process is known to occur in the marine environment and may also occur in high pH rivers. Positive correlations are also observed between La/Yb ratio and DOC, HCO3", PO4", suggesting that colloids and (or) adsorption processes play an important role in the control of these elements.

长江流域的锂及锂同位素地球化学研究

锂的两个同位素（6Li和7Li）之间相对大的质量差导致它们在自然界的分馏强烈，仅在表生环境就达到了35‰。因而，作为一种有效的示踪剂被广泛地应用于研究宇宙事件、洋壳蚀变及海底热液活动、板块活动、壳幔演化以及示踪卤水来源等地球化学过程。近年来则以大陆风化过程的锂同位素地球化学研究为热点，主要研究方向包括流域尺度大空间范围的总体研究、风化壳剖面的精细研究以及实验室的模拟研究，均涉及水/岩作用过程的锂同位素分馏机理研究。但是，现有的研究结果有的需要进一步论证，有的相互之间存在矛盾，还有部分结论不能自圆其说。 因此，本项论文工作以地表环境过程的锂同位素地球化学研究为切入点，选择长江水系干流和主要支流的地表水、悬浮物和沉积物为研究对象。在低含量样品锂同位素分析方法研究和完善的基础上，就河流体系锂的来源、流域体系的锂同位素组成变化特征及其主要受控因素等方面开展探索性研究。 通过以上研究，本论文得出以下几点认识： 1、采用单一的阳离子树脂柱分离、提纯样品锂，MC-ICP-MS测定其同位素组成。其分析结果的准确度和精确度可以达到现阶段报道的最高水平。海水的锂同位素组成为+31.3±1.0‰（2σ）与前人测定结果的平均值（+31.2‰）接近；样品分析误差约为0.5‰（2σ），与TIMS的分析结果相似。 2、长江水系河水以富含HCO3-、Ca2+为主要特征，两者分别占阴、阳离子总量的70%和50%；其中，以Na+、Cl-含量的变化最大。长江河水的主要离子组成主要受流域岩石风化作用影响，蒸发结晶作用只在少数点起次要作用，而大气沉降的输入十分微弱。岩石风化作用以碳酸盐岩风化的影响最为显著，蒸发盐岩和硅酸岩的影响较小，仅限于长江流域的局部地区。 3、长江水系悬浮物的锂含量及δ7Li值变化较小，分别为41 µg/g~92 µg/g和-4.7‰~+0.7‰。沉积物的锂含量在13.26 µg/g~46.32 µg/g之间，略低于悬浮物的锂含量，而δ7Li较高，在+0.9‰和+9.1‰之间变化。悬浮物和沉积物的锂含量与Al2O3/SiO2、Fe2O3/SiO2、MnO/SiO2及K2O/SiO2等比值之间存在明显的正相关关系，与δ7Li值存在一定的负相关关系，主要表现为粘土矿物对锂的吸附作用，尤其是6Li。 4、长江水系河水的锂含量在1.04 µg/L和31.72 µg/L之间，平均为8.87 µg/L，呈现出从上游至下游逐渐降低的趋势，最高值出现在长江上游的攀枝花段（CJ1）。其锂同位素组成变化也较大，δ7Li值在+7.6‰和+28.1‰之间，但是却呈现出与锂含量变化相反的特征，即从上游至下游逐渐增加，最小值出现在长江上游的攀枝花段(CJ1)。 5、长江干流水体的锂摩尔浓度的倒数（1/Li）和δ7Li值之间存在明显的正相关关系，可能是两个端员组分混合的结果。综合考虑雨水、人为输入和碳酸盐岩对长江干流河水的贡献后，我们认为长江干流河水的锂应该是来自于流域岩石风化的贡献，即蒸发盐岩的溶解和硅酸岩的风化，两者对长江河水锂的贡献在78%和99%之间。 6、悬浮物总是比相应水体富集6Li，导致两者之间的锂同位素分馏明显。悬浮物和河水之间的锂同位素分馏系数（α矿物-流体）在0.976和0.993之间比变化，落在不同粘土矿物吸附产生的分馏范围内。长江上游地区的α矿物-流体落在室温下水铝矿和蒙脱石对锂吸附产生的分馏范围内，下游地区的α矿物-流体则与蛭石和高岭石对水体锂的吸附分馏范围内。除此之外，α矿物-流体还与悬浮物的量密切相关，尤其是在河水进入三峡库区之前。这种相关性同样是粘土矿物对6Li的优先吸附引起的。

Caracterização hidráulica, hidrológica e do transporte sólido das principais linhas de água (ribeiras) do concelho de Câmara de Lobos: ilha da Madeira

Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Civil na Área de Especialização de Hidráulica

Inventário hidrogeológico e dos potenciais focos de contaminação nas bacias hidrográficas da Asprela e Massarelos: implicações no ciclo hidrológico urbano

O desenvolvimento incessante em áreas urbanas ameaça a qualidade e quantidade das águas subterrâneas. O Porto é uma cidade densamente urbanizada, dominada por granitos, os quais constituem um meio fraturado anisotrópico e heterogéneo. O principal objetivo desta dissertação foi realçar a importância da cartografia hidrogeológica, bem como a relevância de realizar inventários hidrogeológicos e de potenciais focos de contaminação para compreender a vulnerabilidade dos sistemas aquíferos na cidade do Porto. Para tal, foram selecionadas as bacias hidrográficas da Asprela e de Massarelos. Assim, foram levados a cabo dois inventários, um hidrogeológico e outro das potenciais atividades de contaminação. O estudo foi apoiado pelos Sistemas de Informação Geográfica (SIG), os quais foram fundamentais para um melhor conhecimento e integração nas áreas de estudo. Previamente à implementação dos inventários foi feita uma caracterização das duas bacias, em termos geográficos, hidroclimatológicos, de ocupação do solo, geomorfológicos e hidrogeológicos. As duas bacias desenvolvem‐se, principalmente, na unidade hidrogeológica do granito de grão médio a fino, por vezes com saprólito. O inventário hidrogeológico contemplou principalmente fontanários e nascentes, tendo incluído, respetivamente, 8 e 21 pontos de água nas bacias da Asprela e de Massarelos. As águas subterrâneas são límpidas, sem turvação ou cheiro, ácidas, com mineralizações baixas a médias, temperaturas baixas e caudais muito pequenos. Quanto aos potenciais focos de contaminação, na bacia da Asprela foram reconhecidos 61, enquanto que na bacia de Massarelos foram identificados 78. A maioria destas atividades é pontual correspondendo, nomeadamente, a estabelecimentos de ensino e estações de serviço/oficinas de automóveis. Contudo, os focos lineares apresentam uma difusão significativa nas duas bacias hidrográficas. Apesar de a vulnerabilidade intrínseca à contaminação das águas subterrâneas nestas áreas ser baixa a moderada, a localização dos potenciais focos de contaminação poderá ser responsável pelo aumento da vulnerabilidade nas duas bacias estudadas. Esta metodologia demonstrou ser extremamente importante para um melhor conhecimento dos sistemas de água subterrânea do Porto e, ainda, da hidrogeologia de áreas urbanas.

Gestão de Afluências Indevidas em Redes de Águas Residuais Urbanas

As afluências indevidas resultantes direta ou indiretamente da precipitação são um dos principais fatores que provocam graves problemas de carácter ambiental, estrutural e económico, no âmbito de um bom funcionamento dos sistemas separativos de saneamento e tratamento de águas residuais urbanas. Ao longo dos anos, com a expansão do serviço de saneamento à população, tem sido reconhecido que os caudais excedentes às redes de drenagem de águas residuais e estações de tratamento são um problema grave e para isso estão a ser criados critérios cada vez mais exigentes no domínio da gestão e operação destes sistemas de saneamento. Para uma melhor compreensão sobre a incidência das afluências indevidas nos sistemas de saneamento e nas estações de tratamento de águas residuais, é necessário realizar estudos de quantificação e caracterização no sistema de esgotos. Com a necessidade de compreender a plenitude e natureza deste problema, tornou-se necessário desenvolver metodologias com o objetivo de melhorar a eficiência e eficácia hidráulica dos sistemas de drenagem e de tratamento. Este trabalho tem como objetivo a análise quantitativa das afluências indevidas, recorrendo a um caso de estudo de uma bacia de drenagem de águas residuais. Para adquirir mais conhecimento sobre o tema foi necessário recolher várias metodologias existentes de maneira a selecionar, estudar e aplicar o método mais vantajoso. Nesta dissertação, foram utilizados dados disponibilizados pela SIMRIA, no que respeita aos caudais de bombagem da estação elevatória a que afluiu a rede em estudo, e pela INDAQUA Feira, no que respeita aos dados de precipitação.