982 resultados para DISPERSÃO


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Foram conduzidos dois experimentos com o objetivo de estudar a germinação das unidades de dispersão de gervão-roxo [Stachytarpheta cayennesis (L.C. Rich) Vahl], removidas de espigas que haviam sido armazenadas após terem sido colhidas em dois estádios de maturação. As unidades de dispersão foram removidas de espigas que se encontravam armazenadas por seis ou 18 meses e que haviam sido colhidas com a coloração verde ou palha. No primeiro experimento, as unidades de dispersão, incubadas no interior de caixas plásticas tipo gerbox, foram distribuídas em folhas de papel germitest umedecidas com água destilada, sob temperatura de 20ºC(noite) e 30ºC (dia), na presença ou ausência de fotoperíodo de 12 horas, por 28 dias. No segundo experimento, as unidades de dispersão, incubadas no interior de caixas plásticas, foram distribuídas em folhas de papel germitest umedecidas com água destilada ou com solução de KNO3, sob temperatura de 20ºC(noite) e 30ºC (dia), na presença ou ausência de fotoperíodo de 12 horas, por 28 dias. A maior germinação foi obtida a partir de unidades de dispersão provenientes de espigas colhidas com a coloração palha e que se encontravam armazenadas por seis meses. A presença da luz, e o emprego de nitrato na ausência de luz, favoreceram a germinação das unidades de dispersão retiradas da parte apical e basal de espigas colhidas com a coloração verde ou palha e, armazenadas por seis ou 18 meses.

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Some plants are widely distributed, ranging in different vegetation types. Since bird distribution can be directly associated to vegetational cover, we expect that seed dispersers can also vary following phytophysiognomy for some ornithochorous plants. The purpose of this paper was to describe potential seed disperser birds of Talauma ovata (Magnoliaceae) in semideciduous Atlantic forest and cerrado fragments in south-east Brazil. In 79 h of focal observations we recorded 1085 visits of 25 different bird species consuming T. ovata diaspores. Although most bird species observed consuming T. ovata diaspores present generalist habits, they were potential seed dispersers, presenting high visits rate and do not staying a long time on the plants, favoring seed dispersal efficiency. Fruit consumption was not different between species in the study sites and the time spending on the plants was not different between species in semideciduous forest, but was different in cerrado. Agonistic encounters were observed mainly in the end of fruiting season, but was not relevant to decrease the number of seeds dispersed by birds. The occurrence of different potential seed dispersers between areas, such as Cyanocorax cristatellus (Corvidae), Schistochlamys ruficapillus (Emberizidae) and Mimus saturninus (Mimidae), which are endemic from the cerrado ecosystem and could rarely be found in semideciduous forest, suggests that seed dispersers can vary according to phytophysiognomy characteristics. Our results also indicate that the evolution of a generalist seed dispersal system such as observed for T. ovata can make possible the colonization of different ambients. Furthermore, the high number of visits recorded for both areas suggests that the fleshy arils of T. ovata are important feeding resources for birds.

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The pariparoba (Piper cernuum Vell.), a native plant from the Atlantic Tropical Forest (ATF), has been commonly used in folk medicine. Works seeking the exploitation of P. cernuum natural populations need to be accomplished, seeking compatibility in obtaining income rates and preservation of ATF. The present work aimed to study the reproductive phenology and seed dispersal in P. cernuum natural population in the counties of Sete Barras/SP (Parque Estadual Intervales - PEI). The population of P. cernuum studied in PEI presented continuously bud-inflorescences, green-infrutescences and bud-inflorescence emission, with variation among individuals. Fruit-set average was of 9.1%, varying among individuals. Shading and foliar damage presented negative effect on the fruit-set. Three species of bats were identified as potential dispersors of the P. cernuum seeds: Carollia perspicillata, Anoura geoffroyi and Artibeus sp. The foragement strategy observed was the withdrawal of some seeds per infrutescence per flight. This strategy increases the potential in establishing new plants as well as in increase the potential of gene flow in comparison with the entire infrutescence plant eaten at the night perches. In consequence, the results of reproductive phenology and seed dispersal ecology presented in this work can help to establish management and conservation strategies of P. cernuum natural populations in the ATF.

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Ornithochorous fruits make up an important part of the diet of birds and many studies have related the different morphological types of fruits with the choice by birds. We analyzed the intrinsic characteristics of plants and how human impact can affect this choice. Through analyses of covariance we related the degree of human pressure in each study site (high or low) and the morphological characteristics of 57 ornithochorous species with visiting rates and consumption of fruits by birds. We did not find any intrinsic plant characteristic (life form, size and type of diaspore) that explains the rates of consumption and visit by birds. On the other hand, the degree of human impact affected directly the mutualism between plants and birds. Plant species located in areas that suffer high human pressure had number of visits and consumption rates 3,3 and 3,5 lower than plants located in pristine areas, respectively. The negative consequences of the reduction of consumption of fruits in areas with high human pressures may directly affects the interactions between birds and plants and the regeneration of the ornithochorous species.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

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Pós-graduação em Agronomia (Entomologia Agrícola) - FCAV

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

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Incluye Bibliografía

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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)