Synthesis, characterization and thermal behaviour of solid-state compounds of 2-methoxybenzoate with some bivalent transition metal ions

Solid-state M-2-MeO-Bz compounds, where M stands for bivalent Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn and 2-MeO-Bz is 2-methoxybenzoate, have been synthesized. Simultaneous thermogravimetry-differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), thermogravimetry, derivative thermogravimetry (TG/DTG), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy and complexometry were used to characterize and to study the thermal behaviour of these compounds. The results led to have information about the composition, dehydration, thermal stability and thermal decomposition of the isolated compounds.

Synthesis, characterization and thermal behaviour of solid-state compounds of 4-methoxybenzoate with lanthanum (III) and trivalent lighter lanthanides

Solid-state M-4-MeO-Bz compounds, where M stands for trivalent La, Ce, Pr, Nd and Sm and 4-MeO-Bz is 4-methoxybenzoate, have been synthesized. Simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy and complexometry were used to characterize and to study the thermal behaviour of these compounds. The results led to information about the composition, dehydration, polymorphic transformation, ligand's denticity, thermal behaviour and thermal decomposition of the isolated compounds.

Thermal decomposition of solid state compounds of lanthanide and yttrium benzoates in CO2 atmosphere

Solid-state Ln-Bz compounds, where Ln stands for trivalent lanthanides and Bz is benzoate have been synthesized. Simultaneous thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis in a CO2 atmosphere were used to study the thermal decomposition of these compounds.

Thermal behavior of corn starch granules modified by acid treatment at 30 and 50°C

Unprocessed native starches are structurally too weak and functionally too restricted for application in today's advanced food technologies. Processing is necessary to engender a range of functionality. Naturals or natives starches can be modified by using several methods physical, chemical, enzymatic or combined, according industrial purposes. In this work, native corn starch was hydrolyzed by hydrochloric acid solution and investigated by using thermoanalytical techniques (thermogravimetry - TG, differential thermal analysis - DTA and differential scanning calorimetry - DSC), as well as optical microscopy and X-ray diffractometry. After acid treatment at 30 and 50°C, a decrease of gelatinization enthalpy (ΔHgel) was verified. Optical microscopy and X-ray diffractometry allowed us to verify the granules contorn and rugosity typical of cereal starches.

Thermoanalytical study and characterization of native starches of Paraná pine seeds (Araucaria angustiofolia, Bert O. Ktze) and European chestnut seeds (Castanea sativa, Mill)

Starch is the most important carbohydrate storage in plants. It is a raw material with diverse botanical origins, and is used by the food, paper, chemical, pharmaceutical, textile and other industries. In this work, native starches of Paraná pine seeds (pinhão) (Araucária angustiofolia, Bert O. Ktze) and european chestnut seeds (Castanea sativa, Mill) were studied by thermoanalytical techniques: thermo-gravimetry (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), as well as X-ray powder patterns diffractometry. Apparent and total amylose content was also determined.

Lanthanum based high surface area perovskite-type oxide and application in CO and propane combustion

The perovskite-type oxides using transition metals present a promising potential as catalysts in total oxidation reaction. The present work investigates the effect of synthesis by oxidant co-precipitation on the catalytic activity of perovskite-type oxides LaBO3 (B= Co, Ni, Mn) in total oxidation of propane and CO. The perovskite-type oxides were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, nitrogen adsorption (BET method), thermo gravimetric and differential thermal analysis (ATG-DTA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Through a method involving the oxidant co-precipitation it's possible to obtain catalysts with different BET surface areas, of 33-44 m²/g, according the salts of metal used. The characterization results proved that catalysts have a perovskite phase as well as lanthanum oxide, except LaMnO3, that presents a cationic vacancies and generation for known oxygen excess. The results of catalytic test showed that all oxides have a specific catalytic activity for total oxidation of CO and propane even though the temperatures for total conversion change for each transition metal and substance to be oxidized.

Thermal stability and thermal decomposition of sucralose

Several papers have been described on the thermal stability of the sweetener, C12H19Cl3O8 (Sucralose). Nevertheless no study using thermoanalytical techniques was found in the literature. Simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and infrared spectroscopy, have been used to study the thermal stability and thermal decomposition of sweetener.

Synthesis, characterization and thermal behaviour of solid 2-methoxycinnamylidenepyruvate of some bivalent metal ions in CO2 and N2 atmospheres

Solid State M-2-MeO-CP compounds, where M stands for bivalent metals (Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn) and 2-MeO-CP is 2-methoxycinnamylidenepyruvate, were synthesized. Simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), elemental analysis and complexometry were used to establish the stoichiometry and to study the thermal behaviour of these compounds in CO2 and N2 atmospheres. The results were consistent with the general formula: M(L)2∙H2O. In both atmospheres (CO2, N2) the thermal decomposition occurs in consecutive steps which are characteristic of each compound. For CO2 atmosphere the final residues were: Mn3O4, Fe3O4, Co3O4, NiO, Cu2O and ZnO, while under N2 atmosphere the thermal decomposition is still observed at 1000 º C.

Thermal behaviour of succinic acid, sodium succinate and its compounds with some bivalent transitions metal ions in dynamic N2 and CO2 atmospheres

Thermal stability and thermal decomposition of succinic acid, sodium succinate and its compounds with Mn(II), Fe(II), Co(II), Ni(II), Cu(II) and Zn(II) were investigated employing simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA) in nitrogen and carbon dioxide atmospheres and TG-FTIR in nitrogen atmosphere. On heating, in both atmospheres the succinic acid melt and evaporate, while for the sodium succinate the thermal decomposition occurs with the formation of sodium carbonate. For the transition metal succinates the final residue up to 1180 ºC in N2 atmosphere was a mixture of metal and metal oxide in no simple stoichiometric relation, except for Zn compound, where the residue was a small quantity of carbonaceous residue. For the CO2 atmosphere the final residue up to 980 ºC was: MnO, Fe3O4, CoO, ZnO and mixtures of Ni, NiO and Cu, Cu2O.

Synthesis, characterization and thermal behaviour of heavy trivalent lanthanide malonates

Solid-state Ln-L compounds, where Ln stands for heavy trivalent lanthanides (Tb-Lu) and L is malonate, have been synthesized. Simultaneous thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis (TG-DTA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-ray powder diffractometry, infrared spectroscopy, TG-FTIR system, elemental analysis and complexometry were used to characterize and to study the thermal behaviour of these compounds. The dehydration of the compounds begins at 303 K and the anhydrous compounds are stable up to 548 K. The results also provided information concerning the ligand's denticity, thermal behaviour and identification of some gaseous products evolved during the thermal decomposition of these compounds.

Essais en économie de l’environnement et des ressources naturelles sous incertitude

Cette thèse comprend trois essais en économie de l’environnement et des ressources naturelles sous incertitude. Le premier essai propose un modèle de jeu différentiel qui analyse la pollution globale à travers la quête à l’hégémonie politique entre pays. Le second essai utilise des données boursières pour estimer une version stochastique de la règle de Hotelling et ainsi inférer sur le rôle des ressources naturelles non renouvelables dans la diversification du risque. Le troisième essai montre comment la prise en compte des perspectives futures modifie la règle de Hotelling dans un contexte de diversification du risque.

Analyse génotypique des cellules initiatrices de tumeurs exprimant CD133 dans le neuroblastome

Le neuroblastome (NB) est la tumeur solide extracranienne la plus fréquente et mortelle chez les jeunes enfants. Il se caractérise par une résistance à la chimiothérapie possiblement en partie dû à la présence de cellules initiatrices de tumeurs (TICs). Des études ont mis en évidence le rôle de CD133 comme un marqueur des TICs dans divers types de cancers. Les buts de notre travail étaient d’abord de démontrer les vertus de TICs des cellules exprimant CD133 et ensuite, en utilisant une analyse globale du génome avec des polymorphismes nucléotidiques simples (SNPs), d’effectuer une analyse différentielle entre les TICs et les autres cellules du NB afin d’en identifier les anomalies génétiques spécifiques. Des lignées cellulaires de NB ont été triées par cytométrie de flux afin d’obtenir deux populations: une enrichie en CD133 (CD133high), l’autre faible en CD133 (CD133low). Afin de déterminer si ces populations cellulaires présentent des propriétés de TICs, des essais sur les neurosphères, les colonies en agar mou et les injections orthotopiques de 500 cellules sélectionnées dans 11 souris ont été réalisées. Après une isolation de l’ADN des populations sélectionnées, nous avons effectué une analyse génotypique par SNP utilisant les puces « Affymetrix Genome-Wide Human SNP Array 6.0 ». Pour vérifier l’expression des gènes identifiés, des Western Blots ont été réalisés. Nos résultats ont démontré que la population CD133 avait des propriétés de TICs in vitro et in vivo. L’analyse génotypique différentielle a permis d’identifier deux régions communes (16p13.3 and 19p13.3) dans la population CD133high ayant des gains et deux autres régions (16q12.1 and 21q21.3) dans la population CD133low possédant des pertes d’hétérozygoties (LOH). Aucune perte n’a été observée. Parmi les gènes étudiés, l’expression protéique d’éphrine-A2 était corrélée à celle de CD133 dans 6 tumeurs et 2 lignées cellulaires de NB. De plus, l’augmentation de la concentration d’anticorps anti-éphrine-A2 dans le milieu diminue la taille des neurosphères. Ainsi, la population CD133high, qui a des vertus de TICs, possède des caractéristiques génotypiques différentes par rapport à celle CD133low. La présence d’éphrine-A2 dans les cellules exprimant CD133 souligne son importance dans le développement des TICs. Ces résultats suggèrent la présence de potentielle cible pour de nouvelles thérapeutiques ciblant les TICs mise en évidence par l’étude génomique.

On structural, optical and dielectric properties of zinc aluminate nanoparticles

Zinc aluminate nanoparticles with average particle size of 40 nm were synthesized using a sol–gel combustion method. X-ray diffractometry result was analysed by Rietveld refinement method to establish the phase purity of the material. Different stages of phase formation of the material during the synthesis were investigated using differential scanning calorimetry and differential thermogravimetric analysis. Particle size was determined with transmission electron microscopy and the optical bandgap of the nanoparticles was determined by absorption spectroscopy in the ultraviolet-visible range. Dielectric permittivity and a.c. conductivity of the material were measured for frequencies from 100 kHz to 8 MHz in the temperature range of 30–120◦C. The presence of Maxwell– Wagner type interfacial polarization was found to exist in the material and hopping of electron by means of quantum mechanical tunneling is attributed as the reason for the observed a.c. conductivity

Studies on Advanced Oxidation Processes for the Removal of Acetamiprid from Wastewater

Pollution of water with pesticides has become a threat to the man, material and environment. The pesticides released to the environment reach the water bodies through run off. Industrial wastewater from pesticide manufacturing industries contains pesticides at higher concentration and hence a major source of water pollution. Pesticides create a lot of health and environmental hazards which include diseases like cancer, liver and kidney disorders, reproductive disorders, fatal death, birth defects etc. Conventional wastewater treatment plants based on biological treatment are not efficient to remove these compounds to the desired level. Most of the pesticides are phyto-toxic i.e., they kill the microorganism responsible for the degradation and are recalcitrant in nature. Advanced oxidation process (AOP) is a class of oxidation techniques where hydroxyl radicals are employed for oxidation of pollutants. AOPs have the ability to totally mineralise the organic pollutants to CO2 and water. Different methods are employed for the generation of hydroxyl radicals in AOP systems. Acetamiprid is a neonicotinoid insecticide widely used to control sucking type insects on crops such as leafy vegetables, citrus fruits, pome fruits, grapes, cotton, ornamental flowers. It is now recommended as a substitute for organophosphorous pesticides. Since its use is increasing, its presence is increasingly found in the environment. It has high water solubility and is not easily biodegradable. It has the potential to pollute surface and ground waters. Here, the use of AOPs for the removal of acetamiprid from wastewater has been investigated. Five methods were selected for the study based on literature survey and preliminary experiments conducted. Fenton process, UV treatment, UV/ H2O2 process, photo-Fenton and photocatalysis using TiO2 were selected for study. Undoped TiO2 and TiO2 doped with Cu and Fe were prepared by sol-gel method. Characterisation of the prepared catalysts was done by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. Influence of major operating parameters on the removal of acetamiprid has been investigated. All the experiments were designed using central compoiste design (CCD) of response surface methodology (RSM). Model equations were developed for Fenton, UV/ H2O2, photo-Fenton and photocatalysis for predicting acetamiprid removal and total organic carbon (TOC) removal for different operating conditions. Quality of the models were analysed by statistical methods. Experimental validations were also done to confirm the quality of the models. Optimum conditions obtained by experiment were verified with that obtained using response optimiser. Fenton Process is the simplest and oldest AOP where hydrogen peroxide and iron are employed for the generation of hydroxyl radicals. Influence of H2O2 and Fe2+ on the acetamiprid removal and TOC removal by Fenton process were investigated and it was found that removal increases with increase in H2O2 and Fe2+ concentration. At an initial concentration of 50 mg/L acetamiprid, 200 mg/L H2O2 and 20 mg/L Fe2+ at pH 3 was found to be optimum for acetamiprid removal. For UV treatment effect of pH was studied and it was found that pH has not much effect on the removal rate. Addition of H2O2 to UV process increased the removal rate because of the hydroxyl radical formation due to photolyis of H2O2. An H2O2 concentration of 110 mg/L at pH 6 was found to be optimum for acetamiprid removal. With photo-Fenton drastic reduction in the treatment time was observed with 10 times reduction in the amount of reagents required. H2O2 concentration of 20 mg/L and Fe2+ concentration of 2 mg/L was found to be optimum at pH 3. With TiO2 photocatalysis improvement in the removal rate was noticed compared to UV treatment. Effect of Cu and Fe doping on the photocatalytic activity under UV light was studied and it was observed that Cu doping enhanced the removal rate slightly while Fe doping has decreased the removal rate. Maximum acetamiprid removal was observed for an optimum catalyst loading of 1000 mg/L and Cu concentration of 1 wt%. It was noticed that mineralisation efficiency of the processes is low compared to acetamiprid removal efficiency. This may be due to the presence of stable intermediate compounds formed during degradation Kinetic studies were conducted for all the treatment processes and it was found that all processes follow pseudo-first order kinetics. Kinetic constants were found out from the experimental data for all the processes and half lives were calculated. The rate of reaction was in the order, photo- Fenton>UV/ H2O2>Fenton> TiO2 photocatalysis>UV. Operating cost was calculated for the processes and it was found that photo-Fenton removes the acetamiprid at lowest operating cost in lesser time. A kinetic model was developed for photo-Fenton process using the elementary reaction data and mass balance equations for the species involved in the process. Variation of acetamiprid concentration with time for different H2O2 and Fe2+ concentration at pH 3 can be found out using this model. The model was validated by comparing the simulated concentration profiles with that obtained from experiments. This study established the viability of the selected AOPs for the removal of acetamiprid from wastewater. Of the studied AOPs photo- Fenton gives the highest removal efficiency with lowest operating cost within shortest time.

Synthese und Charakterisierung von Spirocyclopentadithiophenen

Im Rahmen dieser Arbeit wurde eine Syntheseroute zu einem neuartigen heteroanalogen Spirobifluoren auf Basis von Thiophen entwickelt und optimiert. Der neue Spirokern konnte durch Anbringung von Elektronendonor- bzw. Elektronenakzeptorgruppen funktionalisiert werden. Die erhaltenen Funktionsmaterialien wurden spektroskopisch (Ultraviolet-Visible, Fluoreszenz), thermoanalytisch (Thermogravimetrische Analyse, Differential Thermo Analysis, Differential Scanning Calorimetry), elektrochemisch (Cyclovoltammetrie) sowie teilweise mittels Feldeffekttransistor charaktrisiert.Zur Totalsynthese des neuen auf Thiophen basierenden Spirokerns 4,4´-Spirobi[cyclopenta[2,1-b:3,4-b´]dithiophen] (SCPDT) wurde eine Syntheseroute entworfen, die ausgehend von Thiophen keine weiteren aufwändigen Precursormoleküle voraussetzt. Durch die Anbringung von stabilisierenden Endgruppen war es möglich neuartige Funktionsmaterialien mit niedrigem HOMO-LUMO-Gap herzustellen. Die phenyl- bzw. biphenylsubstituierten Spirocyclopentadithiophene 4P-SCPDT und 4BP-SCPDT sind im Vergleich zu den analogen, auf Spirobifluoren basierenden Verbindungen (Spiroquaterthiophen und Spirosexiphenyl) deutlich leichter oxidier- und reduzierbar. Das erniedrigte HOMO-LUMO-Gap ist auch im Absorptions- und Fluoreszenzspektrum durch die im Vergleich zu den spirobifluorenanalogen Molekülen bathochrome bzw. bathofluore Verschiebung deutlich erkennbar. Sehr gut sind die Ergebnisse der Feldeffekttransistor- und Phototransistor-Messungen an aufgedampfem 4P-SCPDT. So lässt sich eine Lochbeweglichkeit von 2*10^-4 cm2/Vs ermitteln. Dies ist die höchste Lochbeweglichkeit, die bei Spiromolekülen im amorphen Film mit einem bottom-contact FET gemessen wurde, wobei die Grenzfläche zwischen Elektrode und Halbleiter noch nicht optimiert wurde. Selbst nach zehnmonatiger Lagerung unter Atmosphärenbedingungen bei Raumtemperatur konnten nahezu die gleichen Werte gemessen werden. Dieses Ergebnis unterstreicht die morphologische Stabilität des amorphen Filmes. Unter Bestrahlung mit UV-Licht zeigt sich ein ausgeprägter photovoltaischer Effekt. Das überrascht, da 4P-SCPDT kein typisches Donor-Akzeptor-Molekül ist. Das gemessene Ansprechvermögen (Verhältnis des elektrischen Output zum optischen Input) ist höher als das von polykristallinem Kupfer-Phthalocyanin (CuPc), konjugierten Polymeren oder anderen Spiromolekülen. Um die Lochleitungs- bzw. Elektronenleitungseigenschaften zu optimieren wurden desweiteren noch Diphenylaminophenyl-, Diphenylaminothiophenyl-, Perfluorhexylthiophenyl und Tricyanovinyl-Endgruppen an den den SCPDT-Kern angebracht und die erhaltenen Funktionsmaterialien charakterisiert.