Urinary bladder washings in autopsies. A cytopathologic study of 63 cases

The sediment from urinary bladder washings from 63 consecutive autopsies was cytologically studied in order to achieve a better understanding of the changes in urothelial cells collected from hospital populations. The observed alterations were correlated with alterations in the urinary system and with therapy preceding death. The specimens obtained were of good quality. In 39.7% of the cases, the sediment contained giant superficial multinucleated cells. Three of nine cases previously subjected to radiation or chemotherapy showed atypical urothelial cells. In three cases with immunosuppression, there was cytologic evidence of subclinical infection by polyomavirus, and virus particles were identified by electron microscopy of the vesical mucosa. The study of the smear background offered additional information: the sediment contained hyaline or hematic or hyaline-cellular casts in 17.4% of the cases, in all of which there were renal tubulopathies when the kidney sections were studied. The method is useful for a good evaluation of the autopsy as well as for training in urinary cytopathology.

Carcinoid tumour of male breast diagnosed by fine needle aspiration.

A primary carcinoid tumour of the breast in a 66-year-old man was diagnosed by fine-needle aspiration cytology. The nature of the lesion was proved by histochemical and immunocytochemical studies. The importance of a conclusive diagnosis is discussed and the value of immunocytochemical analysis as an aid to cytomorphologic diagnosis is demonstrated.

Cytologic diagnosis of vaginal metastasis from renal cell carcinoma: A case report

BACKGROUND: Metastasis of renal cell carcinoma to the vagina is rare, although it may be the first evidence of the existence of the primary tumor. CASE: A metastatic deposit of renal cell carcinoma in the vagina was diagnosed by cytology as clear cell adenocarcinoma, which was confirmed by biopsy. Radiographic and ultrasound examinations confirmed the renal site of origin, which was corroborated by immunohistochemistry of the biopsy specimen. CONCLUSION: When a cytologic diagnosis of vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma is made, metastasis of renal cell carcinoma should be considered in the differential diagnosis.

Conservative treatment of a radicular cyst in a 5-year-old child: A case report

The present report describes the management of a radicular cyst in a 5-year-old child. The treatment comprised extraction of the primary teeth involved followed by marsupialization. A removable appliance with a resin extension penetrating into the cystic cavity was used to help decompress the lesion. This treatment allowed rapid healing of the lesion and eruption of the permanent incisors without the need for orthodontic treatment.

Evolução no diagnóstico citológico do câncer de colo uterino - Novas tecnologias para o rastreamento citológico cervical

The cancer of the uterine cervix remains a serious public health problem in developing countries with low social-economic conditions. Papanicolaou smear has been used to screen women for cervical cancer since 1940, and it is widely recognized as an effective method for preventing cervical cancer. In Brazil, conventional Papanicolaou is the most common method used in diagnosis cytopathological routine, involving the morphological cell analysis by microscopic examination of cervical samples smeared on glass slides. On the other hand, the liquid cytology is an advantageous method whose specimen collected is put into a fluid alcohol based to guarantee the potential use of residual cellular material in cytobrush. Moreover, this method permits additional diagnostic studies, preserving the morphological cell features as the conventional one does. The aim of the present study was report the historical evolution of different cervical cytologic tests, emphasizing the advantages and disadvantages between conventional Papanicolaou method and new technologies in liquid based cytology.

Fine needle aspiration biopsy of gastrointestinal stromal tumor presenting as an umbilical mass (Sister Mary Joseph's nodule)

The Sister Mary Joseph (SMJ) nodule is a clinical sign of metastatic cancer involving the umbilicus. The vast majority of these instances represent adenocarcinomas arising from ovarian or colorectal primaries. We present a patient who presented with ascites and the SMJ lesion that turned out to be a metastatic gastrointestinal stromal tumor after fine needle aspiration biopsy was performed. The lesion was subsequently histologically confirmed. Gastrointestinal stroma tumor involving the umbilicus is exceedingly uncommon and only rarely presents in this fashion. The cytomorphological features, differential diagnosis, and comparison with the tissue specimen are made. © 2006 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Cytoplasmic and nuclear morphometric parameters in cytologic preparations of canine cutaneous mast cell tumors

Thirty fine-needle biopsy (FNB) samples from 28 dogs subjected to surgical resection of cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs) were stained with Giemsa. At least 100 neoplastic cells from each cytology slide were evaluated by morphometric analysis. The parameters were: area, perimeter of the cell, cytoplasm, nucleus and circumference factor. MCTs of grade III had a mean cellular area of 231.70 μm2 ± 57.1, and grade II had a mean of 252.30 μm2 ± 55.0. Cellular perimeter was 61.20 ± 7.1 in grade II and 59.1 ± 8.6 in grade III. Cellular parameters were not statistically different between grades (p>.05). Mean nuclear area was 88.90 μm2 ± 19 in grade III and 72.30 μm2 ± 13.9 in grade II, with statistical difference between grades (P =.011). Mean nuclear perimeter was 32.40 ìm ± 3.0 in grade II and 35.70 ìm ± 4.0 in grade III, with statistical difference between grades (P =.018). Mean nuclear circumference factor was 1.0 ± 0.33 in grade II and 1.1 ± 0.28 in grade III, with no statistical difference between grades (P = 0.78). Nuclear-tocytoplasmic ratio in grade II was 0.29 ±.07 and 0.39 ±.08 in grade III, with statistical difference (P =.02). The number of binucleated and multinucleated cells and mitotic figures was significantly increased in grade III MCTs (P <.001). In conclusion, the number of mitotic figures, presence of binucleation and multinucleation, and nuclear-to-cytoplasmic ratio can help to guide a profile of MCT aggressiveness in cytologic preparations.

Fine needle aspirate cell blocks are reliable for detection of hormone receptors and HER-2 by immunohistochemistry in breast carcinoma

Aims: To evaluate the reliability of fine needle aspirate cell blocks in the assessment of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER-2/neu proteins by immunohistochemistry in comparison with surgical specimens. Materials and methods: This is a retrospective study of 62 cases of breast carcinoma diagnosed by fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and confirmed using the surgical specimen. Immunohistochemical tests were performed to assess the presence of oestrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and HER-2/neu proteins in cell blocks and the corresponding surgical specimens. The cell block method used alcohol prior to formalin fixation. Cases with 10% or more stained cells were considered positive for ER and PR. Positivity for HER-2/neu was assessed on a scale of 0-3+. The criterion for positivity was a score of 3+. Results: Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and accuracy of the cell blocks in the investigation of ER, PR and HER-2/neu protein (3+) were (%): ER, 92.7, 85.7, 92.7, 85.7 and 90.3; PR, 92.7, 94.7, 97.4, 87.0 and 93.5; HER-2/neu, 70.0, 100.0, 100.0, 94.5 and 95.2. Discrepancies were seen in cell blocks in the 1+ and 2+ HER-2/neu staining scores: two of 12 cases scoring 2+ and one case of 26 scoring 1+ on cell blocks scored 3+ on surgical specimens. The correlation index between cell block and corresponding surgical specimen varied from 90% to 94%. Conclusion: Cell blocks provide a useful method of assessing ER, PR and HER-2/neu, mainly for inoperable and recurrent cases, but consideration should be given to carrying out FISH analysis on 1+ as well as 2+ HER-2/neu results. © 2012 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.

Bovine herpesvirus type 5 infection regulates Bax/BCL-2 ratio

Bovine herpesvirus 5 (BoHV-5) is an α-herpesvirus that causes neurological disease in young cattle and is also occasionally involved in reproductive disorders. Although there have been many studies of the apoptotic pathways induced by viruses belonging to the family Herpesviridae, there is little information about the intrinsic programmed cell death pathway in host-BoHV-5 interactions. We found that BoHV-5 is able to replicate in both mesenchymal and epithelial cell lines, provoking cytopathology that is characterized by cellular swelling and cell fusion. Viral antigens were detected in infected cells by immunofluorescence assay at 48 to 96 h post-infection (p.i.). At 48 to 72 h p.i., anti-apoptotic BCL-2 antigens were found at higher levels than Bax antigens; the latter is considered a pro-apoptotic protein. Infected cells had increased BCL-2 phenotype cells from 48 to 96 h p.i., based on flow cytometric analysis. At 48 to 96 h p.i., Bax mRNA was not expressed in any of the infected cell monolayers. In contrast, BCL-2 mRNA was found at high levels at all p.i. in both types of cells. BoHV-5 replication apparently modulates BCL-2 expression and gene transcription, enhancing production of virus progeny. © FUNPEC-RP.

Tumor venéreo transmissível espontâneo canino: a inserção do transposon line-1 no gene C-MYC e os critérios de malignidade

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Citologia aspirativa com agulha fina e histopatologia: valor e significado para o diagnóstico e prognóstico do câncer de mama em cadelas

Pós-graduação em Medicina Veterinária - FMVZ

Prevalência da infecção pelo Papilomavírus humano (HPV) em mulheres investigadas para o câncer cervical, na cidade de Belém, Para

O Papilomavírus humano infecta as células basais do epitélio estratificado, induzindo o desenvolvimento de lesões proliferativas benignas na pele ou mucosas. As infecções apresentam distribuição universal. Muitos estudos têm demonstrado a forte associação da infecção por espécies de alto risco com casos de câncer cervical. Sendo assim, o presente estudo visou determinar a prevalência da infecção pelo HPV em um grupo de mulheres investigadas para o câncer cervical. No período de janeiro de 2008 a dezembro de 2009 foram coletadas amostras cervicais de 180 mulheres atendidas no Laboratório de Citopatologia da UFPA, sendo 162 elegíveis para o estudo. De cada participante foi coletada duas amostras, uma destinada à confecção do esfregaço para posterior análise citológica, através do Método de Papanicolaou e a outra destinada à análise por biologia molecular a fim de se investigar a presença do HPV, na qual utilizou-se os iniciadores MY09 e MY11. As espécies de HPV foram identificadas através da técnica de seqüenciamento de bases nucelotídicas da ORF L1 do HPV. A análise do perfil epidemiológico do grupo estudado demonstrou que a média de idade correspondia a 37,5 anos. A maioria (49,38%) era casada, 37,65% havia iniciado a atividade sexual entre 13 e 17 anos de idade e 58,64% não usava preservativos durante as relações sexuais. A prevalência global do HPV encontrada foi de 18,52%. Treze espécies diferentes foram identificadas, sendo que a maioria (66,67%) pertencia ao grupo de baixo risco, no qual o HPV-11 foi mais freqüente. Dentre o grupo de alto risco (30%) o HPV-31 foi encontrado em quatro casos. A distribuição das espécies de HPV de acordo com o resultado citológico demonstrou que a ocorrência da infecção foi maior no grupo de mulheres cujo esfregaço era livre de alterações citológicas (43,33%). No grupo de mulheres com alterações pré-malignas só observou-se infecções por espécies de baixo risco (10%). A infecção pelo HPV mostrou associação estatisticamente significativa com a atividade sexual e com a freqüência na realização do exame preventivo. A prevalência encontrada no estudo corrobora com outros achados descritos na literatura. A predominância da infecção em mulheres com citologia normal reforça a idéia de que a infecção é, em sua maioria, assintomática e que o método de Papanicolaou é menos eficiente na detecção da infecção em relação às técnicas de biologia molecular. Entretanto, ao se tratar de detecção de doença pré-maligna ou maligna, a biologia molecular não se aplica e, portanto não deve substituir o PCCU.

Prevalência do papilomavírus humano em mulheres portadoras do vírus da imunodeficiência humana atendidas no serviço de atendimento especializado de Imperatriz-MA

O presente trabalho tem objetivo de avaliar a prevalência do HPV e os fatores de risco associados à coinfecção HIV HPV. Foram analisadas 78 amostras cervicais de mulheres HIV-positivas atendidas no SAE do Programa Municipal de DST/AIDS de Imperatriz do Maranhão. Realizaram-se os exames de citopatologia e amplificação por PCR. Como instrumento para coleta de dados foi utilizado um questionário. A positividade do DNA de HPV foi de 74,36%. Em nosso estudo a citologia diagnosticou alterações em 16 (20,51%) dos casos. Foi detectado DNA HPV em 71% das pacientes com citologia classificada como inflamatória, e 93,7% das citologias alteradas. Dentre as alterações destacamos ASCUS com 100%; ASCUH 100%; LIE de baixo grau 100%; LIE de alto grau 66,6%. Analisando os fatores de risco sócio-demográficos desta população em relação a prevalência da infecção pelo HPV, notou-se que mulheres que relataram nunca ter feito uso de álcool apresentaram maior prevalência 87,5% e mulheres que fazem uso de cigarro atualmente, 84,6% estavam infectadas pelo HPV. Não houve diferenças entre as variáveis “situação marital”, “escolaridade”, “número de parceiros”, “uso de preservativo” e “uso de anticoncepcional”, ocorrendo perfil semelhante. Esse estudo foi o pioneiro na cidade de Imperatriz e comprovou uma alta prevalência da co-infecção. O combate ao câncer de útero deve ser adotado como uma prioridade dos serviços de saúde pública por se tratar de doença com potencial para a prevenção, cujo rastreamento é eficaz.

Mediadores da via intrínseca da morte celular programada relacionados à infecção in vitro pelo herpesvirus bovino tipo 5

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Immunocytochemistry associated with oral exfoliative cytology methodological analysis

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)