Panama canal tolls : Speech of Hon. William Kent, of California, in the House of Representatives May 21, 1912.

Reprinted from the Congressional record.

Method of measurement of vessels using the Panama Canal : hearings before a Subcommittee of the Committee on Commerce, United States Senate, 71st Congress, second session, on H. R. 10583, an act to provide for the method of measurement of vessels using the Panama Canal.

In three parts.

Eco-epidemiological aspects of Trypanosoma cruzi, Trypanosoma rangeli and their vector (Rhodnius pallescens) in Panama

The eco-epidemiology of T. cruzi infection was investigated in the Eastern border of the Panama Canal in Central Panama. Between 1999 and 2000, 1110 triatomines were collected: 1050 triatomines (94.6%) from palm trees, 27 (2.4%) from periurban habitats and 33 (3.0%) inside houses. All specimens were identified as R. pallescens. There was no evidence of vector domiciliation. Salivary glands from 380 R. pallescens revealed a trypanosome natural infection rate of 7.6%, while rectal ampoule content from 373 triatomines was 45%. Isoenzyme profiles on isolated trypanosomes demonstrated that 85.4% (n = 88) were T. cruzi and 14.6% (n = 15) were T. rangeli. Blood meal analysis from 829 R. pallescens demonstrated a zoophilic vector behavior, with opossums as the preferential blood source. Seroprevalence in human samples from both study sites was less than 2%. Our results demonstrate that T. cruzi survives in the area in balanced association with R. pallescens, and with several different species of mammals in their natural niches. However, the area is an imminent risk of infection for its population, consequently it is important to implement a community educational program regarding disease knowledge and control measures.

Cultivo ecosostenible de Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex P. C. Silva en Panama

[ES] Kappaphycus alvarezii (Doty) Doty ex Silva ha sido cultivada en Cativá, localizado en la zona costera del caribe panameño, al noreste del Canal de Panamá, desde el 2004 con intereses comerciales. El cultivo fue desarrollado en dos partes: el cultivo in situ (en el mar y en tanques) y el cultivo in vitro (en el laboratorio y en aclimatación en tanques y acuarios). Ambas cultivos tienen como objetivo obtener un desarrollo sostenible en la zona costera y un producto atractivo para la industria que dé oportunidades económicas a los cultivadores. Los resultados muestran que la tasa de crecimiento observada (4.0 a 5.0 %) permanece constante durante todo el año y es independiente de los sitios seleccionados, de las temporadas: lluviosa y seca, y de los parámetros ambientales. Ya que menos de una hectárea ha sido cultivada y existen 40 disponibles, esto multiplica grandemente la posibilidad de explotación. En cuanto a los sistemas de plantación, las estructuras fijas causan menos impacto, son menos costosas y son beneficiosas para el crecimiento. Además, Kappaphycus alvarezii puede ser mantenida en tanques con tasas de crecimiento similares a las naturales, por lo tanto puede ser usada como biomasa para semillas. El secador usado, dio un cantidad estimada de 36 sacos de 11 Kg. de biomasa seca cada uno, materia prima por polígono (300 m2) año-1. La producción de carragena mantiene un patrón constante (ca. 35%) en relación a la producción y al peso molecular aceptado por la industria (1.6 105 Da). La producción de diferentes fracciones, iota y kappa, varía con el tiempo de cultivo, siendo mayor en talos jóvenes para la primera y menor para en los más viejos para la segunda. Las técnicas de los cultivos in vitro permiten el mantenimiento y propagación de stocks de fragmentos de explantos en el laboratorio y aclimatados en tanques y acuarios. La aclimatación ex vitro ha demostrado ser factible para la recuperación y futura propagación de los explantos mantenidos en el laboratorio a sitios en el mar.

The story of Panama. Hearings on the Rainey resolution before the Committee on Foreign Affairs of the House of Representatives.

"The Panama libel suit": p. 299-311.

Standardization in the Pre-Columbian Pottery from El Caño, Panama: Specialization, Productivity and Consumption

The pottery found in the burials of El Cano is uniform in style to these made in the coclesanos valleys between 700 and 1000 AD. The coefficient of variability of the different pottery forms, evidence diverse standardizations values for polychrome and non-polychrome ceramics. Moreover, data of funerary contexts from the Cano recently excavated, suggest that elite has controlled ceramic production. This control over the production of certain goods reveals that these were important in the support or proper operational of the chiefdoms in Panama and mark the phase of splendour of this culture.

Relationship between occurrence of Panama disease in banana trees of cv. Nanicao and nutrients in soil and leaves

Relationship between occurrence of Panama disease in banana trees of cv. Nanicao and nutrients in soil and leaves The objective of the present work was to verify if the incited symptoms in banana trees cv. Nanicao, belonging to the subgroup Cavendish, in Vale do Ribeira, are related to levels of nutrients in soil and leaves. Sixteen areas in Vale do Ribeira were selected, one half with symptomatic plants and the other with healthy plants. In those areas the third leaf of five plants and the soil near those plants were collected, at depths from 0 to 20 cm and from 20 to 40 cm. At both depths of the sampled soil, levels of Ca, Mg, PO(4)(-3), S and cationic exchange capacity (CEC) were significantly different among the areas, and the low values of these elements were present in the areas containing symptomatic plants. At both depths, Mg, Al and H in relation to CEC were significantly different among the areas, and the low values of Mg and high of Al and H were present in the areas with symptomatic plants. The N, K and S in the leaves were significantly different among the areas. These elements showed low values in the areas containing symptomatic plants. Despite the fact that some amounts of macronutrients of the soil and of the leaves are present only in the areas containing plants of Nanicao with symptoms similar to fusariosis, proof of a possible occurrence of race of the pathogen should be looked for in Vale do Ribeira.

The effect of nutrient enrichment on growth, photosynthesis and hydraulic conductance of dwarf mangroves in Panama

1. Dwarf stands of the mangrove Rhizophora mangle L. are extensive in the Caribbean. We fertilized dwarf trees in Almirante Bay, Bocas del Toro Province, north-eastern Panama with nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) to determine (1) if growth limitations are due to nutrient deficiency; and (2) what morphological and/or physiological factors underlie nutrient limitations to growth. 2. Shoot growth was 10-fold when fertilized with P and twofold with N fertilization, indicating that stunted growth of these mangroves is partially due to nutrient deficiency. 3. Growth enhancements caused by N or P enrichment could not be attributed to increases in photosynthesis on a leaf area basis, although photosynthetic nutrient-use efficiency was improved. The most dramatic effect was on stem hydraulic conductance, which was increased sixfold by P and 2.5-fold with N enrichment. Fertilization with P enhanced leaf and stem P concentrations and reduced C : N ratio, but did not alter leaf damage by herbivores. 4. Our findings indicate that addition of N and P significantly alter tree growth and internal nutrient dynamics of mangroves at Bocas del Toro, but also that the magnitude, pattern and mechanisms of change will be differentially affected by each nutrient.

Rickettsial infection in domestic mammals and their ectoparasites in El Valle de Anton, Cocle, Panama

The present research evaluated the presence of Rickettsia spp. on ectoparasites of horses and dogs (using PCR techniques), and their sera (using immunofluorescence assay) in El Valle de Anton town in Panama. A total of 20 horses and 20 dogs were sampled, finding four species of ectoparasites on dogs (the ticks Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Amblyomma ovale, Amblyomma oblongoguttatum, and the flea Ctenocephalides felis), and two tick species on horses (Amblyomma cajennense and Dermacentor nitens). DNA of Rickettsia amblyommii was found in pools of A. cajennense, D. nitens, and R. sanguineus, while Rickettsia fells was detected in C. felis pools. Overall, 70% (14/20) and 65% (13/20) of the horses and dogs, respectively, were seroreactive (titer >= 64) to spotted fever group rickettsiae. Sera from six dogs and five horses reacted to R. amblyommii antigens with titers at least four-fold higher than those for the other antigens tested (Rickettsia bellii, Rickettsia parked, Rickettsia rhipicephali, R. felis, and R. rickettsii). These serological results, coupled with our molecular findings, suggest that these dogs and horses were infected by Rickettsia amblyommii. More studies need to be realized afford to identify the Rickettsia species responsible for other serological and molecular positive results, and their ecological importance. (C) 2010 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The formative platform of the Congress of Panama (1810-1826): the Pan-American conjecture revisited

This article examines the formative platform of the Congress of Panama of 1826. It seeks to support the hypothesis that the nature and scope of the first test of integration in the Western Hemisphere depended critically on the platform created by Simón Bolívar and other Latin American Independence heroes from the Declaration of Independence of Venezuela in 1810 until the last bilateral agreement of 1826. In that respect, it corroborates the Latin American Identity of the initiative.

Feeding sources and trypanosome infection index of Rhodnius pallescens in a Chagas disease endemic area of Amador County, Panama

The sylvatic triatomine Rhodnius pallescens is considered to be the most important and widespread vector of Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli in Panama. However, its behavior and biological characteristics have only been partially investigated. Thus, to achieve sustainable and efficient control over Chagas disease in Panama, a better understanding of the ecology and biology of R. pallescens is essential. In this study we evaluated R. pallescens host feeding sources using a dot-blot assay, and the trypanosome infection index by PCR analysis in a Chagas disease endemic area of central Panama. It was found that in peridomestic palm trees, 20.3% of the examined bugs had fed on opossums (Didelphis marsupialis). However, we observed an increased anthropophagy (25.4%) for those bugs collected inside houses. Considering the domestic and peridomestic habitats as a whole, the proportion of collected R. pallescens infected with trypanosomes was 87.4%. In the two habitats the predominant infection was with T. cruzi (80-90%). Between 47-51% of the analyzed triatomines were infected with T. rangeli. Mixed infections (40-51%) were also detected. These findings provide a better basis for the implementation of a rational control and surveillance program for Chagas disease in regions where R. pallescens is endemic.

I. Supplement to the flora of Barro Colorado island, Panama [by] Leslie A. Kenoyer and Paul C. Standley.

v.4:no.6(1929)

Phäno- und genotypische Untersuchungen von Methicillin-sensiblen und -resistenten Staphylococcus aureus-Isolaten aus Panama

Magdeburg, Univ., Med. Fak., Diss., 2015

The fishes of the fresh waters of Panama, by Seth E. Meek and Samuel F. Hildebrand.

v.10:no.15(1916)