Monophyletic origin and unique dispersal patterns of domestic fowls.

With the aim of elucidating in greater detail the genealogical origin of the present domestic fowls of the world, we have determined mtDNA sequences of the D-loop regions for a total of 21 birds, of which 12 samples belong to red junglefowl (Gallus gallus) comprising three subspecies (six Gallus gallus gallus, three Gallus gallus spadiceus, and three Gallus gallus bankiva) and nine represent diverse domestic breeds (Gallus gallus domesticus). We also sequenced four green junglefowl (Gallus varius), two Lafayette's junglefowl (Gallus lafayettei), and one grey junglefowl (Gallus sonneratii). We then constructed a phylogenetic tree for these birds by the use of nucleotide sequences, choosing the Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) as an outgroup. We found that a continental population of G. g. gallus was the real matriarchic origin of all the domestic poultries examined in this study. It is also of particular interest that there were no discernible differences among G. gallus subspecies; G. g. bankiva was a notable exception. This was because G. g. spadiceus and a continental population of G. g. gallus formed a single cluster in the phylogenetic tree. G. g. bankiva, on the other hand, was a distinct entity, thus deserving its subspecies status. It implies that a continental population of G. g. gallus sufficed as the monophyletic ancestor of all domestic breeds. We also discussed a possible significance of the initial dispersal pattern of the present domestic fowls, using the phylogenetic tree.

Specific activation in jun-transformed avian fibroblasts of a gene (bkj) related to the avian beta-keratin gene family.

We have analyzed differential gene expression in normal versus jun-transformed avian fibroblasts by using subtracted nucleic acid probes and differential nucleic acid hybridization techniques for the isolation of cDNA clones. One clone corresponded to a gene that was strongly expressed in a previously established quail (Coturnix japonica) embryo fibroblast line (VCD) transformed by a chimeric jun oncogene but whose expression was undetectable in normal quail embryo fibroblasts. Furthermore, the gene was expressed in quail or chicken fibroblast cultures that were freshly transformed by retroviral constructs carrying various viral or cellular jun alleles and in chicken fibroblasts transformed by the avian retrovirus ASV17 carrying the original viral v-jun allele. However, its expression was undetectable in a variety of established avian cell lines or freshly prepared avian fibroblast cultures transformed by other oncogenes or a chemical carcinogen. The nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the cDNA clone were not identical to any sequence entries in the data bases but revealed significant similarities to avian beta-keratin genes; the highest degree of amino acid sequence identity was 63%. The gene, which we termed bkj, may represent a direct or indirect target for jun function.

The genetic link between the Chinese bamboo partridge (Bambusicola thoracica) and the chicken and junglefowls of the genus Gallus.

Further comparison of mitochondrial control-region DNA base sequences of 16 avian species belonging to the subfamily Phasianinae revealed the following: (i) Generalized perdicine birds (quails and partridges) are of ancient lineages. Even the closest pair, the common quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and the Chinese bamboo partridge (Bambusicola thoracica), maintained only 85.71% identity. (ii) The 12 species of phasianine birds previously and presently studied belonged to three distinct branches. The first branch was made exclusively of members of the genus Gallus, while the second branch was made of pheasants of the genera Phasianus, Chrysolophus, and Syrmaticus. Gallopheasants of the genus Lophura were distant cousins to these pheasants. The great argus (Argusianus argus) and peafowls of the genus Pavo constituted the third branch. The position of peacock-pheasants of the genus Polyplectron in the third branch was similar to that of the genus Lophura in the second branch. Members of the fourth phasianine branch, such as tragopans and monals, were not included in the present study. (iii) The one perdicine species, Bambusicola thoracica, was more closely related to phasianine genera Gallus and Pavo than to members of other perdicine genera. The above might indicate that Bambusicola belong to one-stem perdicine lineage that later splits into two sublineages that yielded phasianine birds, one evolving to Gallus, and the other differentiating toward Pavo and its allies.

Effects of artificial foods on the blood chemistry of the Australian magpie

Bird feeding on residential property is a popular activity throughout Western countries. Advocates insist the practice is beneficial, while opponents maintain that it can result in a wide range of negative outcomes including malnutrition. The biological effects of 'backyard feeding' were studied in Australian magpies Gymnorhina tibicen during the non-breeding season in 1999 in the Greater Brisbane and the Lockyer Valley regions, south-east Queensland, Australia. Six magpie populations were selected and 70 birds were individually tagged for identification. The birds were provided with processed foods, 20-40 g per bird daily. To monitor the effects of the food, blood chemistry and body mass (BM) were used as indices. Significant effects were observed in BM and plasma cholesterol (PC), showing strong sensitivity to food provisioning. Significant effects on PC and uric acid were found only when birds were fed dog sausage. Results suggest that blood PC levels in magpies are readily influenced by, probably, the lipids present in food, and that the type of food can affect blood PC levels. These effects may occur widely among fed magpies if the influence that we demonstrated at plasma level can be generalized. Following the free-ranging study, six magpies were captured and subjected to a 6-day captive experiment to determine whether the selected foods had the potential to alter the birds' blood chemistry. It was found that all of the foods, when provided ad libitum, influence at least two of the three blood parameters (PC and non-esterified fatty acids). Due to its popularity, wildlife feeding will continue. To make wildlife-feeding activities truly sustainable, there is a need for further studies. This study clearly demonstrated that the physiology of wild magpies can be affected by 'backyard feeding'.

Japonica rice: Intellectual property, scientific publishing and data-sharing

This article examines a series of controversies within the life sciences over data sharing. Part 1 focuses upon the agricultural biotechnology firm Syngenta publishing data on the rice genome in the journal Science, and considers proposals to reform scientific publishing and funding to encourage data sharing. Part 2 examines the relationship between intellectual property rights and scientific publishing, in particular copyright protection of databases, and evaluates the declaration of the Human Genome Organisation that genomic databases should be global public goods. Part 3 looks at varying opinions on the information function of patent law, and then considers the proposals of Patrinos and Drell to provide incentives for private corporations to release data into the public domain.

Zoysia japonica, Zoysia Grass 'Palisades'

Open-pollination: originated as a chance seedling from Z44 (maternal clonal parent), obtained from Beltsville MD in 1981, with an unknown pollen source from a zoysia grass germplasm field nursery at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station in Dallas. ‘Palisades’ was selected over the parent Z44 on the basis of its lower tendency to produce thatch, its excellent lateral growth habit and its superior mowing qualities. ‘Palisades’ has been vegetatively propagated, and is uniform in growth expression. No seedling establishment from ‘Palisades’ has been noticed in either greenhouse or field studies. Selection criteria: rapid regrowth and spread by, and/or from, stolons and rhizomes; turf colour and density; tolerance to low mowing; winter hardiness; shade tolerance; low water use requirements. Propagation: vegetative. Breeder: Milton C. Engelke, Dallas, USA. PBR Certificate Number 2594, Application Number 2001/199, granted 26 October 2004.

An environmentally based growth model that uses finite difference calculus with maximum likelihood method: its application to the brackish water bivalve Corbicula japonica in Lake Abashiri, Japan

We present a growth analysis model that combines large amounts of environmental data with limited amounts of biological data and apply it to Corbicula japonica. The model uses the maximum-likelihood method with the Akaike information criterion, which provides an objective criterion for model selection. An adequate distribution for describing a single cohort is selected from available probability density functions, which are expressed by location and scale parameters. Daily relative increase rates of the location parameter are expressed by a multivariate logistic function with environmental factors for each day and categorical variables indicating animal ages as independent variables. Daily relative increase rates of the scale parameter are expressed by an equation describing the relationship with the daily relative increase rate of the location parameter. Corbicula japonica grows to a modal shell length of 0.7 mm during the first year in Lake Abashiri. Compared with the attain-able maximum size of about 30 mm, the growth of juveniles is extremely slow because their growth is less susceptible to environmental factors until the second winter. The extremely slow growth in Lake Abashiri could be a geographical genetic variation within C. japonica.

狗脊(Woodwardia japonica(L. f.)Sm)化学成分研究

从狗脊(Woodwardia japonica (L. f.) Sm.)中分离得到六个化合物，经解析，分别鉴定为：山柰素-3-O-α-L-(4-O-乙酰基)鼠李糖基-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖甙(I)、山柰素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖基-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖甙(II)、狗脊蕨酸 (III)、β-谷甾醇 (IV)、胡萝卜甙 (V)，β-谷甾醇-3-O-α-L-(6-O-正十六酰基)葡萄糖甙(VI)。MS-MS检测并鉴定化合物一个：β-谷甾醇-3-O-α-L-(6-O-正十五酰基)葡萄糖甙(VII)。以上化合物均系首次从该植物中获得，化合物VI、VII为新化合物。另有六个化合物，未能分离得到化合物单体，经解析，可以确定其中五个化合物的结构物，分别为：山柰素-7-O-α-L-鼠李糖甙(VIII-I)、山柰素-3-O-α-L-(3,4-O-2乙酰基)鼠李糖甙(VIII-II)、山柰素-3-O-α-L-鼠李糖甙(VIII-IV)、山柰素-3-O-α-L-(3-O-乙酰基)鼠李糖甙(VIII-V)、山柰素-3-O-α-L-(4-O-乙酰基)鼠李糖甙(VIII-VI)。

水稻(Oryza sativa L. ssp japonica)幼苗根质膜蛋白质组分析

根质膜具有重要的生物学功能，它参与了根响应脱落酸（ABA）的一系列活动。尽管已经有很多有关ABA影响根的生长和发育的报道，但是在蛋白质组水平上研究参与ABA信号转导及相关活动的质膜蛋白质的报道还未见到。我们期望利用蛋白质组学技术平台研究外源ABA胁迫下水稻根质膜与ABA功能相关的蛋白质组的变化。 本论文通过双向电泳（2DE）结合质谱（MALDI-TOF MS 和 MALDI-TOF/TOF MS）分析的方法鉴定了102个质膜相关蛋白质。这些蛋白质功能涉及到跨膜运输（16.2%）、胁迫反应（14.3%）、物质运输（4.8%）、细胞骨架动态变化（5.7%）、细胞壁重建（3.8%）、碳代谢和能量循环（13.3%）、蛋白质代谢（14.3%）、信号转导（18.1%）和其他功能的蛋白质（4.8%），以及未知功能的蛋白质（2.9%）。其中大约30％的蛋白质以同工型的形式存在。在这些鉴定结果中，有10个斑点（代表10种蛋白质）已被报道为质膜特异的蛋白质;68个蛋白质斑点（代表58种蛋白质）是质膜相关蛋白质。其余54个蛋白质斑点（代表42种蛋白质）是首次在水稻根的质膜囊泡中被鉴定出来。 在ABA处理条件下，我们在2DE胶上发现了15个响应ABA调节的蛋白质斑点。9个上调的蛋白质斑点分别代表以下9种蛋白质：vacuolar proton-ATPase A subunit, vacuolar ATPase B subunit、patatin、 Salt-stress root protein RS1、谷氨酰氨合成酶（Glutamine synthetase，GS）、OSR40c1、H+-exporting ATPase （vacuolar ATPase E subunit）、甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶I型（glyceraldehyde-3- phosphate dehydrogenase, type I，GADPH）和醛缩酶C-1（aldolase C-1）。6个下调的蛋白质斑点分别代表4种蛋白质：endosperm lumenal binding protein、remorin protein、富含脯氨酸蛋白质（glycine-rich protein，GRP）和蔗糖合成酶（sucrose synthase, SuSy）。其中，OSR40c1和endosperm lumenal binding protein与蛋白质合成相关，从它们与ABA的关系中可以看出，ABA可能抑制了细胞的蛋白质合成。而vacuolar proton-ATPase A subunit、vacuolar ATPase B subunit和 H+-exporting ATPase参与了细胞质pH的调控，ABA致使了细胞质pH的上升。甘油醛-3-磷酸脱氢酶I型、醛缩酶C-1和蔗糖合酶参与了细胞壁的生长发育，ABA的作用可能导致了细胞壁生长发育的延迟。ABA促使Patatin上升，其作用可能与质膜膜脂的降解有关。而ABA的刺激也使谷氨酰氨合成酶的表达显著上升，谷氨酰氨合成酶可以去除细胞内有害的游离NH+4。同时还有未知功能的富含脯氨酸蛋白质（glycine-rich protein，GRP）同样受到ABA的诱导，但具体的功能及其与ABA的关系还要进一步的实验证据。

A northern Indian Ocean record of a bopyrid, Parapenaeon japonica (Thielemann, 1910) parasitic on species of penaeid prawns (Penaeus)

A female of Penaeus merguiensis de Man collected from Karachi fish harbour (8 May, 1993) was with a large specimen of bopyrid in its right gill chamber. Since this was the second record (see Tirmizi and Bashir, 1973) of a bopyrid from a species other than Parapenauopsis stylifera H. Milne-Edwards the specimen was examined out of curiosity.

一种以海带（Laminaria japonica）为原料生产沼气的方法

本发明涉及一种以海带为原料生产沼气的方法。包括以下步骤： (1)用水对海带进行漂洗；(2)对步骤(1)所得的海带进行晾干、粉碎处理，粉碎至粒径为100～200目；(3)将步骤(2)所得的海带投入到发酵装置中，加入接种物，接种物TS与海带TS的重量比为1∶ 1～5；(4)加淡水调整发酵装置内总固形物含量为2.5％～10％；(5) 控制步骤(4)中混合物的初始pH值在6.5～7.5；(6)将发酵装置密封，置于恒温水浴中，控制发酵温度在35±3℃。本发明以非常低廉的成本在获取沼气这一能源，为海带提供了一种新的利用途径，可大力推动海带栽培业的发展，而海带栽培业可以促进海洋生态环境的改善。

Temperature effects on pathogenicity of selected Edwardsiella tarda strain to Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica

Temperature effect on the pathogenicity of selected Edwardsiella tarda V-1 strain to Japanese eel, Anguilla japonica was investigated. To evaluate the effects of both pathogen incubation temperature and fish cultivation temperature on pathogen pathogenicity a two-factor design was conducted. E. tarda was incubated at 15, 20, 25, 30 and 37±1°C, and the fish (mean weight: 100g) were reared at 15, 20, 25 and 28±1°C respectively. The fish reared at different temperatures were infected with the E. tarda incubated at different temperatures. The results of a 4-day LD50 test showed that temperature significantly affected the pathogenicity of E. tarda (p<0.01) and the interaction between the two factors was also significant (p<0.01). For fish reared at 20°C the pathogenicity of E. tarda was the highest at 30°C of pathogen incubation. When the fish rearing temperature was raised to 25 and 28°C, the pathogenicity of E. tarda incubated at all temperatures increased. Isolation testing demonstrated results similar to those of LD50. The selected isolate was virulent to eel, but pathogenicity varied with temperature.

Stocking models of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir japonica sinensis) in Yangtze lakes

The fanning of Chinese mitten crab, a quality aquatic product in China and neighbouring Asian countries, has been developing rapidly in China since last decade. It reached a total yield of 3.4 X 10(5) tonnes in 2002. Due to the successive over-stocking year after year, many lakes in the mid-lower Yangtze Basin, the main farming area, are under deterioration, leading to a reduction of crab yield and quality, and, subsequently, a loss of fanning profits. Aiming at a normal development of crab culture and the sustainable use of lakes, an annual investigation dealing with lake environmental factors in relation to stocked crab populations was carried out at 20 farms in 4 lakes. The results show that the submersed macrophyte biomass (B-Mac) is the key factor affecting annual crab yield (CY). Using the ratio of Secchi depth to mean depth (Z(SD)/Z(M)), an easily measured parameter closely correlated to BMac, as driving variable, 10 regression models of maximal crab yields were generated (r(2) ranging 0.49-0.81). Based on the theory of MSY (Maximum Sustainable Yield), in combination with body-weight (BW) and recapture rate (RR) of adult crabs, a general optimal stocking model was eventually formulated. All models are simple and easy to operate. Comments on their applications and prospects are given in brief. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.