Utility of wind catchers for nocturnal ventilation

Wind catcher systems have been employed in buildings in the Middle East for many centuries and they are known by different names in different parts of the region. Recently there has been an increase in the application of this approach for natural ventilation and passive cooling in the UK and other countries. This paper presents the results of experimental wind tunnel and smoke visualisation testing, combined with CFD modelling, to investigate the performance of the wind catcher. For this purpose, a full-scale commercial system was connected to a test room and positioned centrally in an open boundary wind tunnel. Because much ventilation design involves the use of computational fluid dynamics, the measured performance of the system was also compared against the results of CFD analysis. Configurations included both a heated and unheated space to determine the impact of internal heat sources on airflow rate. Good comparisons between measurement and CFD analysis were obtained. Measurements showed that sufficient air change could be achieved to meet both air quality needs and passive cooling.

A Brief History of Affordable Housing Cooperatives in the United States

For over 75 years housing cooperatives have been a source of affordable housing. Currently, the 376,000 dwelling units of affordable cooperatives is equivalent to seventeen percent of the rent reduction units owned by publichousing authorities. Understanding that affordable cooperatives have been developed under varying historical circumstances provides insights on how they could play a role in the future supply of affordable housing. The history of affordable co-ops starts during the 1920s and after World War II with the ethnic, union, and New York government financed co-ops. Through the 1960s and the early 1970s cooperatives were financed by various federal direct assistance programs. Since the late 1970s co-ops have been sponsored by nonprofit organizations and by federal and municipal government privatization programs. A workable institutional structure for affordable cooperatives has developed as a result of this historical evolution.

Measuring the effect of agricultural cooperatives on household income using PSM-DID : a case study of a rice-producing cooperative in China

Agricultural cooperatives in China, known as Farmers' Professional Cooperatives (FPCs), are becoming popular and have been intensely promoted by the Chinese government to improve the economic welfare of small farmers. However, very few studies on Chinese agricultural cooperatives have measured the benefits to farmers who participate in FPCs after controlling for time-invariant attributes of farmers. This paper investigates the treatment effect of participation in a rice-producing cooperative in suburban China using propensity score matching (PSM) and difference-in-differences (DID) method. Estimated results show that no significant difference is observed between participants and non-participants of the cooperative in terms of net income from rice production when controlling for the difference in farmers' rice incomes before the treatment. In addition, there is no significant heterogeneity of the treatment effects between large and small farmers, although the probability of participation in the cooperative is significantly higher when the size of cultivated rice farmland is greater. These results indicate that the benefits of the cooperative appear to be overestimated considering the vigorous policy supports for FPCs from the Chinese government.

Notes on the beginnings of the industrial cooperatives in China, /

Prepared for the Nym Wales Collection on the Chinese Revolution in the Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace, Stanford University.

The roots of participation in farmer cooperatives /

Includes bibliographical references.

Gung ho! The story of the Chinese cooperatives.

Title also in Chinese on cover.

Cooperative bargaining; selections from the Proceedings of the National Conferences of Agricultural Bargaining Cooperatives.

"Selected articles on bargaining from proceedings of the first 14 conferences."

Greenes ghost havnting conie-catchers / Wherein is set down, the arte of humouring. The arte of carrying stones. Will. St. lift. Ia. Fost. law. Ned Bro. catch. and Blacke Robins kindnesse. With the conceits of Doctor Pinch-backe a notable makeshift. Ten times more pleasant then anything yet published of this matter ... London, Printed for R. Iackson and I. North, 1602.

Mode of access: Internet.

The Conversion of rental housing to condominiums and cooperatives : appendix, 1-2 /

"June 1980."

The law of the organization and operation of cooperatives.

Bibliography: p. [335]-340.

Proceedings of the National Conference of Bargaining Cooperatives.

Mode of access: Internet.

Directory of communities served by telephone public utilities, cooperatives, and mutuals in Illinois.

Description based on 1985 ed.

Directory of territories served by telephone public utilities, cooperatives, and mutuals in Illinois.

Title from cover.