An Architecture to offer Cloud-Based Radio Access Network as a Service

This paper addresses the novel notion of offering a radio access network as a service. Its components may be instantiated on general purpose platforms with pooled resources (both radio and hardware ones) dimensioned on-demand, elastically and following the pay-per-use principle. A novel architecture is proposed that supports this concept. The architecture's success is in its modularity, well-defined functional elements and clean separation between operational and control functions. By moving much processing traditionally located in hardware for computation in the cloud, it allows the optimisation of hardware utilization and reduction of deployment and operation costs. It enables operators to upgrade their network as well as quickly deploy and adapt resources to demand. Also, new players may easily enter the market, permitting a virtual network operator to provide connectivity to its users.

SLR-GNSS analysis in the framework of the ITRF2013 computation

Pre-combined SLR-GNSS solutions are studied and the impact of different types of datum definition on the estimated parameters is assessed. It is found that the origin is realized best by using only the SLR core network for defining the geodetic datum and the inclusion of the GNSS core sites degrades the origin. The orientation, however, requires a dense and continuous network, thus, the inclusion of the GNSS core network is absolutely needed.

Kinetic performance : a study in portable architecture

The purpose of this research was to explore a new way of experiencing a performance space using the portability and flexibility of a cargo container. Since the 17th century there has been a split between theater, as a written work, and architecture. Theater has lost its founding essence becoming more about the structure and less about the performance. Contemporary theater designs came through the development of street performances, which developed into theater types such as the Black Box and lately video and projection screening. With the exploration of kinetic uses in architecture and defragmentation of a cargo container there is a new step on the development of theater design. Using a cargo container gave me a familiar object with specific dimensions to start my exploration as well as the possibility of having the theater transported to many sites. The findings demonstrate that there are many unexplored possibilities to create a performance space outside the conventional theater that can promote new types of performances as well as the use of new technologies of video and projection.

A Role for Provenance in Social Computation

Postprint

Security and Trust in Distributed Computation

We propose three research problems to explore the relations between trust and security in the setting of distributed computation. In the first problem, we study trust-based adversary detection in distributed consensus computation. The adversaries we consider behave arbitrarily disobeying the consensus protocol. We propose a trust-based consensus algorithm with local and global trust evaluations. The algorithm can be abstracted using a two-layer structure with the top layer running a trust-based consensus algorithm and the bottom layer as a subroutine executing a global trust update scheme. We utilize a set of pre-trusted nodes, headers, to propagate local trust opinions throughout the network. This two-layer framework is flexible in that it can be easily extensible to contain more complicated decision rules, and global trust schemes. The first problem assumes that normal nodes are homogeneous, i.e. it is guaranteed that a normal node always behaves as it is programmed. In the second and third problems however, we assume that nodes are heterogeneous, i.e, given a task, the probability that a node generates a correct answer varies from node to node. The adversaries considered in these two problems are workers from the open crowd who are either investing little efforts in the tasks assigned to them or intentionally give wrong answers to questions. In the second part of the thesis, we consider a typical crowdsourcing task that aggregates input from multiple workers as a problem in information fusion. To cope with the issue of noisy and sometimes malicious input from workers, trust is used to model workers' expertise. In a multi-domain knowledge learning task, however, using scalar-valued trust to model a worker's performance is not sufficient to reflect the worker's trustworthiness in each of the domains. To address this issue, we propose a probabilistic model to jointly infer multi-dimensional trust of workers, multi-domain properties of questions, and true labels of questions. Our model is very flexible and extensible to incorporate metadata associated with questions. To show that, we further propose two extended models, one of which handles input tasks with real-valued features and the other handles tasks with text features by incorporating topic models. Our models can effectively recover trust vectors of workers, which can be very useful in task assignment adaptive to workers' trust in the future. These results can be applied for fusion of information from multiple data sources like sensors, human input, machine learning results, or a hybrid of them. In the second subproblem, we address crowdsourcing with adversaries under logical constraints. We observe that questions are often not independent in real life applications. Instead, there are logical relations between them. Similarly, workers that provide answers are not independent of each other either. Answers given by workers with similar attributes tend to be correlated. Therefore, we propose a novel unified graphical model consisting of two layers. The top layer encodes domain knowledge which allows users to express logical relations using first-order logic rules and the bottom layer encodes a traditional crowdsourcing graphical model. Our model can be seen as a generalized probabilistic soft logic framework that encodes both logical relations and probabilistic dependencies. To solve the collective inference problem efficiently, we have devised a scalable joint inference algorithm based on the alternating direction method of multipliers. The third part of the thesis considers the problem of optimal assignment under budget constraints when workers are unreliable and sometimes malicious. In a real crowdsourcing market, each answer obtained from a worker incurs cost. The cost is associated with both the level of trustworthiness of workers and the difficulty of tasks. Typically, access to expert-level (more trustworthy) workers is more expensive than to average crowd and completion of a challenging task is more costly than a click-away question. In this problem, we address the problem of optimal assignment of heterogeneous tasks to workers of varying trust levels with budget constraints. Specifically, we design a trust-aware task allocation algorithm that takes as inputs the estimated trust of workers and pre-set budget, and outputs the optimal assignment of tasks to workers. We derive the bound of total error probability that relates to budget, trustworthiness of crowds, and costs of obtaining labels from crowds naturally. Higher budget, more trustworthy crowds, and less costly jobs result in a lower theoretical bound. Our allocation scheme does not depend on the specific design of the trust evaluation component. Therefore, it can be combined with generic trust evaluation algorithms.

Essays on the principles and adoption of entreprise-wide architecture

Enterprise-wide architecture has become a necessity for organizations to (re)align information technology (IT) to changing business requirements. Since a city planning metaphor inspired enterprise-wide architecture, this dissertation's research axes can be outlined by similarities between cities and enterprises. Both are characterized as dynamic super-systems that need to address the evolving interest of various architecture stakeholders. Further, both should simultaneously adhere to a set of principles to guide the evolution of architecture towards the expected benefits. The extant literature on enterprise-wide architecture not only disregards architecture adoption's complexities but also remains vague about how principles guide architecture evolution. To bridge this gap, this dissertation contains three interrelated research streams examining the principles and adoption of enterprise-wide architecture. The first research stream investigates organizational intricacies inherent in architecture adoption. It characterizes architecture adoption as an ongoing organizational adaptation process. By analyzing organizational response behaviors in this adaptation process, it also identifies four archetypes that represent very diverse architecture approaches. The second research stream ontologically clarifies the nature of architecture principles along with outlining new avenues for theoretical contributions. This research stream also provides an empirically validated set of principles and proposes a research model illustrating how principles can be applied to generate expected architecture benefits. The third research stream examines architecture adoption in multinational corporations (MNCs). MNCs are Specified by unique organizational characteristics that constantly strive for balancing global integration and local responsiveness. This research stream characterizes MNCs' architecture adoption as a continuous endeavor. This endeavor tries to constantly synchron ize architecture with stakeholders' beliefs about how to balance global integration and local responsiveness. To conclude, this dissertation provides a thorough explanation of a long-term journey in Which organizations learn over time to adopt an effective architecture approach. It also clarifies the role of principles to purposefully guide the aforementioned learning process. - L'Architecture d'Entreprise (AE) est devenue une nécessité pour permettre aux organisations de (ré)aligner les technologies de l'information (TI) avec les changements en termes de besoins métiers. En se basant sur la métaphore de la planification urbaine dont l'AE s'est inspirée, cette dissertation peut être présentée comme une comparaison entre les villes et les entreprises; les deux sont des super-systèmes dynamiques ayant besoin de répondre aux intérêts d'acteurs divers et variés en constants évolution. De plus, les deux devraient souscrire simultanément à un ensemble de principes afin de faire converger l'évolution de l'architecture vers les bénéfices attendus. La littérature sur l'AE, non seulement ne prend pas en considération les complexités de l'adoption d'architecture, mais aussi reste vague sur la manière dont les principes guident l'évolution de l'architecture. Pour pallier ce manque, cette dissertation est composée de trois volets de recherche étroitement liés examinant les principes et l'adoption de l'AE. Le premier volet examine la complexité organisationnelle inhérente à l'adoption de l'architecture. Il caractérise l'adoption de l'architecture en tant que processus d'adaptation continu. En analysant le comportement organisationnel en réponse à ce processus d'adaptation, ce volet distingue quatre archétypes représentant la diversité des approches de l'architecture. Le deuxième volet de recherche clarifie de manière ontologique la nature des principes d'architecture et envisage les contributions théoriques futures possibles. Cet axe de recherche fournit aussi un ensemble de principes, validés de manière empirique, et propose un modèle de recherche illustrant la manière dont ces principes peuvent être appliqués afin de générer les bénéfices attendus de l'architecture. Le troisième volet examine l'adoption de l'architecture dans les entreprises multinationales. Ces dernières possèdent des caractéristiques organisationnelles uniques et sont constamment à la recherche d'un équilibre entre une intégration globale et une flexibilité locale tout en prenant en compte les convictions des divers acteurs sur la manière d'atteindre cet équilibre. Pour conclure, cette dissertation fournit une explication sur le long voyage au cours duquel les entreprises apprennent à adopter une approche d'architecture efficace. Elle clarifie aussi le rôle des principes dans l'accompagnement de ce processus d'apprentissage.

L'habiter, ou le bien de l'architecture

Le bâtir est un trait fondamental de la condition humaine. À notre époque, les réflexions en vue de mieux comprendre le sens phénoménologique et anthropologique de l’acte de bâtir se multiplient. La constante qui semble rallier ces réflexions consiste à reconnaître l’enracinement du sens de l’acte de bâtir dans l’habiter : le bâtir puiserait ainsi sa signification première dans l’ha- biter. Ce ralliement et ce consensus semblent marquer ainsi ce que l’histoire pourrait un jour désigner comme le « tournant » de l’habiter en architecture. Il est maintenant permis d’envisager et de construire le portrait global de cette activité en usant de toutes les palettes de couleurs que comprend le spectre des facultés de l’esprit humain : la poétique (l’esthétique et la technique), la logique, la phénoménologie, l’herméneutique, la rhétorique, la mystique et, bien sûr, l’éthique.

Significations et perceptions en architecture dans l’œuvre de Christian Norberg-Schulz

L’architecture au sens strict, qui renvoie à la construction, n’est pas indépendante des déterminations mentales, des images et des valeurs esthétiques, comme références, amenées par divers champs d’intérêt au problème du sens. Elle est, de par ce fait, un objet d’interprétation. Ce qu’on appelle communément « signification architecturale », est un univers vaste dans lequel sont constellées des constructions hypothétiques. En ce qui nous concerne, il s’agit non seulement de mouler la signification architecturale selon un cadre et des matières spécifiques de référence, mais aussi, de voir de près la relation de cette question avec l’attitude de perception de l’homme. Dans l’étude de la signification architecturale, on ne peut donc se détacher du problème de la perception. Au fond, notre travail montrera leur interaction, les moyens de sa mise en œuvre et ce qui est en jeu selon les pratiques théoriques qui la commandent. En posant la question de l’origine de l’acte de perception, qui n’est ni un simple acte de voir, ni un acte contemplatif, mais une forme d’interaction active avec la forme architecturale ou la forme d’art en général, on trouve dans les écrits de l’historien Christian Norberg-Schulz deux types de travaux, et donc deux types de réponses dont nous pouvons d’emblée souligner le caractère antinomique l’une par rapport à l’autre. C’est qu’il traite, dans le premier livre qu’il a écrit, Intentions in architecture (1962), connu dans sa version française sous le titre Système logique de l’architecture (1974, ci-après SLA), de l’expression architecturale et des modes de vie en société comme un continuum, défendant ainsi une approche culturelle de la question en jeu : la signification architecturale et ses temporalités. SLA désigne et représente un système théorique influencé, à bien des égards, par les travaux de l’épistémologie de Jean Piaget et par les contributions de la sémiotique au développement de l’étude de la signification architecturale. Le second type de réponse sur l’origine de l’acte de perception que formule Norberg-Schulz, basé sur sur les réflexions du philosophe Martin Heidegger, se rapporte à un terrain d’étude qui se situe à la dérive de la revendication du fondement social et culturel du langage architectural. Il lie, plus précisément, l’étude de la signification à l’étude de l’être. Reconnaissant ainsi la primauté, voire la prééminence, d’une recherche ontologique, qui consiste à soutenir les questionnements sur l’être en tant qu’être, il devrait amener avec régularité, à partir de son livre Existence, Space and Architecture (1971), des questions sur le fondement universel et historique de l’expression architecturale. Aux deux mouvements théoriques caractéristiques de ses écrits correspond le mouvement que prend la construction de notre thèse que nous séparons en deux parties. La première partie sera ainsi consacrée à l’étude de SLA avec l’objectif de déceler les ambiguïtés qui entourent le cadre de son élaboration et à montrer les types de legs que son auteur laisse à la théorie architecturale. Notre étude va montrer l’aspect controversé de ce livre, lié aux influences qu’exerce la pragmatique sur l’étude de la signification. Il s’agit dans cette première partie de présenter les modèles théoriques dont il débat et de les mettre en relation avec les différentes échelles qui y sont proposées pour l’étude du langage architectural, notamment avec l’échelle sociale. Celle-ci implique l’étude de la fonctionnalité de l’architecture et des moyens de recherche sur la typologie de la forme architecturale et sur sa schématisation. Notre approche critique de cet ouvrage prend le point de vue de la recherche historique chez Manfredo Tafuri. La seconde partie de notre thèse porte, elle, sur les fondements de l’intérêt chez Norberg-Schulz à partager avec Heidegger la question de l’Être qui contribuent à fonder une forme d’investigation existentielle sur la signification architecturale et du problème de la perception . L’éclairage de ces fondements exige, toutefois, de montrer l’enracinement de la question de l’Être dans l’essence de la pratique herméneutique chez Heidegger, mais aussi chez H. G. Gadamer, dont se réclame aussi directement Norberg-Schulz, et de dévoiler, par conséquent, la primauté établie de l’image comme champ permettant d’instaurer la question de l’Être au sein de la recherche architecturale. Sa recherche conséquente sur des valeurs esthétiques transculturelles a ainsi permis de réduire les échelles d’étude de la signification à l’unique échelle d’étude de l’Être. C’est en empruntant cette direction que Norberg-Schulz constitue, au fond, suivant Heidegger, une approche qui a pour tâche d’aborder l’« habiter » et le « bâtir » à titre de solutions au problème existentiel de l’Être. Notre étude révèle, cependant, une interaction entre la question de l’Être et la critique de la technique moderne par laquelle l’architecture est directement concernée, centrée sur son attrait le plus marquant : la reproductibilité des formes. Entre les écrits de Norberg-Schulz et les analyses spécifiques de Heidegger sur le problème de l’art, il existe un contexte de rupture avec le langage de la théorie qu’il s’agit pour nous de dégager et de ramener aux exigences du travail herméneutique, une approche que nous avons nous-même adoptée. Notre méthode est donc essentiellement qualitative. Elle s’inspire notamment des méthodes d’interprétation, de là aussi notre recours à un corpus constitué des travaux de Gilles Deleuze et de Jacques Derrida ainsi qu’à d’autres travaux associés à ce type d’analyse. Notre recherche demeure cependant attentive à des questions d’ordre épistémologique concernant la relation entre la discipline architecturale et les sciences qui se prêtent à l’étude du langage architectural. Notre thèse propose non seulement une compréhension approfondie des réflexions de Norberg-Schulz, mais aussi une démonstration de l’incompatibilité de la phénoménologie de Heidegger et des sciences du langage, notamment la sémiotique.

Revisiting the compositional data. Some fundamental questions and new prospects in Archaeometry and Archaeology

In this paper we examine the problem of compositional data from a different starting point. Chemical compositional data, as used in provenance studies on archaeological materials, will be approached from the measurement theory. The results will show, in a very intuitive way that chemical data can only be treated by using the approach developed for compositional data. It will be shown that compositional data analysis is a particular case in projective geometry, when the projective coordinates are in the positive orthant, and they have the properties of logarithmic interval metrics. Moreover, it will be shown that this approach can be extended to a very large number of applications, including shape analysis. This will be exemplified with a case study in architecture of Early Christian churches dated back to the 5th-7th centuries AD

Architecture & Research: a possible structure

This article results from three conferences organized by the research project titled “Architectural research framework” developed by the research center Architectural Lab – LabART – of the Lusófona University, and also by my personal experiences and dialogs with other members of the EAAE research committee. Architectural research always existed, but only recently some major questions have emerged, by the time that Europe started the last universitary reform on the 80’s. Two aspects are crucial in understanding the problematic that we are referring to. On the one hand we verify that the architectural teaching should maintain the articulation and close relationship between the theoretical and practical aspects. On the other hand, there is a need to confer academic degrees, as the MsC and PhD’s in the Faculties of Architecture. Inevitably, discussions began about the scientificity of architecture (its grounding), the types of research, methodological models, as well as on the evaluation criteria and the quality of research, or the relevance of the results. We will try to approach some of these discussions, and by the end, establish a basic structure that allows us to obtain an open model for research in architecture.

The inclusive process of training in social museology: alternative museology in action in Carapateira, Portugal

Pierre Mayrand is a long-time member of ICTOP and founder of MINOM. He did graduate studies in Montreal and overseas, studying art history with a specialization in architecture and urban planning. In 1970, when the Université du Québec was founded, Pierre entered the teaching profession, participating (as director, professor, and researcher) in the setting up of programs in national heritage, museology and cultural development. He is still active in teaching and project development now as a altermuseologist.

A system's model for maintenance support and decision making in building services systems

Modern buildings are designed to enhance the match between environment, spaces and the people carrying out work, so that the well-being and the performance of the occupants are all in harmony. Building services are systems that facilitate a healthy working environment within which workers productivity can be optimised in the buildings. However, the maintenance of these services is fraught with problems that may contribute to up to 50% of the total life cycle cost of the building. Maintenance support is one area which is not usually designed into the system as this is not common practice in the services industry. The other areas of shortfall for future designs are; client requirements, commissioning, facilities management data and post occupancy evaluation feedback which needs to be adequately planned to capture and document this information for use in future designs. At the University of Reading an integrated approach has been developed to assemble the multitude of aspects inherent in this field. The means records required and measured achievements for the benefit of both building owners and practitioners. This integrated approach can be represented in a Through Life Business Model (TLBM) format using the concept of Integrated Logistic Support (ILS). The prototype TLBM developed utilises the tailored tools and techniques of ILS for building services. This TLBM approach will facilitate the successful development of a databank that would be invaluable in capturing essential data (e.g. reliability of components) for enhancing future building services designs, life cycle costing and decision making by practitioners, in particular facilities managers.

Informal communication networks and the diffusion of innovations in UK construction projects: A research design

The UK industry has been criticised for being slow to adopt construction process innovations. Research shows that the idiosyncrasies of participants, their roles in the system and the contextual differences between sections of the industry make this a highly complex problem. There is considerable evidence that informal social networks play a key role in diffusion of innovations. The aim is to identify informal communication networks of project participants and the role these play in the diffusion of construction innovations. The characteristics of this network will be analysed in order to understand how they can be used to accelerate innovation diffusion within and between projects. Social Network Analysis is used to determine informal communication routes. Control and experiment case study projects are used within two different organizations. This allows informal communication routes concerning innovations to be mapped, whilst testing if the informal routes can facilitate diffusion. Analysis will focus upon understanding the combination of informal strong and weak ties, and how these impede or facilitate the diffusion of the innovation. Initial work suggests the presence of an informal communication network. Actors within this informal network, and the organization's management are unaware of its' existence and their informal roles within it. Thus, the network remains an untapped medium regarding innovation diffusion. It is proposed that successful innovation diffusion is dependent upon understanding informal strong and weak ties, at project, organization and industry level.

Stability criteria for the contextual emergence of macrostates in neural networks

More than thirty years ago, Amari and colleagues proposed a statistical framework for identifying structurally stable macrostates of neural networks from observations of their microstates. We compare their stochastic stability criterion with a deterministic stability criterion based on the ergodic theory of dynamical systems, recently proposed for the scheme of contextual emergence and applied to particular inter-level relations in neuroscience. Stochastic and deterministic stability criteria for macrostates rely on macro-level contexts, which make them sensitive to differences between different macro-levels.