Avaliação da contaminação humana por hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) e seus derivados nitrados (NHPAs): uma revisão metodológica

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocabons (PAHs) and their nitroderivatives (NPAHs) are ubiquitous in the environment and they are produced in several industrial and combustion processes. Some of these compounds are potent carcinogens/mutagens and their determination in biological samples is an important step for exposure control. A review of the analytical methodologies used for the determination of PAHs and their metabolites in biological samples is presented.

Fotodegradação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos em placas de sílica impregnadas com dióxido de titânio

Photodegradation of the PAHs anthracene, chrysene and benzo[k]fluoranthane on silica gel impregnated with TiO2 and over glass plates holding TiO2 was studied. Silica gel plates holding these substances were exposed to solar radiation, developed with hexane and photographed under ultra-violet light. The plates containing benzo[k]fluoranthene were also analysed by both diffuse reflectance and laser induced fluorescence. Diffuse reflectance spectra of the fluorescent spot from non irradiated plates showed small differences when compared with those obtained from irradiated plates. These spectral differences are compatible with formation of less conjugated compounds during irradiation. Fluorescence and time resolved fluorescence spectra observed after irradiation were identical to those obtained with benzo[k]fluoranthene in methanol. On plates holding silica, PAH degradation requires longer periods of solar irradiation when compared with those plates containing silica impregnated with TiO2. Glass plates impregnated with TiO2 also showed very rapid PAH degradation.

Utilização da extração em fase sólida (SPE) na determinação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos em matrizes aquosas ambientais

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a great environmental concern mainly because of their toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic potential. This paper reports utilization of the solid-phase extraction (SPE) technique to determine PAHs in environmental aqueous matrices. The recovery from environmental aqueous matrices fortified with PAHs varied from 63.7 to 93.1% for atmospheric liquid precipitation, from 38.3 to 95.1% for superficial river water, and from 71.0 to 95.5% for marine water. No negative matrix effect was observed for the recovery of PAHs from atmospheric liquid precipitation and marine water, but was observed for superficial river water, particularly for PAHs possessing 5 and 6 aromatic rings.

Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos como traçadores da queima de cana-de-açúcar: uma abordagem estatística

In this study atmospheric particulates of PAHs were measured in Araraquara, Piracicaba and São Paulo in July 2003 (sugarcane harvest season in Araraquara and Piracicaba) and in Araraquara in March of 2003. The results were normalized to the total PAH concentrations. Comparison among the sites and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to investigate possible tracers of emission. Fluoranthene and pyrene concentrations were higher in Piracicaba and Araraquara samples. These PAH were also responsible for the largest negative loadings on the second principal component and account for the negative scores and for the formation of the Araraquara and Piracicaba group.

Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAS) em cachaça, rum, uísque e álcool combustível

The concentration of 15 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 57 samples of distillates (cachaça, rum, whiskey, and alcohol fuel) has been determined by HPLC-Fluorescence detection. The quantitative analytical profile of PAHs treated by Partial Least Square - Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) provided a good classification of the studied spirits based on their PAHs content. Additionally, the classification of the sugar cane derivatives according to the harvest practice was obtained treating the analytical data by Linear Discriminant Analysis (LDA), using naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benz[a]anthracene, benz[b]fluoranthene, and benz[g,h,i]perylene, as a chemical descriptors.

Avaliação de solventes de extração por ultrassom usando-se cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência para a determinação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos em solos contaminados

A method using ultrasonication extraction for the determination of 17 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), selected by the USEPA and NIOSH as "consent decree" priority pollutants, in soil by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) was studied. Separation and detection were completed in 20 min with a C18 columm, acetonitrile-water gradient elution and ultraviolet absorption and fluorescence detections. The detection limits, for a 10 µL of solution injection, were less than 9,917 ng/g in UV detection and less than 1,866 ng/g in fluorescence detection. Several organic solvents were tested for extraction of the 17 PAHs from soils. Acetone was the best solvent among the three solvents tested, and the order of the extraction efficiencies was: acetone>methanol>acetonitrile. Ultrasonication using acetone as solvent extraction was used to evaluate the biodegradation of those compounds in contaminated soil during a vermicomposting process.

Chá-mate e café como fontes de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) na dieta da população de Campinas

Com o objetivo de determinar os níveis dos contaminantes hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) em chá-mate e café e avaliar a contribuição desses produtos como fonte de HPAs na dieta da população de Campinas, três marcas com três diferentes lotes de chá-mate e café em pó, totalizando 18 amostras, foram analisadas. Os dados de consumo de chá-mate e café foram obtidos de uma pesquisa de hábitos alimentares feita no ano de 1993 junto à população local, através do método de freqüência de alimentos. A determinação de HPAs foi conduzida por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência com detecção por fluorescência. A presença de diferentes hidrocarbonetos foi observada em todas as amostras de café analisadas, em níveis variando tanto entre as marcas quanto em função da técnica de preparo da bebida. A quantidade média de HPAs totais encontrada no café (bebida pronta para consumo) foi de 10,12mig/kg, enquanto que o chá-mate apresentou um nível de contaminantes significativamente menor (sigma=0,70mig/kg). Considerando-se a estimativa de consumo diário médio per capita de 69,79g de chá-mate e de 86,77g de café, pode-se considerar que o chá-mate e o café aportam diariamente cerca de 0, 05mig e 0, 88mig de HPAs totais, respectivamente, na dieta da população estudada (n=600 indivíduos).

Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) em aguardentes

A presença de hidrocarbonetos aromáticos polinucleares (HPAs) em aguardentes foi investigada por cromatografia líquida (CLAE) após sua prévia extração em fase sólida (SPE). A separação foi realizada em uma coluna Supelco, LCPAH-octadecil silano (25cm x 4,6mm x 5mm) com gradiente acetonitrila/água e a quantificação utilizando detector de fluorescência. Os HPAs (naftaleno; acenaftaleno; fluoreno; fenantreno; antraceno; fluoranteno; pireno; 1,2- benzo(e)pireno; criseno; benzo(e)pireno; 2,3-benzo(a)antraceno; 1,2-benzo(b)fluoranteno; benzo(k)fluoranteno; dibenzo(a,h)antraceno; benzo(a)pireno; benzo(ghi)pirileno foram identificados e quantificados em vinte e oito amostras de aguardentes de cana. Os resultados experimentais para as amostras de aguardentes (cachaças) são analisados em termos de análises de componentes principais (PCA) objetivando a diferenciação entre o perfil das aguardentes produzidas a partir de cana-de-açúcar queimada e não-queimada.

Determinação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAS) em guaraná em pó (Paullinia cupana)

Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) representam uma importante classe de carcinógenos químicos formados durante a combustão incompleta de material orgânico. Os HPAs ocorrem como contaminantes em diferentes tipos de alimentos, devido principalmente à poluição ambiental e alguns tipos de processamentos como a defumação, a secagem e a torrefação. Nos últimos anos, o consumo de guaraná vem aumentando, assim como a sua oferta no mercado. Durante o processamento das sementes para a obtenção dos produtos, a matéria-prima passa pelas etapas de secagem, torrefação e, em alguns casos, a defumação, processos estes que podem dar origem aos HPAs. Dessa forma, o presente estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar a presença de cinco HPAs carcinogênicos: benzo(a)antraceno, benzo(b)fluoranteno, benzo(k)fluoranteno, benzo(a)pireno e dibenzo(a,h)antraceno em diferentes marcas de guaraná em pó disponíveis comercialmente. A determinação foi feita por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência com Detecção por Fluorescência. Os HPAs foram detectados em 81% das amostras analisadas, com níveis variando de 0,05 a 8,04 µg/kg. Os resultados indicam que o tipo de processamento utilizado durante a manufatura do guaraná em pó pode resultar na presença desses contaminantes no produto final.

Efeito do processamento na contaminação de cana-de-açúcar e derivados por hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos

Os hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos (HPAs) são compostos formados a partir da queima incompleta de material orgânico e compreendem uma importante classe de contaminantes ambientais, muitos deles comprovadamente carcinogênicos. No presente estudo, amostras de caldo de cana-de-açúcar colhida verde e cana colhida queimada e produtos intermediários e finais do processo de obtenção do açúcar de cana foram analisados para a presença de 5 HPAs carcinogênicos. Para a análise dos compostos foi utilizada a técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) com detector de fluorescência. Os resultados obtidos evidenciaram a presença de HPAs em níveis relativamente maiores nos caldos obtidos da cana queimada, o que confirma que a queima dos canaviais é fonte de emissão de HPAs que podem ser transferidos para a cana-de-açúcar. A análise dos produtos intermediários do processamento da cana evidenciou uma redução dos níveis de HPAs conforme a cana-de-açúcar passa pelas diferentes etapas de processamento para obtenção de açúcar (caldo misto, caldo decantado, xarope, massa de primeira e açúcar), indicando um efeito positivo das etapas de clarificação, flotação e turbinagem na redução dos níveis desses compostos no produto final.

Preparação de sílica organofuncionalizada à base de zircônia e estudos de adsorção de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos e pesticidas organoclorados

O trabalho realizado conjuga informações de preparação e caracterização de materiais à base de sílica, com avaliação de possível aplicação potencial na área de química analítica ambiental. As sílicas organofuncionalizadas foram preparadas segundo 2 métodos: grafting e sol-gel. Os 4 sólidos obtidos por grafting diferem essencialmente na natureza da esfera de coordenação em torno do centro metálico (átomo de zircônio), enquanto que os 2 sólidos obtidos pelo processo sol-gel são sólidos híbridos, contendo ligantes indenil, grupos silanóis e etóxidos na superfície, diferindo entre si pela presença de centro metálico. Os teores de metal, determinados por RBS, nas sílicas organofuncionalizadas ficaram em torno de 0,3 % para os sólidos preparados por grafting e 4,5 %,no caso, do sólido preparado por sol-gel. A análise por DRIFTS confirmou a presença dos ligantes orgânicos e, ainda, grupos silanóis residuais nos adsorventes preparados por grafting. A capacidade de adsorção das sílicas organofuncionalizadas foi avaliada frente a duas famílias de compostos: HPAs e pesticidas organoclorados. A identificação e quantificação dos HPAs foi conduzida através de cromatografia gasosa com detector seletivo de massas. Os resultados da capacidade de adsorção para os 16 HPAs prioritários não foram quantitativamente considerados satisfatórios, em parte devido à dificuldade de solubilidade em água. A determinação quantitativa da eficiência dos adsorventes sólidos, na pré-concentração/extração dos pesticidas organoclorados, foi realizada através da cromatografia gasosa com detector de captura de elétrons. Os resultados de recuperação, para os compostos organoclorados: heptacloro epóxido, dieldrin e endrin foram considerados satisfatórios e em concordância com valores encontrados com o adsorvente comercial LC-18. O lindano apresentou boa recuperação especificadamente nos adsorventes preparados por sol-gel. De uma forma geral, os resultados indicam a possibilidade de utilização futura dos adsorventes sólidos preparados em protocolos de pré-concentração/extração de organoclorados a nível de traços.

Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos em sedimentos de fundo do estuário do rio Potengi, região da grande Natal (RN): implicações ambientais

Estuaries are environments prone to the input of chemical pollutants of various kinds and origins, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Anthropogenic PAHs may have two possible sources: pyrolytic (with four or more aromatic rings and low degree of alkylation) and petrogenic (with two and three aromatic rings and high degree of alkylation). This study aimed to evaluate the levels, distribution and possible sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the estuary of the Potengi river, Natal, Brazil. Samples of bottom sediments were collected in the final 12 km of the estuary until its mouth to the sea, where the urbanization of the Great Natal is more concentrated. Sampling was performed on 12 cross sections, with three stations each, totaling 36 samples, identified as T1 to T36. The non alkylated and alkylated PAHs were analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC / MS). PAHs were detected in all 36 stations with total concentration on each varying 174-109407 ng g-1. These values are comparable to those of several estuarine regions worldwide with high anthropogenic influence, suggesting the record of diffuse contamination installed in the estuary. PAHs profiles were similar for most stations. In 32 of the 36 stations, low molecular weight PAHs (with 2 and 3 ring: naphthalene, phenanthrene and their alkylated homologues) prevailed, which ranged from 54% to 100% of the total PAH, indicating that leaks, spills and combustion fuels are the dominant source of PAH pollution in the estuary. The level of contamination by PAHs in most stations suggests that there is potential risk of occasional adverse biological effects, but in some stations adverse impacts on the biota may occur frequently. The diagnostic ratios could differentiate sources of PAHs in sediments of the estuary, which were divided into three groups: petrogenic, pyrolytic and mixing of sources. The urban concentration of the Great Natal and the various industrial activities associated with it can be blamed as potential sources of PAHs in bottom sediments of the estuary studied. The data presented highlight the need to control the causes of existing pollution in the estuary

Tratamento eletroquímico de água produzida sintética para remoção de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos

The aim of this work is the treatment of produced water from oil by using electrochemical technology. Produced water is a major waste generated during the process of exploration and production in the oil industry. Several approaches are being studied aiming at the treatment of this effluent; among them can be cited the biological process and chemical treatments such as advanced oxidation process and electrochemical treatments (electrooxidation, electroflotation, electrocoagulation, electrocoagulation). This work studies the application of electrochemical technology in the treatment of the synthetic produced water effluent through the action of the electron, in order to remove or transform the toxic and harmful substances from the environment by redox reactions in less toxic substances. For this reason, we used a synthetic wastewater, containing a mixture H2SO4 0,5M and 16 HPAs, which are: naphthalene, acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo (a) anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k) fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, dibenzo(a, h)anthracene, benzo(g, h, i)perylene. Bulk electrochemical oxidation experiments were performed using a batch electrochemical reactor containing a pair of parallel electrodes, coupled with a power supply using a magnetic stirrer for favoring the transfer mass control. As anodic material was used, a Dimensionally Stable Anode (DSA) of Ti/Pt, while as cathode was used a Ti electrode. Several samples were collected at specific times and after that, the analysis of these samples were carried out by using Gas Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry (GC - MS) in order to determine the percentage of removal. The results showed that it was possible to achieve the removal of HPAs about 80% (in some cases, more than 80%). In addition, as an indicator of the economic feasibility of electrochemical treatment the energy consumption was analyzed for each hour of electrolysis, and based on the value kWh charged by ANEEL, the costs were estimated. Thus, the treatment costs of this research were quite attractive

Otimização de metodologias para determinação de hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos:aplicação em água do Rio Potengi

This work aims to detect polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) through optimized analytical techniques, such as gas chromatography with flame-ionisation detector (CGFID), gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (CGMS), Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Molecular and Purpot of oils and greases (POG). Apply to chemometrics, Factorial Planning 23, in the preparation of samples by liquid-liquid extraction. The sample preparation was used for liquid-liquid extraction and factors in this sample was used for the application of factorial planning 23, such as the use of ultrasound, solvents (dichloromethane, hexane and chloroform) and ratio of solvent / synthetic sample. These factors were assigned two types of levels: positive and negative. It was used to form the cube to better analyze the answers. The responses of the eight combinations were obtained in reading the spectrofluorimetric. The optimization of equipment were used, and they served in the HPA's identification of the samples collected in Rio Potengi. The optimization of the equipment was observed every 16's and PAH in the samples was found that the HPA's came from contamination of the Rio Potengi. The contamination comes through organic household waste, hospital waste, and among other contamination that comes from industries that are installed around the River The factorial design of high validity, it was observed a more effective sample preparation. The factorial design of liquid-liquid extraction showed a way to spend less solvent in less time using an ideal solvent, but also a way to extract more analyte from the matrix itself is water. In planning a smaller form factor extraction was the use of ultrasound, the ratio 1:3 corresponding to a solvent and sample 3 and the best solvent was dichloromethane who presented a viable extraction, not discarding the possibility of using also the hexane. The chloroform and may be toxic not had a good extraction

Hidrocarbonetos policíclicos aromáticos no meio ambiente: diferenciação de fontes em sedimentos e metabólitos em bile de peixes

Many studies on environmental ecosystems quality related to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) have been carried out routinely due to their ubiquotus presence worldwide and to their potential toxicity after its biotransformation. PAH may be introduced into the environmet by natural and anthropogenic processes from direct runoff and discharges and indirect atmospheric deposition. Sources of naturally occurring PAHs include natural fires, natural oil seepage and recent biological or diagenetic processes. Anthropogenic sources of PAHs, acute or chronic, are combustion of organic matter (petroleum, coal, wood), waste and releases/spills of petroleum and derivatives (river runoff, sewage outfalls, maritime transport, pipelines). Besides the co-existence of multiples sources of PAH in the environmental samples, these compounds are subject to many processes that lead to geochemical fates (physical-chemical transformation, biodegradation and photo-oxidation), which leads to an alteration of their composition. All these facts make the identification of the hydrocarbons sources, if petrogenic, pyrolytic or natural, a challenge. One of the objectives of this study is to establish tools to identify the origin of hydrocarbons in environmental samples. PAH diagnostic ratios and PAH principal component analysis were tested on a critical area: Guanabara Bay sediments. Guanabara Bay is located in a complex urban area of Rio de Janeiro with a high anthropogenic influence, being an endpoint of chronic pollution from the Greater Rio and it was the scenario of an acute event of oil release in January 2000. It were quantified 38 compounds, parental and alkylated PAH, in 21 sediment samples collected in two surveys: 2000 and 2003. The PAH levels varied from 400 to 58439 ng g-1. Both tested techniques for origin identification of hydrocarbons have shown their applicability, being able to discriminate the PAH sources for the majority of the samples analysed. The bay sediments were separated into two big clusters: sediments with a clear pattern of petrogenic introduction of hydrocarbons (from intertidal area) and sediments with combustion characteristics (from subtidal region). Only a minority of the samples could not display a clear contribution of petrogenic or pyrolytic input. The diagnostic ratios that have exhibited high ability to distinguish combustion- and petroleum-derived PAH inputs for Guanabara Bay sediments were Phenanthrene+Anthracene/(Phenanthrene+Anthracene+C1Phenanthrene); Fluorantene/(Fluorantene+Pyrene); Σ (other 3-6 ring PAHs)/ Σ (5 alkylated PAH series). The PCA results prooved to be a useful tool for PAH source identification in the environment, corroborating the diagnostic indexes. In relation to the temporal evaluation carried out in this study, it was not verified significant changes on the class of predominant source of the samples. This result indicates that the hydrocarbons present in the Guanabara Bay sediments are mainly related to the long-term anthropogenic input and not directly related to acute events such as the oil spill of January 2000. This findings were similar to various international estuarine sites. Finally, this work had a complementary objective of evaluating the level of hydrocarbons exposure of the aquatic organisms of Guanabara Bay. It was a preliminary study in which a quantification of 12 individual biliar metabolites of PAH was performed in four demersal fish representing three different families. The analysed metabolites were 1-hydroxynaphtalene, 2-hidroxinaphtalene, 1hydroxyphenanthrene, 9-hydroxyphenanthrene, 2-hydroxyphenanthrene, 1hydroxypyrene, 3-hidroxibiphenil, 3- hydroxyphenanthrene, 1-hydroxychrysene, 9hydroxyfluorene, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene, 3-hydroxybenz(a)pyrene. The metabolites concentrations were found to be high, ranging from 13 to 177 µg g-1, however they were similar to worldwide regions under high anthropogenic input. Besides the metabolites established by the used protocol, it was possible to verified high concentrations of three other compounds not yet reported in the literature. They were related to pyrolytic PAH contribution to Guanabara Bay aquatic biota: 1-hydroxypyrine and 3-hydroxybenz(a)pyrine isomers