Foreign Capital and Finland : Central government's first period of reliance on international financial markets, 1862-1938

The main objective of the study is to evaluate the Finnish central government s foreign borrowing between the years 1862 and 1938. Most of this period was characterised by deep capital market integration that bears resemblance to the liberal world financial order at the turn of the millennium. The main aim is to analyse the credit risk associated with the state and its determination by evaluating the world financial market centres perception of Finland. By doing this, the study is also expected to provide an additional dimension to Finland s political and economic history by incorporating into the research the assessments of international capital markets regarding Finland during a period that witnessed profound political and economic changes in Finnish society. The evaluation of the credit risk mainly relies on exchange-rate risk free time series of the state s foreign bonds. They have been collected from quotations in the stock exchanges in Helsinki, Hamburg, Paris and London. In addition, it investigates Finland s exposure to short-term debt and Moody s credit ratings assigned to Finland. The study emphasises the importance of the political risk. It suggests that the hey-day of the state s reliance on foreign capital markets took place during last few decades of the 19th century when Finland enjoyed a wide autonomy in the Russian Empire and prudently managed its economy, highlighted in Finland s adherence to the international gold standard. Political confrontations in Finland and, in particular, in Russia and the turbulence of the world financial system prevented the return of this beneficial position again. Through its issuance of foreign bonds the state was able to import substantial amounts of foreign capital, which was sorely needed to foster economic development in Finland. Moreover, the study argues that the state s presence in the western capital markets not only had economic benefits, but it also increased the international awareness of Finland s distinct and separate status in the Russian Empire and later underlined its position as an independent republic.

Stalinismin lyhyt kurssi : Suomalaiset Moskovan Lenin-koulussa 1926-1938

This study of the Finns at the International Lenin School (ILS) reflects history of the Soviet Union during Stalin's era, history of the Communist International (Comintern) as well as history of Finnish communism. The life span of the ILS (1926-1938) matches up with creating and establishing the power structures of Stalinism. Both the ILS and Finnish Communism in the USSR became casualties of the Great Terror (1937-1938). After the WW2, however, the Soviet education was appreciated inside the Communist Party of Finland (CPF). If Finland would have become People's Democracy, the former ILS students would have composed the inner circle of the new "democratic" government. The Finnish teachers of the ILS were leaders of the CPF that was headquartered in Moscow. At the ILS studied in total 141 Finnish communists. The purpose of the ILS was to educate the communist parties' leading stratum of functionaries. They were supposed to internalize current values, methods and discipline of the Bolsheviks. This study evaluates the effects of the total school experience on the Finns that often ended in another total institution in Finland: prison. The curricula of the ILS consisted of theory of Marxism-Leninism, party history, political economics and themes of campaigns of Stalinism. The ILS year included participation in Bolshevik party life and practical work. During summer excursions (praktikas) the students could acquaint themselves with building of socialism in the Soviet Republics. At the ILS, intention to ideological moulding was not hidden. The students were supposed to adopt the Stalinist identity of the professional revolutionaries of the era. The ILS was saturated with ideology and propaganda. This study analyzes especially uses of history as vehicle of ideological standardisation and as instrument of power. Stalin contributed personally to shortcomings of history writing of the communist party. Later he supervised writing of the inclusive handbook of communism, "History of the All-Union Communist Party. Short Course". Special attention will be paid to the effects of Stalin's intervention at the ILS and inside the CPF. The life of the Finns at the ILS and outside the school is described at grass roots. The dividing line between personal and political is analyzed by charting emotional, intimate and bodily experiences of the Finns of the ILS. The fates of the ILS Finns after the studying or teaching period in Moscow are explored in detail. The protagonist among the teachers is Yrjö Sirola that was called "father of the CPF cadres". The Finnish ILS teachers and the formed students that had remained in the USSR were most severely hit by the Great Terror. The Soviet education had most importance in Finland of post WW2 period. The training at the ILS, however, did not contribute to revolution in Finland. The main heading of the study, "A Short Course of Stalinism", crystallises interpretation of the ILS as seat of learning of ideological unity of Stalinism. On the other hand, the title includes a statement of incompleteness of the Stalinist education if the schooling at the ILS had remained in one year.

Discurso y praxis contra el fraude : consideraciones sobre la política reformista de Roberto M. Ortiz (1938-1940)

Resumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la estrategia política del presidente Roberto M. Ortiz durante el período en actividad (1938-1940) para combatir el fraude electoral y normalizar las prácticas electorales e institucionalidad democrática de la Argentina de fines de los años treinta. Se presume que el presidente orientó su proyecto político de una manera aperturista y de diálogo sincero con la Unión Cívica Radical (UCR). Para ello promovió dos estrategias claras: lograr el apoyo de los sectores liberales del Ejército, e intervenir las provincias con prácticas fraudulentas. Su política contra el fraude provocó una situación inédita de erosión de la coalición de partidos oficialistas, base de sustentación del Poder Ejecutivo. Sin apoyo partidario, Ortiz quedó aislado y en clara confrontación con el Senado, dominado por grupos conservadores.

Da matéria à invenção : as obras de Oscar Niemeyer em Minas Gerais - 1938-1955

Analisa o processo de criação das obras arquitetônicas de Oscar Oscar Niemeyer em Minas Gerais, do período de 1938 a 1955.

Reproducción de documentación perteneciente a Miguel José Garmendia Aldaz, Asesor Jurídico y Secretario Particular del Consejero de Gobernación del Gobierno Vasco durante la Guerra en el Norte, y Mayor Jefe de la Demarcación de Fronteras en Cataluña a partir de octubre de 1938, y en enero de 1939 Delegado de Orden Público adscrito a la Comandancia Militar de Figueras.

Fecha: 10-10-1936/31-1-1939 / Unidad de instalación: Carpeta 25 - Expediente 21 / Nº de pág.: 33 (28 mecanografiadas, 5 manuscritas)

Copia de una Carta de Alberto Onaindia a su hermano Domingo en la que el primero informa al último de la labor espiritual realizada en la Prisión del Carmelo de Begoña entre el 25 de julio de 1937 hasta abril de 1938.

Fecha: s.f. (>1970 copia) / Unidad de instalación: Carpeta 45 - Expediente 2-17 / Nº de pág.: 2 (mecanografiadas)

Collecção das Leis do Imperio do Brazil de 1882

Parte 1 - Atos do Poder Legislativo

Coleção das Leis da República dos Estados Unidos do Brasil de 1938

Parte 1 - Repositório da legislação brasileira do Estado Novo

"The Heart is a Lonely Hunter": De lo literario a lo cinematográfico, de 1938 a 1968, del pesimismo de la Gran Depresión a la vanalización sentimentalista del movimiento hippy

Eterio Pajares, Raquel Merino y José Miguel Santamaría (eds.)

Cartas enviadas por Armando Alonso a Justo Garate entre 1938 y 1939

2 caras (manuscritas) ; 215x145mm. Ubicación: Caja 1 - Carpeta 22

Carta enviada por Florita Arrese a Justo Garate en 1938

1 carta (manuscrita) ; 215x135mm. Ubicación: Caja 1 - Carpeta 60

Relatorio e synopse dos trabalhos da Camara dos Srs. Deputados : nas sessões do anno de 1882 : acompanhada de differentes documentos, quadros estatisticos e informações : organizados na Secretaria da Camara dos Deputados

Sinopse dos trabalhos da Câmara dos Deputados, em 1882.

The age and growth of the tongue sole Cynoglossus canariensis (Steind 1882)

The geometric mean regression equation for the weight; length relationship of Cynoglossus canariensis was W = 0.0025 L super(3.1770). The Von Bertalanffy constants Woo, Loo, K, and to were 507.5852 g, 47.3683 cm, 0.3333 and 0.1397 for males and 839.0753 g, 54.4720 cm, 0.3062 and 0.1737 for females. Total mortality coefficient Z ranged from 0.6482 and 0.8021

Actividades Pesqueras de Mexico en 1938

Catch statistics for Mexican waters 1938. (PDF has 181 pages.)