936 resultados para Cerâmicas - Condutividade elétrica
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The present thesis aims to develop a biocompatible and electroconductor bone graft containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs) that allows the in situ regeneration of bone cells by applying pulsed external electrical stimuli. The CNTs were produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) by a semi-continuous method with a yield of ~500 mg/day. The deposition parameters were optimised to obtain high pure CNTs ~99.96% with controlled morphologies, fundamental requisites for the biomedical application under study. The chemical functionalisation of CNTs was also optimised to maximise their processability and biocompatibility. The CNTs were functionalised by the Diels-Alder cycloaddition of 1,3-butadiene. The biological behaviour of the functionalised CNTs was evaluated in vitro with the osteoblastic cells line MG63 and in vivo, by subcutaneous implantation in rats. The materials did not induce an expressed inflammatory response, but the functionalised CNTs showed a superior in vitro and in vivo biocompatibility than the non-functionalised ones. Composites of ceramic matrix, of bioglass (Glass) and hydroxyapatite (HA), reinforced with carbon nanotubes (CNT/Glass/HA) were processed by a wet approach. The incorporation of just 4.4 vol% of CNTs allowed the increase of 10 orders of magnitude of the electrical conductivity of the matrix. In vitro studies with MG63 cells show that the CNT/Glass/HA composites guarantee the adhesion and proliferation of bone cells, and stimulate their phenotype expression, namely the alkaline phosphate (ALP). The interactions between the composite materials and the culture medium (α-MEM), under an applied electrical external field, were studied by scanning vibrating electrode technique. An increase of the culture medium electrical conductivity and the electrical field confinement in the presence of the conductive samples submerged in the medium was demonstrated. The in vitro electrical stimulation of MG63 cells on the conductive composites promotes the increase of the cell metabolic activity and DNA content by 130% and 60%, relatively to the non-stimulated condition, after only 3 days of daily stimulation of 15 μA for 15 min. Moreover, the osteoblastic gene expression for Runx2, osteocalcin (OC) and ALP was enhanced by 80%, 50% and 25%, after 5 days of stimulation. Instead, for dielectric materials, the stimulus delivering was less efficient, giving an equal or lower cellular response than the non-stimulated condition. The proposed electroconductive bone grafts offer exciting possibilities in bone regeneration strategies by delivering in situ electrical stimulus to cells and consequent control of the new bone tissue formation rate. It is expected that conductive smart biomaterials might turn the selective bone electrotherapy of clinical relevance by decreasing the postoperative healing times.
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Continuous Synthesis by Solution Combustion was employed in this work aiming to obtain tin dioxide nanostructured. Basically, a precursor solution is prepared and then be atomized and sprayed into the flame, where its combustion occurs, leading to the formation of particles. This is a recent technique that shows an enormous potential in oxides deposition, mainly by the low cost of equipment and precursors employed. The tin dioxide (SnO2) nanostructured has been widely used in various applications, especially as gas sensors and varistors. In the case of sensors based on semiconducting ceramics, where surface reactions are responsible for the detection of gases, the importance of surface area and particle size is even greater. The preference for a nanostructured material is based on its significant increase in surface area compared to conventional microcrystalline powders and small particle size, which may benefit certain properties such as high electrical conductivity, high thermal stability, mechanical and chemical. In this work, were employed as precursor solution tin chloride dehydrate diluted in anhydrous ethyl alcohol. Were utilized molar ratio chloride/solvent of 0,75 with the purpose of investigate its influence in the microstructure of produced powder. The solution precursor flux was 3 mL/min. Analysis with X-ray diffraction appointed that a solution precursor with molar ratio chloride/solvent of 0,75 leads to crystalline powder with single phase and all peaks are attributed to phase SnO2. Parameters as distance from the flame with atomizer distance from the capture system with the pilot, molar ratio and solution flux doesn t affect the presence of tin dioxide in the produced powder. In the characterization of the obtained powder techniques were used as thermogravimetric (TGA) and thermodiferential analysis (DTA), particle size by laser diffraction (GDL), crystallographic analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), specific surface area (BET) and electrical conductivity analysis. The techniques used revealed that the SnO2 exhibits behavior of a semiconductor material, and a potentially promising material for application as varistor and sensor systems for gas
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The present work deals with the synthesis of materials with perovskite structure with the intention of using them as cathodes in fuel cells SOFC type. The perovskite type materials were obtained by chemical synthesis method, using gelatin as the substituent of citric acid and ethylene glycol, and polymerizing acting as chelating agent. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy with EDS, surface area determination by the BET method and Term Reduction Program, TPR. The compounds were also characterized by electrical conductivity for the purpose of observing the possible application of this material as a cathode for fuel cells, solid oxide SOFC. The method using gelatin and polymerizing chelating agent for the preparation of materials with the perovskite structure allows the synthesis of crystalline materials and homogeneous. The results demonstrate that the route adopted to obtain materials were effective. The distorted perovskite structure have obtained the type orthorhombic and rhombohedral; important for fuel cell cathodes. The presentation material properties required of a candidate cathode materials for fuel cells. XRD analysis contacted by the distortion of the structures of the synthesized materials. The analyzes show that the electrical conductivity obtained materials have the potential to act as a cell to the cathode of solid oxide fuel, allowing to infer an order of values for the electrical conductivities of perovskites where LaFeO3 < LaNiO3 < LaNi0,5Fe0,5O3. It can be concluded that the activity of these perovskites is due to the presence of structural defects generated that depend on the method of synthesis and the subsequent heat treatment
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
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No presente trabalho, foram feitos experimentos com a liga de Al – 0,6%Mg - 0,8%Si não refinada, com variações no teor de cobre (0,05% e 0,3%), que objetivaram avaliar dois aspectos do comportamento da liga. O primeiro aspecto diz respeito a afinidade entre esta e o molde, no qual busca se observar o efeito das variáveis térmicas de solidificação sobre a estrutura do fundido e sua correlação com propriedades mecânicas e elétricas, o segundo aspecto está relacionado com o comportamento intrínseco da variação da composição química quando submetida a baixas velocidades e taxas de resfriamento. Para a avaliação das variáveis térmicas de solidificação (velocidades das isotermas liquidus, taxas de resfriamento) utilizouse um dispositivo de solidificação unidirecional horizontal. Os lingotes produzidos a partir da solidificação da liga passaram pelos processos mecânicos de usinagem, laminação e trefilação, examinados em diferentes posições e diâmetros, através do ensaio de tração e condutividade elétrica. Foram analisadas as fraturas em função das microcavidades e diferentes concentrações de teores de cobre constatando-se que em relação ao material deformado a frio, o LRT tem uma tendência de crescimento para a liga de maior concentração de cobre. Os valores avaliados também possibilitaram concluir que a condutividade elétrica cresce quanto maior for o diâmetro das microcavidades e menor o teor de cobre. Com o objetivo de se avaliar somente o comportamento intrínseco da variação da composição química da liga, foi utilizado um segundo dispositivo de solidificação, molde em “U”, pintado internamente com solução de caulim que atribui ao molde baixas velocidades de resfriamento. Os resultados mostram que para os dois teores de cobre há uma tendência de crescimento do LRT com o aumento da redução sofrida pelas amostras, sendo o LRT maior para a liga com maior teor de cobre. Atribuímos este comportamento ao maior teor de soluto que por sua vez apresentou melhor resposta a deformação plástica, encruando mais o material. Entretanto, a caracterização elétrica ocorre de modo inverso, a exemplo do constatado na solidificação unidirecional, onde o menor teor de cobre foi mais eficiente.
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Neste trabalho, é feita uma tentativa para estabelecer a influência dos teores [0,5; 0,7 e 0,9]%Si, como agentes modificadores da liga Al-0,05%Cu-[0,24-0,28]%Fe, avaliada através de aspectos que levaram em conta parâmetros operacionais de vazamentos unidirecionais horizontais tais como velocidades (Vs) e taxas de solidificação (Tx). Após operações de corte e usinagem foram obtidos perfis cilíndricos, com diâmetros de 9,5mm e comprimento de 120mm, a partir dos quais, após operações de trabalho à frio, chegou-se a fios com diâmetros de 2,7; 3,0; 3,8 e 4,0mm. Estes perfis foram submetidos à caracterização elétrica, com base na condutividade elétrica, à caracterização mecânica, com base em ensaios tensão/deformação enfatizando o alongamento, e a caracterização estrutural em seções longitudinais, com ênfase na distribuição das partículas de segunda fase e no aspecto da fratura, na qual a metodologia de avaliação das dimensões das microcavidades se utiliza da razão do cumprimento (L) pela largura (W).
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The reestablishment of a harmonious smile through dental ceramics, when properly conducted and with specific indications, can achieve extremely predictable results. For aesthetic and functional rehabilitation, many ceramic materials can be used such as zirconia, leucite, alumina, feldspar, and lithium disilicate. Among these materials the lithium disilicate stands out due to the following characteristics: its resistance to wear, to chemical attack, high temperatures and oxidation; low electrical conductivity; near zero thermal expansion; good optical properties and biocompatibility with periodontal; excellent esthetics; color stability and reinforcement of tooth structure. The indications for the use of lithium disilicate are not limited to multiple facets of teeth in cases where there was no favorable response to tooth whitening, and also comprehend teeth with multiple restorations, diastema closure, shape alteration, and dental contouring, replacement of missing or fractured teeth, among others. The versatility of lithium disilicate ceramics allows its utilization in several clinical situations. The concomitant use of lithium disilicate for veneers and over metal has satisfactory aesthetic results, as reported in the present studying cases that require both aesthetics and resistance.
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Pós-graduação em Química - IQ
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
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Agriculture is an essential activity to the human development, the tendency is that their need to increase according to the increase in world population. It is very important to take the maximum performance that is possible of each land without degrading it, a frequently monitoring is essential for the best performance. The purpose of this work is, nondestructively, to monitor the surface electrical conductivity of the soil in a demarcated area, as on a plantation, using low frequency radio waves. The conductivity is directly linked to the amount of water in the area and nutrients, therefore a periodic or even permanent monitoring increases significantly the efficient of the use of the soil. They will be used long-wave radio transmission or medium whose main characteristic to spread over the surface of the earth. It is possible to choose an AM radio with location, frequency and power of the transmission known or generate the signal. The studied method computes the conductivity of the ground in a straight line between two measured points, so it can be used in smaller or larger size fields. Measurements were carried out using an electromagnetic field strength analyzer. The data obtained in the measurements are processed by a numerical calculation program, in our case Matlab. It is concluded that the recommendations of the ITU (International Telecommunication Union) on the conductivity of soil in Brazil is far from reality, on some routes the recommendations indicate the use of the electrical conductivity of the soil 1 mS/m, while the measurements was found 19 mS/m. With the method described a precision farmer, once initial research for about a year, can monitor the humidity and salinity of the land, with the ability to predict the area and the most suitable time for irrigation and fertilization, making management more efficient and less expensive, while optimizing water use, natural resource increasingly precious.
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Continuous Synthesis by Solution Combustion was employed in this work aiming to obtain tin dioxide nanostructured. Basically, a precursor solution is prepared and then be atomized and sprayed into the flame, where its combustion occurs, leading to the formation of particles. This is a recent technique that shows an enormous potential in oxides deposition, mainly by the low cost of equipment and precursors employed. The tin dioxide (SnO2) nanostructured has been widely used in various applications, especially as gas sensors and varistors. In the case of sensors based on semiconducting ceramics, where surface reactions are responsible for the detection of gases, the importance of surface area and particle size is even greater. The preference for a nanostructured material is based on its significant increase in surface area compared to conventional microcrystalline powders and small particle size, which may benefit certain properties such as high electrical conductivity, high thermal stability, mechanical and chemical. In this work, were employed as precursor solution tin chloride dehydrate diluted in anhydrous ethyl alcohol. Were utilized molar ratio chloride/solvent of 0,75 with the purpose of investigate its influence in the microstructure of produced powder. The solution precursor flux was 3 mL/min. Analysis with X-ray diffraction appointed that a solution precursor with molar ratio chloride/solvent of 0,75 leads to crystalline powder with single phase and all peaks are attributed to phase SnO2. Parameters as distance from the flame with atomizer distance from the capture system with the pilot, molar ratio and solution flux doesn t affect the presence of tin dioxide in the produced powder. In the characterization of the obtained powder techniques were used as thermogravimetric (TGA) and thermodiferential analysis (DTA), particle size by laser diffraction (GDL), crystallographic analysis by X-ray diffraction (XRD), morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), specific surface area (BET) and electrical conductivity analysis. The techniques used revealed that the SnO2 exhibits behavior of a semiconductor material, and a potentially promising material for application as varistor and sensor systems for gas
Resumo:
The present work deals with the synthesis of materials with perovskite structure with the intention of using them as cathodes in fuel cells SOFC type. The perovskite type materials were obtained by chemical synthesis method, using gelatin as the substituent of citric acid and ethylene glycol, and polymerizing acting as chelating agent. The materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, spectroscopy Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy with EDS, surface area determination by the BET method and Term Reduction Program, TPR. The compounds were also characterized by electrical conductivity for the purpose of observing the possible application of this material as a cathode for fuel cells, solid oxide SOFC. The method using gelatin and polymerizing chelating agent for the preparation of materials with the perovskite structure allows the synthesis of crystalline materials and homogeneous. The results demonstrate that the route adopted to obtain materials were effective. The distorted perovskite structure have obtained the type orthorhombic and rhombohedral; important for fuel cell cathodes. The presentation material properties required of a candidate cathode materials for fuel cells. XRD analysis contacted by the distortion of the structures of the synthesized materials. The analyzes show that the electrical conductivity obtained materials have the potential to act as a cell to the cathode of solid oxide fuel, allowing to infer an order of values for the electrical conductivities of perovskites where LaFeO3 < LaNiO3 < LaNi0,5Fe0,5O3. It can be concluded that the activity of these perovskites is due to the presence of structural defects generated that depend on the method of synthesis and the subsequent heat treatment
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Com a demanda por energia elétrica nos dias atuais e a grande quantidade de bacias hidrográficas presentes no Brasil, a geração de energia hidrelétrica se tornou a principal forma de suprimento. Dentre as diversas mudanças ocorridas em represamento de rios, a redução na vazão da água influencia no acúmulo de nutrientes afetando diretamente na qualidade da água, podendo acarretar em um processo denominado eutrofização, caracterizado pelo aumento na quantidade de nutrientes em um sistema e contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de produtores primários (fitoplâncton e macrófitas aquáticas) em níveis acima do crescimento natural. Para identificar o estado de trofia dos reservatórios pertencentes ao Complexo Hidrelétrico de Ribeirão das Lajes (RJ) foi utilizada a metodologia de Lu e Lo (2002) de avaliação trófica fuzzy (ou difusa) sintética e não sintética, além da avaliação trófica através do índice de estado trófico de Carlson (1977). As classes de estado trófico utilizadas na metodologia é da OECD (1982) e utiliza transparência, concentrações de fósforo total e de clorofila-a como variáveis. Outras variáveis limnológicas como temperatura, oxigênio dissolvido, condutividade elétrica, turbidez, pH e sólidos dissolvidos totais foram utilizadas para caracterização dos reservatórios. As coletas foram realizadas em três momentos, no período seco de 2011, no período chuvoso de 2012 e no período seco de 2012. As análises fuzzy não sintéticas apontaram os reservatórios de Santana, Vigário e Ponte Coberta como oligotrófico/eutrófico durante o período de estudo. O reservatório de Ribeirão das Lajes foi classificado como oligotrófico nos períodos secos no ano de 2011 e 2012, e como mesotrófico no período chuvoso de 2012, assim como o reservatório de Tocos. Foram observadas diferenças significativas entre o período seco e o chuvoso em relação às concentrações de clorofila-a, transparência e turbidez, demonstrando influência sazonal no grau de trofia dos reservatórios, uma vez que clorofila-a e transparência são variáveis utilizadas em índices de estado trófico
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Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) é uma espécie nativa da América do Sul com grande distribuição geográfica e muito comum em áreas de restinga. Sua grande plasticidade ecológica e boa interação biótica a torna espécie-chave na restauração de ambientes, porém, sua dominância pode estar relacionada à liberação de compostos alelopáticos. O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o potencial alelopático dos extratos aquosos e óleos essenciais de folhas de Schinus terebinthifolius nas diferentes estações do ano sobre espécies-alvo nativas da restinga (Cereus fernambucensis, Erythroxylum ovalofolium, Pilosocereus arrabidae), uma espécie agrícola (Lactuca sativa) e nela própria (autoalelopatia). Para isso, suas folhas foram coletadas sazonalmente na restinga de Massambaba para o preparo dos extratos aquosos e extração dos óleos essenciais. Os extratos aquosos foram obtidos através da secagem das folhas a 60 C, trituração em liquidificador, diluição em água destilada e filtração, obtendo as concentrações de 5, 10, 15 e 20%. As extrações dos óleos foram realizadas através da hidrodestilação de 300 g de folhas frescas. A análise da composição dos óleos essenciais foi realizada através de cromatografia gasosa utilizando fibra SPME. O efeito fitotóxico foi avaliado nas espécies-alvo através da porcentagem de germinação, velocidade de germinação, crescimento aéreo e radicular, condutividade elétrica e massa seca. O efeito alelopático dos extratos aquosos foi observado em todas as espécies-alvo, principalmente sobre as espécies nativas. Esse efeito variou nas estações do ano de forma dose-dependente e espécie-específica. Os óleos essenciais de S. terebinthifolius também foram capazes de inibir a germinação e crescimento das espécies-alvo, e, da mesma forma que os extratos aquosos, esses efeitos variaram nas estações do ano e para cada espécie. Sugere-se que essas diferenças estejam relacionadas às fenofases de S. terebinthifolius e condições ambientais da restinga. Esse efeito fitotóxico, se comprovado em campo, pode restringir a utilização de S. terebinthifolius na restauração de ambientes.