L'Académie de Lausanne entre Humanisme et Réforme (ca. 1537-1560)

L'Académie de Lausanne est la première école supérieure protestante implantée en territoire francophone. Lausanne constitue ainsi, dès les années 1540, un pôle de première importance dans le monde réformé. De nombreux savants protestants, attirés par la liberté de pratiquer leur foi et par la présence de l'Académie, s'établissent dans cette ville et des étudiants affluent de toute l'Europe. Les structures de l'Académie de Lausanne et son programme d'enseignement, fixés par un règlement daté de 1547, condensent sous une forme nouvelle les réflexions pédagogiques de la Renaissance. Ils constituent un modèle, direct ou indirect, pour toutes les Académies calvinistes fondées aux XVIème et XVIIème siècles, que ce soit à Genève, en France, en Allemagne, aux Pays-Bas, en Écosse, en Pologne ou encore aux États-Unis, dont les trois premiers Colleges, Harvard, William and Mary et Yale, se situent dans la même tradition. Malgré la place fondamentale qu'occupe l'Académie de Lausanne dans l'histoire de l'éducation protestante, la phase de création et de développement de cette institution était encore très mal connue. Cette thèse comble cette lacune de l'historiographie par la mise au jour et par l'analyse de nombreux documents, en grande partie inédits. Elle détruit bon nombre de préjugés entourant la mise en place et les buts de l'Académie de Lausanne à ses débuts. Ainsi, l'Académie de Lausanne n'est pas uniquement une école de pasteurs, comme il a souvent été affirmé jusqu'à ce jour, mais plus largement une institution offrant une formation d'un niveau très élevé dans les trois langues anciennes, (latin, grec et hébreu), en arts libéraux, en philosophie naturelle et morale, et en théologie. Au milieu du XVIème siècle, l'Académie lausannoise est capable de rivaliser avec les meilleures institutions pédagogiques de la Renaissance et d'attirer, dans un rayon très large, non seulement des étudiants qui se destinent au pastorat, mais aussi ceux qui sont formés pour gouverner leurs cités. Plus généralement, cette thèse, qui combine des approches d'histoire intellectuelle, d'histoire politique et d'histoire sociale, reconstitue et analyse les structures de l'Académie de Lausanne jusqu'à 1560, ainsi que ses fonctions éducatives, confessionnelles et politiques.

Correlação entre os níveis de Ca-125 séricos e os achados cirúrgicos em mulheres com sintomas sugestivos de endometriose

OBJETIVO: Correlacionar os níveis séricos pré-operatórios do antígeno do câncer 125 (Ca-125) e os achados laparoscópicos em mulheres com sintomas dolorosos sugestivos de endometriose. MÉTODOS:Um estudo retrospectivo foi realizado incluindo todas as mulheres com sintomas de dor pélvica suspeitos para endometriose operadas por laparoscopia no período de janeiro de 2010 a março de 2013. As pacientes foram divididas em 2 grupos de acordo com a dosagem de Ca-125 (<35 U/mL e >35 U/mL). Subsequentemente, as pacientes com endometrioma ovariano foram excluídas e uma análise adicional foi conduzida novamente de acordo com os níveis do Ca-125. Os seguintes parâmetros foram comparados entre os grupos: presença de endometrioma, presença e número de lesões de endometriose profunda infiltrativa (EPI) e escore da American Society for Reproductive Medicine. A análise estatística foi realizada com o programa Statistica versão 8.0, usando o teste exato de Fisher, o teste t de Student e o teste Mann-Whitney, quando necessário. Os valores p<0,05 foram considerados estatisticamente significativos. RESULTADOS: Durante o período de estudo, um total de 350 mulheres foram submetidas a tratamento laparoscópico de endometriose. Cento e trinta pacientes (37,1%) apresentaram Ca-125 >35 U mL e 220 (62,9%) apresentaram Ca-125 <35 U/mL. A presença de endometrioma ovariano (47,7 versus 15,9%), lesões de EPI (99,6 versus 78,6%) e lesões de EPI intestinal (60 versus 30,9%) foi mais frequente, e o escore da AFSr foi maior (34 versus 6) no primeiro grupo. Na segunda análise, excluindo as pacientes com endometrioma ovariano (>35 U/mL=68 pacientes e <35 U/mL=185 pacientes), resultados semelhantes foram obtidos. A presença de lesões de EPI (91,2 versus 76,2%), lesões de EPI intestinal (63,2 versus 25,4%), lesões de EPI de bexiga (20,6 versus 4,8%) e lesões de EPI ureteral (7,3 versus 1,6%) foi mais frequente, e o escore da AFSr foi maior (10 versus 6) no grupo Ca-125>35 U/mL. CONCLUSÕES: Em mulheres com sintomas dolorosos pélvicos suspeitos para endometriose com dosagem pré-operatória de Ca-125 >35 U/mL, a investigação de EPI é mandatória, especialmente quando não se identifica endometrioma ovariano em exames de imagem.

The Welland Canals Foundation, Honourable William Hamilton Merritt and the St. Catharines Historical Society and Museum, 1971-1990, n.d.

‘The Father of Canadian Transportation’ is a term commonly associated with William Hamilton Merritt. Although he is most known for being one of the driving forces behind the building of the first Welland Canal, he was many things throughout his life; a soldier, merchant, promoter, entrepreneur and politician to name a few. Born on July 3, 1793 at Bedford, Westchester County, N.Y. to Thomas Merritt and Mary Hamilton, Merritt’s family relocated to Canada shortly after in 1796. The move came after Merritt’s father petitioned John Graves Simcoe for land in Upper Canada after serving under him in the Queen’s Rangers during the American Revolution. The family quickly settled into their life at Twelve Mile Creek in St. Catharines. Merritt’s father became sheriff of Lincoln County in 1803 while Merritt began his education in mathematics and surveying. After some brief travel and further education Merritt returned to Lincoln County, in 1809 to help farm his father’s land and open a general store. While a farmer and merchant, Merritt turned his attention to military endeavours. A short time after being commissioned as a Lieutenant in the Lincoln militia, the War of 1812 broke out. Fulfilling his duty, Merritt fought in the Battle of Queenston Heights in October of 1812, and numerous small battles until the Battle of Lundy’s Lane in July 1814. It was here that Merritt was captured and held in Cheshire, Massachusetts until the war ended. Arriving back in the St. Catharines area upon his release, Merritt returned to being a merchant, as well as becoming a surveyor and mill owner. Some historians hypothesize that the need to draw water to his mill was how the idea of the Welland Canals was born. Beginning with a plan to connect the Welland River with the Twelve mile creek quickly developed into a connection between the Lakes Erie and Ontario. Its main purpose was to improve the St. Lawrence transportation system and provide a convenient way to transport goods without having to go through the Niagara Falls portage. The plan was set in motion in 1818, but most living in Queenston and Niagara were not happy with it as it would drive business away from them. Along with the opposition came financial and political restraints. Despite these factors Merritt pushed on and the Welland Canal Company was chartered by the Upper Canadian Assembly on January 19, 1824. The first sod was turned on November 30, 1824 almost a year after the initial chartering. Many difficulties arose during the building of the canal including financial, physical, and geographic restrictions. Despite the difficulties two schooners passed through the canal on November 30, 1829. Throughout the next four years continual work was done on the canal as it expended and was modified to better accommodate large ships. After his canal was underway Merritt took a more active role in the political arena, where he served in various positions throughout Upper Canada. In 1851, Merritt withdrew from the Executive Council for numerous reasons, one of which being that pubic interest had diverted from the canals to railways. Merritt tried his hand at other public works outside transportation and trade. He looked into building a lunatic asylum, worked on behalf of War of 1812 veterans, aided in building Brock’s monument, established schools, aided refugee slaves from the U.S. and tried to establish a National Archives among many other feats. He was described by some as having “policy too liberal – conceptions too vast – views too comprehensive to be comprehensible by all”, but he still made a great difference in the society in which he lived. After his great contributions, Merritt died aboard a ship in the Cornwall canal on July 5, 1862. Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online http://www.biographi.ca/EN/ShowBio.asp?BioId=38719 retrieved October 2006 Today numerous groups carry on the legacy of Merritt and the canals both in the past and present. One such group is the Welland Canals Foundation. They describe themselves as: “. . . a volunteer organization which strives to promote the importance of the present and past Welland Canals, and to preserve their history and heritage. The Foundation began in 1980 and carries on events like William Hamilton Merritt Day. The group has strongly supported the Welland Canals Parkway initiative and numerous other activities”. The Welland Canals Foundation does not work alone. They have help from other local groups such as the St. Catharines Historical Society. The Society’s main objective is to increase knowledge and appreciation of the historical aspects of St. Catharines and vicinity, such as the Welland Canals. http://www.niagara.com/~dmdorey/hssc/dec2000.html - retrieved Oct. 2006 http://www.niagara.com/~dmdorey/hssc/feb2000.html - retrieved Oct. 2006

Niagara Falls Seminary [school for young Ladies] advertisement, ca. 1840

One broadside advertising the Niagara Falls Seminary [school for young Ladies], run by Mrs. Shotter of Drummondville, ca. 1840. The advertisement contains information about fees and courses, including a complete English education, music, French, drawing and flower painting, and dancing. The bottom of the page contains a list of references for Mrs. Shotter, including Ex-Consul Buchanan, Colonel Delatre, Rev. W. Leeming, Rector of Chippawa (all of Drummondville); Dr. Mewburn (Stamford); Rev. T.B. Fuller, Rector of Thorold; John Stayner, Esq., P.M. Queenston; William Gamble, Esq., Milton, near Toronto; and Hon. John Hamilton, Kingston.

Niagara Falls Seminary [school for young Ladies] advertisement, ca. 1840

One broadside advertising the Niagara Falls Seminary [school for young Ladies], run by Mrs. Shotter of Drummondville, ca. 1840. The advertisement contains information about fees and courses, including a complete English education, music, French, drawing and flower painting, and dancing. The bottom of the page contains a list of references for Mrs. Shotter, including Ex-Consul Buchanan, Colonel Delatre, Rev. W. Leeming, Rector of Chippawa (all of Drummondville); Dr. Mewburn (Stamford); Rev. T.B. Fuller, Rector of Thorold; John Stayner, Esq., P.M. Queenston; William Gamble, Esq., Milton, near Toronto; and Hon. John Hamilton, Kingston.

À propos de The Practice of Liberal Pluralism de William Galston : un dialogue avec l’auteur

Document de travail

William Boyce White, Jr. Papers - Accession 1488

The William Boyce White, Jr. Papers consists of his genealogical research as well as his research related to the history of York County and Rock Hill, SC. The papers also include records and manuscripts relating to several of his published works. Mr. White is a Rock Hill native and taught at the Winthrop Training School (WTS) from 1958-1965 and taught at Rock Hill High School following the closing of the high school portion of the WTS. He also taught in Clover before coming to Winthrop. He was the organist at First Presbyterian Church in Rock Hill from 1945 until he moved to Virginia. His interest in local history covers the Rock Hill train depot (included in the collection is a tintype of the original depot ca. 1860s), Colonel William Hill, the Catawba River, Catawba Indians, Rock Hill and York County schools, historic homes (includes several photographs, many of which were used by Elizabeth Reed in her long running series on historic homes in Rock HillEvening Herald), local churches, as well as Rock Hill, Fort Mill, Blackstocks, and York County in general. Of special interest is a copy of the Indian Land Chronicle dated January 21, 1859. Only three copies of the Chronicle are known to exist in the state of South Carolina. The genealogical research conducted by Mr. White covers many of the prominent names of York County and of South Carolina in general. Below is a list of the prominent family names covered in Mr. White’s research: Anderson; Bankhead; Barringer; Bell; Black; Button; Campbell; Carpenter; Coffey; Cowan; Crawford; Culp; Davis; Fennell; Fewell; Graham; Hanna; Hayes; Hill; Hutchison; Irwin/ Erwin; Johnson; Lee; Martin; Massey; McClain; McConnell; McCullough; McFadden; Miller; Mobley; Morrow; Neely; Neil; Patton; Pettus; Plexico/Plaxco; Rives; Robinson; Roddey; Setzer; Stephenson; Strait; Sturgis; Sutton; Templeton; Waggoner; Wallace; Wherry; White; Williams; Williamson; Workman; Wylie.

Great Barrier Reef coral element/Ca and stable isotope data and U-Th ages from IODP Expedition 325

Tropical south-western Pacific temperatures are of vital importance to the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), but the role of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the growth of the GBR since the Last Glacial Maximum remains largely unknown. Here we present records of Sr/Ca and d18O for Last Glacial Maximum and deglacial corals that show a considerably steeper meridional SST gradient than the present day in the central GBR. We find a 1-2 °C larger temperature decrease between 17° and 20°S about 20,000 to 13,000 years ago. The result is best explained by the northward expansion of cooler subtropical waters due to a weakening of the South Pacific gyre and East Australian Current. Our findings indicate that the GBR experienced substantial meridional temperature change during the last deglaciation, and serve to explain anomalous deglacial drying of northeastern Australia. Overall, the GBR developed through significant SST change and may be more resilient than previously thought.

Plio-Pleistocene Mg/Ca and TEX86 sea surface temperature records of ODP Sites 184-1143 and 165-999,

The western warm pools of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans are a critical source of heat and moisture for the tropical climate system. Over the past five million years, global mean temperatures have cooled by 3-4 °C. Yet, current reconstructions of sea surface temperatures indicate that temperature in the warm pools has remained stable during this time. This stability has been used to suggest that tropical sea-surface temperatures are controlled by some sort of thermostat-like regulation. Here we reconstruct sea surface temperatures in the South China Sea, Caribbean Sea and western equatorial Pacific Ocean for the past five million years, using a combination of the Mg/Ca, TEXH86-and Uk'37 surface temperature proxies. Our data indicate that during the period of Pliocene warmth from about 5 to 2.6 million years ago, the western Pacific and western Atlantic warm pools were about 2 °C warmer than today. We suggest that the apparent lack of warming seen in the previous reconstructions was an artefact of low seawater Mg/Ca ratios in the Pliocene oceans. Taking this bias into account, our data indicate that tropical sea surface temperatures did change in conjunction with global mean temperatures. We therefore conclude that the temperature of the warm pools of the equatorial oceans during the Pliocene was not limited by a thermostat-like mechanism.