161 resultados para Catálise


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Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química

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Trabalho Final de Mestrado para obtenção do grau de Mestre em Engenharia Química e Biológica

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Uma parte importante da química de orgametálicos atual centra-se no estudo de compostos heterobimetálicos com o propósito de avaliar de que modo as possíveis interações entre os metais podem alterar a reatividade dos centros metálicos presentes na molécula. Os ligantes ferrocenilas tem sido bastante utilizados para obter-se compostos desta natureza. Dentro desta classe de ligantes destaca-se o 1,1'-bis(difenilfosfina)ferroceno(dppf). Muitos trabalhos surgiram na literatura nos últimos dez anos descrevendo a síntese, caracterização estrutural, no estado sólido ou em solução, de novos complexos metálicos derivados deste metaloligante, bem como o estudo de suas propriedades catalíticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi sintetizar novos compostos derivados do 1,1'-bis(difenilfosfina) ferroceno (dppf) e estudá-los no estado sólido ou em solução. Desta forma, foram pela primeira vez sintetizados os compostos dppfFe(NO)2(1), [dppfCo(NO)2][SBf6](2) e dppfNicod(3) e [dppfNi(MeCN)4]2 (4) os quais foram caracterizados por espectroscopia na região do infravermelho, ressonância magnética nuclear de ¹H e ³¹P{¹H}, análise elementar de C,H e N, condutividade molar no caso do composto catiônico(2) e difração de Raios-X de monocristal, no caso do composto(1). A espectroscopia Mössbauer de 57Fe constitui-se uma técnica adequada para a análise deste metaligante, que contém um átomo de Fe na sua molécula, pois pode fornecer informações estruturais e evidenciar eventuais efeitos interativos que ocorram entre os centros metálicos quando o ligante encontra-se complexado a outros metais. Foram, então, estudados por espectroscopia Mössbauer, à baixa temperatura, os compostos (1),(2),(3),(4) e dppfFe(CO)3 (5) e os resultados obtidos comparados com os apresentados na literatura para compostos análogos contendo o ligante dppf. Os complexos derivados do dppf exibem um processo de oxidação centrado no ferroceno além dos processos de oxiredução presentes nos outros centros metálicos da molécula. O estudo das alterações que podem ocorrer neste processo devido à presença de um segundo metal de transição ou dos ligantes é importante pois pode fornecer informações sobre como modular o potencial redox centrado no ligante ferrocenila, permitindo assim um controle de sua reatividade. Sendo assim, neste trabalho foi realizado um estudo eletroquímico, por voltametria cíclica, dos compostos (1),(2) e (5). Compostos de Ni(0) ou Ni(II) são conhecidos catalisadores em reações de oligomerização e polimerização de olefinas e dienos. Compostos ferrodinitrosilas e cobaltodinitrosilas, na presença de redutores, apresentam alta seletividade em reações de ciclomerização de dienos. Nestes sistemas catalíticos a atividade e seletividade doscompostos está intimamente relacionada com a natureza dos ligantes unidos ao metal de transição do percussor catalítico. Devido às características dos compostos sintetizados e estudados neste trabalho, decidiu-se verificar a possível influência do ligante ddpf, na atividade e seletividade das reações com dienos, escolhendo-se o butadieno como substrato modelo. Estudou-se, então, a atividade catalítica dos compostos (1),(2),(3),(4),(5) e dppfNiCl2 (6) frente ao butadieno, na ausência e presença do cocatalisador, AlEt2Cl.

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Neste trabalho foi estudada a viabilidade da transposição direta de reações de oxidação efetuadas em meio homogêneo ou meio bifásico aquoso para meio bifásico onde líquidos iônicos são empregados como agentes imobilizadores dos catalisadores utilizados. A oxidação de álcoois secundários (ciclopentanol) e de álcoois primários ativados (álcool benzílico) mostrou-se mais efetiva quando 1 mol% de RuCl3 imobilizados no líquido iônico tetrafluoroborato de 1-n-butil-3-metilimidazólio (BMI.BF4), 100 °C de temperatura, 7 atm de oxigênio e 24 horas de reação foram empregados, levando a 61% de conversão, 100% de seletividade em ciclopentanona e freqüência de rotação 2,54 h-1 (com peneira molecular no solvente) e 86% de conversão, 95% de seletividade em benzaldeído e freqüência de rotação 3,58 h-1. Estes resultados são superiores aos obtidos em condições homogêneas. Quando o líquido iônico BMI.BF4 foi substituído por líquidos iônicos fluorados, tais como BMI.OOCCF3 e o novo líquido iônico BMI.OOC(CF2)6CF3 a conversão dobrou e a seletividade se manteve em 100%, nas condições estudadas. A oxidação de olefinas (1-deceno) catalisada por PdCl2/CuCl2/O2 apresentou melhores resultados quando 2 mol% de PdCl2 e 4 mol% de CuCl2 foram imobilizados no líquido iônico BMI.BF4 a 80 °C de temperatura, 6 atm de oxigênio e 16 horas de reação foram empregados, levando a 99% de conversão, 53% de seletividade em 2-decanona e freqüência de rotação 3,09 h-1. Quando o sistema catalítico foi reutilizado a conversão foi de 88% e a seletividade 60%.

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Uma série de derivados quirais (e.e. > 99%) foram sintetizados a partir do meso- exo-(3R,5S)-3,5-dihidróximetilenotriciclo[5,2.1.02,6]decano com altos rendimentos, usando catálise enzimática (lipases) em reações de transesterificação. A resolução do respectivo diéster racêmico através da hidrólise catalisada com esterase (PLE) não forneceu o monoéster opticamente enriquecido; enquanto que a dessimetrização do anidrido usando indutores quirais (quinina e quinidina) resultou no monoéster opticamente enriquecido (e.e.≅ 60%). O respectivo amino-álcool protegido foi preparado. Alguns análogos inéditos de peptídeos restritos incorporados do triciclodecano foram sintetizados.

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Neste trabalho, realizou-se a síntese do ceto-álcool pentaciclíco (±)-5, assim como o estudo de reatividade do grupo carbonila do mesmo frente a reações de oximação e redução. Realizou-se também a resolução enantiomérica do composto (±)-5 através de reação de transesterificação com acetato de vinila catalisada pela lipase da Candida rugosa. Altos excessos enantioméricos foram obtidos (>95%, RMN) tanto para o álcool (+)-5 quanto para o éster formado (-)-8. Sugere-se a existência de uma interconversão enantiomérica no composto (+)-5, devido a observação de mistura racêmica, quando o mesmo foi analisado por cromatografia gasosa em coluna quiral. Um mecanismo para tal interconversão, o qual envolve um rearranjo intramolecular, é proposto.

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Este trabalho descreve a utilização do sistema n-heptano / PEO 3350 + metanol na hidrogenação catalítica de olefinas e dienos por complexos de ródio. Nos primeiros estudos na hidrogenação do 1-hexeno sob fluxo, temperatura ambiente e com o complexo [(η5-Cp*)2Rh2(μ2- Cl)3]PF6, observaram-se problemas difusionais de hidrogênio no meio reacional, os quais foram resolvidos com modificações na geometria do reator e difusor de hidrogênio. Sob condição de fluxo otimizada e temperatura ambiente, observou-se um efeito na reatividade das olefinas relacionado ao tamanho da cadeia carbônica, na seguinte ordem: 1-hexeno > 1-octeno >> 1- deceno, o qual pode ser expresso, tomando a reatividade do 1-hexeno como padrão, como (1:0,3:0,03). Todas as reações (23 corridas) foram realizadas utilizando a mesma fase catalítica polar (PEO 3350 + MeOH + complexo de ródio), mostrando que o sistema é muito efetivo para catálise homogênea. Por outro lado, os dienos não foram hidrogenados sob condição de fluxo, requerendo altas pressões de hidrogênio (> 20 bar), tipicamente 40 bar. Sob as condições otimizadas (40 bar de H2 e temperatura ambiente), foi obtida uma FR da ordem de 5000 h-1. Durante os estudos da hidrogenação dos dienos, foi observado um aumento na atividade catalítica ao longo das reciclagens. Também foi verificado que a atividade catalítica aumentava quando a cor da solução passava de laranja para marrom, bege e incolor. Com o objetivo de isolar algum complexo de ródio de alguma dessas etapas (cores), foram realizados experimentos sob condições típicas de pressão de H2 (40 bar) e tempo (2 horas) sem substrato, com e sem PEO. Em ambos os casos, após 7 reciclagens a cor final da solução foi marrom. Assim, o substrato parece ser essencial para a coloração final da solução reacional, a qual é a forma mais ativa do catalisador. Nos experimentos realizados sem PEO foi possível isolar o complexo catiônico de ródio [(η5- Cp*)Rh(MeOH)3](PF6)2, o qual foi caracterizado por IV, 1H-RMN, C, H, N e UV / vis. Esse complexo também foi formado na presença de PEO. (Continua). Considerando os altos valores de FR, alguns testes cinéticos (perfil de consumo de substrato, envenenamento por CS2 e reatividade frente ao benzeno), espalhamento de luz e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão foram realizados a fim de elucidar a natureza física do catalisador como molecular ou coloidal. Todos os testes evidenciaram um processo catalítico molecular.

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-D-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.21) is one of the most interesting glycosidases, especially for hydrolysis cellobiose releasing glucose, is last step degradation of cellulose. This function makes the -D-glucosidase is of great interest as a versatile industrial biocatalyst, being critical to various bio-treatment / biorefinery processes, such as bioethanol production. Hen in the report, a -D-glucosidase was extracts from protein extracted of the invertebrate marine Artemia franciscana was purified and characterized with a combination of precipitation with ammonium sulfate (0 - 30%, 30 to 50%, 50 to 80%), the fraction saturated in the range of 30 to 50% (called F-II) was applied in a molecular exclusion chromatography, in Sephacryl S-200, the fractions corresponding to the first peak of activity of -D-glucosidase were gathered and applied in a chromatography of ion exchange in Mono Q; the third peak this protein obtained chromatography, which coincides with the peak of activity of -D-glucosidase was held and applied in a gel filtration chromatography Superose 12 where the first peak protein, which has activity of -D-glucosidase was rechromatography on Superose 12. This enzyme is probably multimerica, consisting of three subunit molecular mass of 52.7 kDa (determined by SDS-PAGE) with native molecular mass of 157 kDa (determined by gel filtration chromatography on Superose 12 under the system FPLC). The enzyme was purified 44.09 times with a recovery of 1.01%. Using up p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopiranoside as substrate obtained a Km apparent of 0.229 mM and a Vmax of 1.109 mM.60min-1.mL-1mM. The optimum pH and optimum temperature of catalysis of the synthetic substrate were 5.0 and 45 °C, respectively. The activity of the -D-glucosidase was strongly, inhibited by silver nitrate and N- etylmaleimide, this inhibition indicates the involvement of radical sulfidrila the hydrolysis of synthetic substrate. The -D-glucosidase of Artemia franciscana presented degradativa action on celobiose, lactose and on the synthetic substrate -nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopiranoside indicating potential use of this enzyme in the industry mainly for the production of bioethanol (production of alcohol from the participating cellulose), and production hydrolysate milk (devoid of milk lactose)

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This work studies the involved enzymatic way in the metabolism of glycosaminoglycans sulfateds in the mollusc Pomacea sp. Had been identified endoglycosidases and exoglycosidases in the enzymatic extract of the mollusc Pomacea sp by means of hydrolysis activity in condroitim sulphate of whale cartilage and of the p-Nitrofenil-β-glucuronide, respectively. The enzymatic extracts qere obtained of Pomacea sp. being used of 0.1 sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0 and later centrifugated the 8,000 x g and the presents proteins in the sobrenadante were submitted to the fractionament with two crescents ammonium sulphate concentrations, the visualized activity biggest in the F2 fraction (50-80%). The β-glucuronidase (F3) was isolated in gel chromatography filtration Biogel 1.5m, the purification degree was ratified in Chromatography Liquid of high efficiency (HPLC). The enzyme was purificated 6.362,5 times with 35,6% yield. The β -glucuronidase isolated in this work showed a molecular mass of 100 kDa, determined for eletroforese in poliacrilamida gel . The determination of the ideal kinetic parameters for the catalysis of the p-nitrofenil- β -glucuronide for β-glucuronidase, showed excellent activity in pH 5,0 and temperature 65ºC for 6 hours and apparent Km of 72 x 10-2 mM. It is necessary for the total degradation of 3mM of p-N-β-glucoronide, the amount of 1,2μg of ss-glucuronidase. The BaCl2 increased the activity of ss-glucuronidase, and the activity was inhibited completely by the composites SDS and NaH2PO4

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Two b-N-acetylhexosaminidases (F11 e F15) were purified from Echinometra lucunter gonads extracts. The purified enzymes were obtained using ammonium sulfate fractionation, followed by gel filtration chromatographies (Sephacryl S-200, Sephadex G-75 and Sephacryl S-200). The F11 fraction was purified 192.47 -fold with a 28.5% yield, and F15 fraction 85.41 -fold with a 32.3% yield. The molecular weights of the fractions were 116 kDa for F11 and 42 kDa for F15 using SDS-PAGE. In Sephacryl S-200, F15 was 84 kDa, indicating that it is a dimeric protein. When p-nitrophenyl-β-D-glycosaminide was used as substrate, we determined an apparent Km of 0.257 mM and Vmax of 0.704 for F11 and for F15 the Km was 0.235 mM and Vmax of 0.9 mM of product liberated by hour. Both enzymes have optimum pH and temperature respectively at 5.0 and 45 °C. The enzymes showed inhibition by silver nitrate, while the glucuronic acid was a potent activator. The high inhibition of F15 by N-etylmaleimide indicates that sulphydril groups are involved in the catalysis of synthetic substrate

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Inorganic pigment comprises a host lattice, which is part of the chromophore component (usually a transition metal cation) and possible components modifiers, which stabilize, add or restate the properties pigments. Among the materials with spinel, ferrites, and the chromite stand out, because they have broad technological importance in the area of materials, applicability, pigments, catalytic hydrogenation, thin film, ceramic tiles, among others. The present work, pigments containing CuFe2O4, CuCr2O4,e CuFeCrO4, were synthesized by a method that makes use of gelatin as organic precursor using their application to ceramic pigments. The pigments were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) spectroscopy in the UV-visible and Colorimetry. The results confirmed the feasibility of the synthetic route used, with respect to powders synthesized, there is the formation of spinel phase from 500°C, with an increase in crystallinity and the formation of other phases. The pigments were shown to be crystalline and the desired phases were obtained. The copper chromite have hues ranging from green to black according to the calcination temperature, while the copper chromite doped with iron had brownish. The ferrites showed copper color and darker brown to black, which may indicate an interesting factor because of the importance of black pigment

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The mesoporous molecular sieves of the MCM-41 and FeMCM-41 type are considered promissory as support for metals used as catalysts in oil-based materials refine processes and as adsorbents for environmental protection proposes. In this work MCM-41 and FeMCM41 were synthesized using rice husk ash - RHA as alternative to the conventional silica source. Hydrothermal synthesis was the method chosen to prepare the materials. Pre-defined synthesis parameters were 100°C for 168 hours, later the precursor was calcinated at 550°C for 2 hours under nitrogen and air flow. The sieves containing different proportions of iron were produced by two routes: introduction of iron salt direct synthesis; and a modification post synthesis consisting in iron salt 1 % and 5% impregnation in the material followed by thermal decomposition. The molecular sieves were characterized by X ray diffraction XRD, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy FT-IR, X ray fluorescence spectroscopy XFR, scanning electronic microscopy SEM, specific surface area using the BET method, Termogravimetry TG. The kinetic model of Flynn Wall was used with the aim of determining the apparent activation energy of the surfactant remove (CTMABr) in the MCM- 41 porous. The analysis made possible the morphology characterization, identifying the presence of hexagonal structure typical for mesoporous materials, as well as observation of the MCM41 and iron of characteristic bands.

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The mixed metal oxides constitute an important class of catalytic materials widely investigated in different fields of applications. Studies of rare earth nickelates have been carried by several researchers in order to investigate the structural stability afforded by oxide formed and the existence of catalytic properties at room temperature. So, this study aims synthesize the nanosized catalyst of nickelate of lanthanum doped with strontium (La(1-x)SrxNiO4-d; x = 0,2 and 0,3), through the Pechini method and your characterization for subsequent application in the desulfurization of thiophene reaction. The precursor solutions were calcined at 300ºC/2h for pyrolysis of polyester and later calcinations occurred at temperatures of 500 - 1000°C. The resulting powders were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TG / DTG), surface area for adsorption of N2 by BET method, X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (HR_SEM) and spectrometry dispersive energy (EDS). The results of XRD had show that the perovskites obtained consist of two phases (LSN and NiO) and from 700ºC have crystalline structure. The results of SEM evidenced the obtainment of nanometric powders. The results of BET show that the powders have surface area within the range used in catalysis (5-50m2/g). The characterization of active sites was performed by reaction of desulfurization of thiophene at room temperature and 200ºC, the relation F/W equal to 0,7 mol h-1mcat -1. The products of the reaction were separated by gas chromatography and identified by the selective detection PFPD sulfur. All samples had presented conversion above 95%

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Sugar esters are substances which possess surfactant, antifungical and bactericidal actions and can be obtained through two renewable sources of raw materials: sugars and vegetable oils. Their excellent biodegradability, allied to lhe fact that they are non toxic, insipid, inodorous, biocompatible, no-ionic, digestible and because they can resist to adverse conditions of temperature, pH and salinity, explain lhe crescent use of these substances in several sections of lhe industry. The objective of this thesis was to synthesize and characterize surfactants and polymers containing sugar branched in their structures, through enzymatic transesterification of vinyl esters and sugars, using alkaline protease from Bacillus subtilis as catalyst, in organic medium (DMF).Three types of sugars were used: L-arabinose, D-glucose and sucrose and two types of vinyl esters: vinyl laurate and vinyl adipate. Aiming to reach high conversions from substrates to products for a possible future large scale industrial production, a serie of variables was optimized, through Design of Experiments (DOE), using Response Surface Methodology (RSM).The investigated variables were: (1) enzyme concentration; (2) molar reason of substrates; (3) water/solvent rale; (4) temperature and (5) time. We obtained six distinct sugar esters: 5-0-lauroyl L-arabinose, 6-0-lauroyl D-glucose, 1'-O-lauroyl sucrose, 5-0-vinyladipoyl L-arabinose, 6-0-vinyladipoyl D-glucose and 1 '-O-vinyladipoyl sucrose, being lhe last three polymerizable. The progress of lhe reaction was monitored by HPLC analysis, through lhe decrease of sugar concentration in comparison to lhe blank. Qualitative analysis by TLC confirmed lhe formation of lhe products. In lhe purification step, two methodologies were adopted: (1) chromatographic column and (2) extraction with hot acetone. The acylation position and lhe chemical structure were determined by 13C-RMN. The polymerization of lhe three vinyl sugar esters was possible, through chemical catalysis, using H2O2 and K2S2O8 as initiators, at 60°C, for 24 hours. IR spectra of lhe monomers and respective polymers were compared revealing lhe disappearance of lhe vinyl group in lhe polymer spectra. The molar weights of lhe polymers were determined by GPC and presented lhe following results: poly (5-0-vinyladipoyl L-arabinose): Mw = 7.2 X 104; PD = 2.48; poly (6-0-vinyladipoyl D-glucose): Mw = 2.7 X 103; PD = 1.75 and poly (1'-O-vinyladipoyl sucrose): Mw = 4.2 X 104; PD = 6.57. The six sugar esters were submitted to superficial tension tests for determination of the critical micelle concentrations (CMC), which varied from 122 to 167 ppm. Finally, a study of applicability of these sugar esters, as lubricants for completion fluids of petroleum wells was' accomplished through comparative analysis of lhe efficiency of these sugar esters, in relation to three commercial lubricants. The products synthesized in this thesis presented equivalent or superior action to lhe tested commercial products

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Biodiesel is an alternative fuel, renewable, biodegradable and nontoxic. The transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fat with alcohol is most common form of production of this fuel. The procedure for production of biodiesel occurs most commonly through the transesterification reaction in which catalysts are used to accelerate and increase their income and may be basic, acid or enzyme. The use of homogeneous catalysis requires specific conditions and purification steps of the reaction products (alkyl ester and glycerol) and removal of the catalyst at the end of the reaction. As an alternative to improve the yield of the transesterification reaction, minimize the cost of production is that many studies are being conducted with the application of heterogeneous catalysis. The use of nano-structured materials as catalysts in the production of biodiesel is a biofuel alternative for a similar to mineral diesel. Although slower, can esterify transesterified triglycerides and free fatty acids and suffer little influence of water, which may be present in the raw material. This study aimed at the synthesis, characterization and application of nano-structured materials as catalysts in the transesterification reaction of soybean oil to produce biodiesel by ethylic route. The type material containing SBA-15 mesoporous lanthanum embedded within rightly Si / La = 50 was used catalyst. Solid samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, infrared spectroscopy, nitrogen adsorption and desorption. For the transesterification process, we used a molar ratio of 20:1 alcohol and oil with 0.250 g of catalyst at 60°C and times of 6 hours of reaction. It was determined the content of ethyl esters by H-NMR analysis and gas chromatography. It was found that the variable of conversion obtained was 80%, showing a good catalytic activity LaSBA-15 in the transesterification of vegetable oils via ethylic route