A monolithic smoothing-gap algorithm for contact-impact based on the signed distance function

A new algorithm has been developed for smoothing the surfaces in finite element formulations of contact-impact. A key feature of this method is that the smoothing is done implicitly by constructing smooth signed distance functions for the bodies. These functions are then employed for the computation of the gap and other variables needed for implementation of contact-impact. The smoothed signed distance functions are constructed by a moving least-squares approximation with a polynomial basis. Results show that when nodes are placed on a surface, the surface can be reproduced with an error of about one per cent or less with either a quadratic or a linear basis. With a quadratic basis, the method exactly reproduces a circle or a sphere even for coarse meshes. Results are presented for contact problems involving the contact of circular bodies. Copyright (C) 2002 John Wiley Sons, Ltd.

Paleomagnetic study of the Great Foum Zguid dyke (southern Morocco): A positive contact test related to metasomatic processes

When a paleomagnetic pole is sought for in an igneous body, the host rocks should be subjected to a contact test to assure that the determined paleopole has the age of the intrusion. If the contact test is positive, it precludes the possibility that the measured magnetization is a later effect. Therefore, we investigated the variations of the remanent magnetization along cross-sections of rocks hosting the Foum Zguid dyke (southern Morocco) and the dyke itself. A positive contact test was obtained, but it is mainly related with Chemical/Crystalline Remanent Magnetization due to metasomatic processes in the host-rocks during magma intrusion and cooling, and not only with Thermo-Remanent Magnetization as ordinarily assumed in standard studies. Paleomagnetic data obtained within the dyke then reflect the Earth magnetic field during emplacement of this well-dated (196.9 +/- 1.8 Ma) intrusion.

Contact angle of a hemispherical bubble: An analytical approach

We have calculated the equilibrium shape of the axially symmetric Plateau border along which a spherical bubble contacts a flat wall, by analytically integrating Laplace's equation in the presence of gravity, in the limit of small Plateau border sizes. This method has the advantage that it provides closed-form expressions for the positions and orientations of the Plateau border surfaces. Results are in very good overall agreement with those obtained from a numerical solution procedure, and are consistent with experimental data. In particular we find that the effect of gravity on Plateau border shape is relatively small for typical bubble sizes, leading to a widening of the Plateau border for sessile bubbles and to a narrowing for pendant bubbles. The contact angle of the bubble is found to depend even more weakly on gravity. (C) 2009 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.

Trimethoprim-selective electrodes with molecularly imprinted polymers acting as ionophores and potentiometric transduction on graphite solid-contact

This work proposes a new biomimetic sensor material for trimethoprim. It is prepared by means of radical polymerization, having trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate as cross-linker, benzoyl peroxide as radicalar iniciator, chloroform as porogenic solvent, and methacrylic acid and 2-vinyl pyridine as monomers. Different percentages of sensor in a range between 1 and 6% were studied. Their behavior was compared to that obtained with ion-exchanger quaternary ammonium salt (additive tetrakis(p-chlorophenyl)borate or tetraphenylborate). The effect of an anionic additive in the sensing membrane was also tested. Trimethoprim sensors with 1% of imprinted particles from methacrylic acid monomers showed the best response in terms of slope (59.7 mV/decade) and detection limit (4.01×10−7 mol/L). These electrodes displayed also a good selectivity towards nickel, manganese aluminium, ammonium, lead, potassium, sodium, iron, chromium, sulfadiazine, alanine, cysteine, tryptophan, valine and glycine. The sensors were not affected by pH changes from 2 to 6. They were successfully applied to the analysis of water from aquaculture.

Film thickness in a ball-on-disc contact lubricated with greases, bleed oils and base oils

Three different lubricating greases and their bleed and base oils were compared in terms of film thickness in a ball-on-disc test rig through optical interferometry. The theoretical values calculated according to Hamrock's equation are in close agreement with the base oil film thickness measurements, which validates the selected experimental methodology. The grease and bleed oil film thickness under fully flooded lubrication conditions presented quite similar behaviour and levels. Therefore, the grease film thickness under full film conditions might be predicted using their bleed oil properties, namely the viscosity and pressure-viscosity coefficient. The base and bleed oil lubricant parameter LP are proportional to the measured film thickness. A relationship between grease and the corresponding bleed oil film thickness was evidenced.

Water-contact patterns and schistosoma mansoni infection in a rural community in northeast Brazil

We evaluated the influence of water-related human activities, contaminative behaviour, house location, education and socio-economic status on endemic Schistosoma mansoni infection. The study was conducted in a hilry non-irrigated area of rural northeast Brazil amongst a defined population of subsistence farmers, of whom 93% were infected by age 20. The area was mapped, water bodies were surveyed, and a detailed questionnaire was performed on each household. Infection was assessed by duplicate stool examinations using the sensitive Bell technique to quantify egg excretion. For each household, and index of intensity of infection was computed by grouping individual log-transformed egg counts as an age-sex adjusted Z score. Few households had a sanitary installation or a domestic water supply. However, neither water-contact nor contaminative behavior were indiscriminate. The people made considerable effort to defaecate far from a water source, to obtain household drinking water from the cleanest source, and to bathe only at certain sites where privacy is assured. Land ownership and literacy correlated poorly with the household index of intensity of infection. The key influence on infection status was the relative location of the house and snail-free or snail colonized water sources. In this area, a safe domestic water supply is the critical input needed to achieve definitive control of endemic Schistosomiasis.

Contributo para o estudo da influência do stress na resposta imunitária à vacina contra a gripe em profissionais de saúde

Resumo: Os profissionais de saúde podem estar expostos a vários factores indutores de stress crónico nomeadamente de natureza profissional destacando-se, entre os seus possíveis efeitos, a diminuição da resposta de anticorpos após administração de vacinas, entre as quais, a vacina contra a gripe. Uma vez que os trabalhadores da saúde estão expostos a factores indutores de stress e, simultaneamente, a agentes biológicos cujos efeitos poderão ser prevenidos pela vacinação, é pertinente estudar a influência do stress na resposta imunitária à vacina contra a gripe em enfermeiros. Constituíram objectivos deste trabalho: (1) estudar a associação entre a presença de stress crónico em enfermeiros hospitalares e a “insuficiente” resposta imunitária à vacina contra a gripe, avaliada um mês após a vacinação (T1); (2) estudar a associação entre a presença de stress crónico em enfermeiros hospitalares e a redução dos títulos de anticorpos dirigidos às hemaglutininas seis meses após a vacinação (T6) e (3) identificar algumas características das unidades de internamento e do trabalho dos participantes que possam estar associadas à presença de stress crónico e estudar a sua possível associação com a resposta imunitária à vacina contra a gripe. Realizou-se um estudo caso-controlo incorporado num estudo de coortes e a amostra em estudo foi constituída por 136 enfermeiros saudáveis (83,8% sexo feminino; média de idades de 33anos) de um hospital universitário. Realizaram-se entrevistas individuais e aplicaram-se as versões portuguesas dos questionários The General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) e Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) para determinação da presença de stress crónico pelo método da triangulação, no início do estudo (T0) e realizou-se a recolha de dados relativos à caracterização de elementos de trabalho nas unidades de internamento. Foi administrada a vacina contra a gripe e determinou-se os títulos de anticorpos dirigidos às hemaglutininas de cada estirpe componentes da vacina contra a gripe utilizada em 2007, antes da vacinação, um mês e seis meses após a vacinação. Não se encontrou associação, ao nível de significância de 5%, entre a presença de stress e a “insuficiente” resposta à vacina contra a gripe, avaliada pela taxa de indivíduos que apresentaram um aumento, ao fim de um mês, inferior a quatro vezes os títulos de anticorpos antes da vacinação. No entanto, encontrou-se uma maior proporção de indivíduos com stress no grupo de participantes em que ocorreu uma diminuição do título de anticorpos dirigidos à hemaglutinina AH1 (ac AH1) em T6, quando comparado com o respectivo grupo controlo. A diferença entre grupos foi estatisticamente significativa, quando se avaliou a presença de stress pelo método da triangulação usando a entrevista (p=0,006), pelo método da triangulação usando o GHQ12 (p=0,045) e ainda usando a combinação dos três critérios (p=0,001). Após análise multivariada, verificou-se que a associação entre a presença de XXVI stress e a redução dos ac AH1 em T6 manteve significado estatístico (respectivamente, p= 0,010, p= 0,042 e p=0,002) e apresentou odds ratio ajustados, em função de cada um dos métodos de avaliação da presença de stress, de 3,643, de 2,733 e de 5,223. A quantidade de trabalho percepcionada como sobrecarga constituiu o factor indutor de stress mais vezes referido (58,8% da amostra e 61,8% dos enfermeiros de unidades de internamento), seguida dos conflitos entre profissionais. O contacto com o sofrimento e a morte de doentes foram identificados em quarto lugar pela amostra, mas em segundo pelos enfermeiros de unidades de internamento. Nesses, verificou-se uma associação positiva entre trabalhar em Serviços onde o número de doentes falecidos foi muito elevado e a presença de stress, medido pelo método da triangulação usando a entrevista (p=0,039), usando o GHQ12 (p=0,019), usando a escala de exaustão emocional do MBI-HSS (p=0,012) e pela combinação dos três métodos (p=0,014). Verificou-se também uma associação positiva entre a presença de stress, identificada pelo método da triangulação usando a escala de exaustão emocional do MBI-HSS, e o trabalho em serviços de internamento onde a percentagem de doentes idosos (p=0,025) e a taxa de letalidade (p=0,036) foram elevadas. Contudo, não se encontrou associação entre a exposição muito frequente ao sofrimento e à morte de doentes e a redução do título de ac AH1 em T6. Possivelmente, a exposição a esse factor indutor de stress, apesar de estar relacionada com a presença de stress nos enfermeiros de serviços de internamento, não foi suficientemente intenso para, por si só, estar associada à redução do título de ac AH1 em T6. A associação encontrada entre a presença de stress crónico e a redução do título de anticorpos AH1 em T6 vem apoiar a resposta à questão de investigação inicialmente colocada de que o stress poderá influenciar negativamente a manutenção dos títulos de anticorpos, mesmo em indivíduos adultos não idosos. Assim, o risco de um enfermeiro com stress apresentar redução do título de anticorpos dirigidos à hemaglutinina da estirpe AH1N1 – A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 ao fim dos seis meses do estudo, foi 3,6, 2,7 ou 5,2 vezes superior ao de um enfermeiro sem stress, consoante o critério de stress ter sido determinado, respectivamente, pelo método da triangulação usando a entrevista, pelo método da triangulação utilizando o GHQ12 ou pela combinação dos três critérios. Summary: Health workers may be exposed to various factors causing chronic stress namely those related directly to their activity, in particular the decrease in the capacity of the response of antibodies after the administration of the vaccines, amongst others the Influenza vaccine. Since health workers are exposed to factors causing stress and at the same time biological agents, whose effects may be prevented through vaccination, it is important to study the influence of stress in the immunity response to the Influenza vaccine on nurses. The aims of this study are: (1) to examine the relation between chronic stress in hospital nurses and the “insufficient” immunity response to the Influenza vaccine, assessed at one month after vaccination (T1); (2) to examine the relation between chronic stress in hospital nurses and the decrease of the hemagglutinin titles of antibodies six months after vaccination (T6); (3) to identify some characteristics of internment units and the work of the participants that may be related to the presence of chronic stress and to study its possible relation with the immunity response to the Influenza vaccine. A control-case study, integrated in a coortes study, was carried out and the sample under analysis consisted of 136 healthy nurses (83,8% female; average age 33 years old) from a university hospital. Several individual interviews were conducted and the portuguese versions of General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) and Maslach Burnout Inventory – Human Services Survey (MBI-HSS) was applied in order to determine the presence of chronic stress, using the triangulation method at the beginning of the study (T0). Data concerning the particular features of the internment units was collected. The Influenza vaccine was administered and the titles of hemagglutinin antibodies of each strain composing the Influenza vaccine used in 2007, before vaccination, and a month and six months after vaccination, were determined. There was no statistically relevant (5%) relation between stress and the “insufficient” immune response to the Influenza vaccine, according to the rate of individuals that showed, after a month, a level of antibodies concentration lower than four times the level prior to the vaccination. Nevertheless, there was a greater number of individuals with stress in the group of participants in which there was a decrease of the hemagglutinin titles of antibodies AH1 (ac AH1) in T6, when compared to the control group under study. The difference between groups was statistically relevant when assessing the presence of stress by triangulation method using the interview (p=0,006), by triangulation method using the GHQ12 (p=0,045) and by the combination of the three criteria (p=0,001). After multivariate analysis, it was verified that the XXVIII relation between the presence of stress and the reduction of the ac AH1 in T6 was statistically relevant (respectively, p= 0,010, p= 0,042 and p=0,002) and the odds ratio were, according to each of the methods used to assess the presence of stress, 3,643, 2,733 and 5,223. Overwork was the most emphasised stress-causing factor (58,8% of the sample and 61,8% of the nurses working in the Internment Units), followed by conflicts arousing among co-workers. Witnessing the suffering and death of patients was ranked as the fourth cause of stress, but the second by the nurses of the internment units. The former revealed a positive connection between working in the services, where there was a high rate of deaths, and the presence of stress, when assessing the presence of stress by triangulation method using the interview (p=0,039), the GHQ12 (p=0,019), the MBI-HSS emotional exhaustion scale (p=0,012) and by the combination of the three criteria (p=0,014).There was also a connection between the presence of stress, identified by the method of triangulation using the MBI-HSS emotional exhaustion scale, and working in the internment units, where the percentage of elderly people (p=0,025) and the mortality rate (p=0,036) were high. However, there was no connection between frequent exposure to suffering and death in patients and the reduction of ac AH1 titles, in T6. Although one can establish a connection between stress in nurses working in the internment units and the aforementioned stress-causing factor, the exposure to that factor was not, per se, intense enough to reduce the ac AH1 title in T6. The relation found between the presence of chronic stress and the reduction of AH1 antibodies titles in T6, corroborates the hypothesis that stress can negatively influence the title of antibodies, even in non-elderly adults. Thus, and according to the criteria used to define stress, by the triangulation method using the interview, by the triangulation method using the GHQ12 or the combination of the three criteria respectively, the risk of a nurse suffering from stress showing a reduction in the title of hemagglutinin antibodies for the strain AH1N1 – A/Solomon Islands/3/2006 six-month after Influenza vaccine was 3,6, 2,7 or 5,2 times greater than on a nurse suffering from no stress at all. Résumé: Les professionnels de la santé peuvent être exposés à différents facteurs inducteurs de stress chronique de nature professionnelle. On remarque, parmi les effets possibles, une baisse de la réponse des anticorps après l´administration de vaccins, comme en particulier, le vaccin de la grippe. Lorsque les professionnels de la santé ont été exposés à des facteurs inducteurs de stress, et de manière simultanée, à des agents biologiques dont les effets pourront être prévenus par la vaccination, il est pertinent d´étudier l´influence du stress dans la réponse immunitaire au vaccin de la grippe chez les infirmiers. Ils ont constitué des objectifs d´études et de discussion : (1) étudier l´association entre la présence de stress chronique chez les infirmiers, en milieu hospitalier, et la “insuffisant” réponse immunitaire au vaccin de la grippe, vérifiée à un mois après la vaccination (T1); (2) étudier l´association entre la présence de stress chronique chez les infirmiers, en milieu hospitalier, et la réduction de la teneur des anticorps dirigé à la hémaglutinina six mois après la vaccination (T6) (3) identifier certaines caractéristiques des unités d´internement, et étudier les aspects du travail des participants, qui puissent être associée à la présence de stress chronique et étudier sa possible association avec la réponse immunitaire au vaccin de la grippe. Une étude cas-contrôle incorporée dans une étude de groupe a été réalisée et un échantillon, pour étude, a été constitué par 136 infirmiers sains (83,8% de sexe féminin, âge moyen 33 ans) travaillant dans un hôpital universitaire. Des entretiens individuels ont été réalisés et les versions portugaises des questionnaires de General Health Questionnaire (GHQ12) et Maslach Burnout Inventory- Human Service Survey (MBI-HSS) ont été utilisés pour déterminer la présence de stress chronique grâce à la méthode de triangulation, au début de l´étude (T0) et un relevé de données relatives à la caractérisation d´éléments de travail dans les unités d´internement a été fait. Le vaccin de la grippe a été administré et les teneurs en anticorps dirigés aux hémaglutininas de chaque composant du vaccin de la grippe pour 2007 ont été déterminés, avant la vaccination et un mois et six mois après. On n´a pas trouvé d´association, à un niveau significatif de au moins 5%, entre la présence de stress et la “insuffisant” réponse au vaccin de la grippe, évaluée par le taux d´individus qui ont présenté une augmentation, à la fin du mois, inférieur à quatre fois la teneur des anticorps par rapport à avant la vaccination. Cependant , on a trouvé une plus grande proportion d´individus victimes de stress dans le groupe des participants où il y a eu une baisse de la teneur des anticorps dirigé à la hémaglutinina AH1 (ac AH1) en T6, après comparaison avec le respectif groupe de contrôle. La différence entre les groupes a été statistiquement significative lorsqu´on a vérifié la présence de stress grâce à la méthode de triangulation, en utilisant l´entretien (p=0,006), par la méthode de triangulation en utilisant le GHQ12 (p=0,045) et en utilisant aussi la combinaison des trois critères (p=0,001). Après une analyse XXX multivariée, on a vérifié que l´association entre la présence de stress et la réduction des ac AH1 en T6 a conservé un signifié statistique (respectivement, p=0,010, p=0,042 et p=0,002) et a présenté des odds ratio ajustés, en fonction de chacune des méthodes de vérification de la présence de stress de 3,643, de 2,733 et de 5,223. La quantité de travail perçue comme une surcharge constitue le facteur inducteur de stress le plus souvent cité (58,8% de l´échantillon et 61,8% des infirmiers des unités d´internement), suivi par les conflits entre professionnels. Le contact avec la souffrance et la mort des patients a été placé en quatrième position par l´échantillon, mais en deuxième position par les infirmiers des unités d´internement. Dans ces cas, on a vérifié une association évidente entre le fait de travailler dans des services où le nombre de patients décédés a été très élevé et la présence de stress, identifiée par la méthode de triangulation, en utilisant l´entretien (p=0,039), le GHQ12 (p=0,019), l´échelle de fatigue émotionnelle du MBI-HSS (p=0,012) et en utilisant aussi la combinaison des trois critères (p=0,014). On a aussi vérifié une association positive entre la présence de stress, identifiée par la méthode de triangulation, en utilisant l´échelle de fatigue émotionnelle du MBI-HSS et le travail dans des services d´internement où le pourcentage de malade âgés (p=0,025) et le taux de mortalité ont été élevés (p=0,036). Malgré tout, on n´a pas trouvé d´association entre l´exposition très fréquente à la souffrance et à la mort des patients et la réduction de la teneur de ac AH1 en T6. Probablement l´exposition à ce facteur inducteur de stress, bien qu´elle soit liée à la présence de stress chez les infirmiers des services d´internement, n´a pas été suffisamment intense pour, en elle-même, être associée à la réduction de la teneur ac AH1 enT6. L´association trouvée entre la présence de stress chronique et la réduction de la teneur des anticorps AH1 en T6 vient renforcer l´hypothèse que le stress pourra influencer négativement la manutention des teneurs en anticorps même chez les individus adultes jeunes. Donc le risque qu´un infirmier stressé présente une réduction de la teneur en anticorps dirigés à la hémaglutinina de le composant AH1N1-A/Solomon Island/3/2006 à la fin des six mois d´études a été 3,6, 2,7 ou 5,2 fois supérieure à celui d´un infirmier sans stress, après avoir déterminé le critère de stress, respectivement par la méthode de triangulation utilisant l´entretien, par la méthode de triangulation utilisant le GHQ12 ou par la combinaison des trois critères.

Occupational and domiciliary contact with dogs as factors of risk to human infection with Toxocara larvae

The contact with dogs at home or place of work has been investigated as factors of risk in the occurrence of the visceral larva migrans syndrome caused by Toxocara, in man. Through the E.L.I.S.A. (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) technique, the presence of antibodies to Toxocara was searched in the sera of 79 women who have been raising or had raised dogs at home in the last two years and 123 men, who were municipal public employees in charge of the capture and keeping of stray dogs. The control groups were constituted by 205 sera from women who denied domiciliary contact with dogs, at least in the last two years, and 139 sera from men whose occupation did not urge them to contact with dogs. A significant more elevated frequency of antibodies to Toxocara was observed among women with domiciliary contact with dogs; nevertheless, there was not a significant difference in the positive rates in the case of men with occupational contact with dogs.

A multivariate analysis of socio-demographic factors, water contact patterns and Schistosoma mansoni infection in an endemic area in Brazil

Associations between socio-demographic factors, water contact patterns and Schistosoma mansoni infection were investigated in 506 individuals (87% of inhabitants over 1 year of age) in an endemic area in Brazil (Divino), aiming at determining priorities for public health measures to prevent the infection. Those who eliminated S. mansoni eggs (n = 198) were compared to those without eggs in the stools (n = 308). The following explanatory variables were considered: age, sex, color, previous treatment with schistosomicide, place of birth, quality of the houses, water supply for the household, distance from houses to stream, and frequency and reasons for water contact. Factors found to be independently associated with the infection were age (10-19 and > 20 yrs old), and water contact for agricultural activities, fishing, and swimming or bathing (Adjusted relative odds = 5.0, 2.4, 3.2, 2.1 and 2.0, respectively). This suggests the need for public health measures to prevent the infection, emphasizing water contact for leisure and agricultural activities in this endemic area.

Recurring contact opportunities within groups of devices

The capability to anticipate a contact with another device can greatly improve the performance and user satisfaction not only of mobile social network applications but of any other relying on some form of data harvesting or hoarding. One of the most promising approaches for contact prediction is to extrapolate from past experiences. This paper investigates the recurring contact patterns observed between groups of devices using an 8-year dataset of wireless access logs produced by more than 70000 devices. This effort permitted to model the probabilities of occurrence of a contact at a predefined date between groups of devices using a power law distribution that varies according to neighbourhood size and recurrence period. In the general case, the model can be used by applications that need to disseminate large datasets by groups of devices. As an example, the paper presents and evaluates an algorithm that provides daily contact predictions, based on the history of past pairwise contacts and their duration. Copyright © 2015 ICST.

Water-contact patterns and risk factors for Schistosoma mansoni infection in a rural village of Northeast Brazil

Schistosomiasis mansoni in the Serrano village, municipality of Cururupu, state of Maranhão, Brazil, is a widely spread disease. The PECE (Program for the Control of Schistosomiasis), undertaken since 1979 has reduced the prevalence of S. mansoni infection and the hepatosplenic form of the disease. Nevertheless piped water is available in 84% of the households, prevalence remains above 20%. In order to identify other risk factors responsible for the persistence of high prevalence levels, a cross-sectional survey was carried out in a systematic sample of 294 people of varying ages. Socioeconomic, environmental and demographic variables, and water contact patterns were investigated. Fecal samples were collected and analyzed by the Kato-Katz technique. Prevalence of S. mansoni infection was 24.1%, higher among males (35.5%) and between 10-19 years of age (36.6%). The risk factors identified in the univariable analysis were water contacts for vegetable extraction (Risk Ratio - RR = 2.92), crossing streams (RR = 2.55), bathing (RR = 2.35), fishing (RR = 2.19), hunting (RR = 2.17), cattle breeding (RR = 2.04), manioc culture (RR = 1.90) and leisure (RR = 1.56). After controlling for confounding variables by proportional hazards model the risks remained higher for males, vegetable extraction, bathing in rivers and water contact in rivers or in periodically inundated parts of riverine woodland (swamplands)

Nickel Contact Dermatitis in Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil: 1993-1994

This work consists in an evaluation of the occurrence of nickel contact dermatitis, its distribution between sexes and in which parts of the body the dermatitis usually occurs. It was accomplished a two year (1994-1995) retrospective study of 404 patch-tested patients which had previous clinical diagnosis of contact dermatitis. The occurrence of nickel sensitisation was 19,8%. 88,8% of these 19,8% were women and the rest, 11,2%, were men. The lesions were present predominantly on hands, forearms, earlobes and feet. The authors comment about possible variations of occurrence of nickel contact dermatitis in rural areas and/or tropical countries

QUESTIONNAIRES IN THE SCREENING FOR Schistosoma mansoni INFECTION: A STUDY OF SOCIO DEMOGRAPHIC AND WATER CONTACT VARIABLES IN FOUR COMMUNITIES IN BRAZIL

The use of questionnaires has been recommended for identifying, at a lower cost, individuals at risk for schistosomiasis. In this study, validity of information obtained by questionnaire in the screening for Schistosoma mansoni infection was assessed in four communities in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Explanatory variables were water contact activities, sociodemographic characteristics and previous treatment for schistosomiasis. From 677, 1474, 766 and 3290 individuals eligible for stool examination in the communities, 89 to 97% participated in the study. The estimated probability of individuals to be infected, if they have all characteristics identified as independently associated with S.mansoni infection, varied from 15% in Canabrava, to 42% in Belo Horizonte, 48% in Comercinho and 80% in São José do Acácio. Our results do not support the hypothesis that a same questionnaire on risk factors could be used in screening for S.mansoni infection in different communities.

RubBer Contact Dermatitis in patients attended at Walter Cantídio Hospital, Federal University of Ceará, Brasil

Nowadays 70% of the world's rubber supply is synthesized artificially. The process involved in its manufacture is vulcanization which requires many chemical substances for speeding the process, as antioxidants to prevent deterioration of rubber, or others. These substances may constitute important sensitizers and thus be responsible for dermatological diseases like contact dermatitis. The objective of this study is to search for the main sensitizers among these rubber chemicals in a population mostly composed by women of a tropical country and compare the results with the ones obtained from previous studies which tested populations mainly composed by men and on different climates.