Eficácia de produtos químicos no controle do fungo manchador botryodiplodia theobromae em madeira de hevea brasiliensis

In Brazil, the exploration and use of the Hevea brasiliensis Mull Arg. wood at the end of the latex production cycle from 30 to 35 years, is practically unknown. However, one of the most significant problems with its use relates to the high susceptibility of this species wood to the fungus Botryodiplodia theobromae attack, especially during the primary wood processing phase. The present study evaluated the efficacy of four chemicals to control juvenile and adult Hevea brasiliensis wood from the attack of the fungus stainer Botryodiplodia theobromae following the ASTM 4445 (2003) standard. The results showed that the active ingredients separately tested and evaluated in the laboratory; (Quinolinolato Copper - 8 and Carbendazim (T1); Tribromofenol 2-4-6 (T2); Extract-Based Vegetable Tannin (T3); Carbendazim and Prochloraz (T4)) do not totally prevent the contamination of Botryodiplodia theobromae in 5% level of significance

Sensitivity of Colletotrichum lindemuthianum from green beans to fungicides and race determination of isolates from State of Sao Paulo, Brazil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Metodología para la determinación de plaguicidas bencimidazoles en vinos

En los últimos 10 años, la Argentina se ha incorporado a los países exportadores de vinos, en el decimoprimer lugar con productos de excelente calidad (INV, 2011). Entre los atributos que conforman los aspectos de calidad e inocuidad de los vinos se destaca el cumplimiento de los Límites Máximos de Residuos (LMR) de plaguicidas permitidos por las diversas legislaciones según el destino comercial de los mismos. Para los productos procesados, se considera como LMR el establecido para el producto en bruto. Por ejemplo, para productos procesados como el vino se aplica los LMR establecidos en la uva (The Australian Wine Research Institute, 2012). En Argentina, el Instituto Nacional de Vitivinicultura no establece LMR de plaguicidas para el vino por lo que se consideran los LMR establecidos para uva por SENASA en su Resolución 934/10. En la actualidad, benomil y carbendazim son los fungicidas bencimidazoles más utilizados en el cultivo de la vid para controlar la podredumbre de los racimos. El problema mayor se presenta cuando son necesarias aplicaciones en épocas muy cercanas a cosecha, permitiendo el pasaje de residuos de estos fungicidas desde uvas al mosto y luego al vino. En nuestro país está legislada la cantidad máxima de estos plaguicidas en uva en fresco, 3 ppm para benomil al igual que para carbendazim (SENASA, Resolución 934/10). El Codex alimentarius establece un LMR de 3 ppm para carbendazim en uva en fresco y no establece un LMR para el benomil. La Unión Europea establece un LMR de 0,5 ppm para el benomil y carbendazim (suma de benomil y carbendazim expresado como carbendazim). De esta manera es importante su determinación para evitar rechazos y de esta forma proteger la imagen y calidad de la producción nacional y garantizar la seguridad alimentaria de los consumidores. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue evaluar una metodología analítica validada en vegetales, basada en el método de Jullie Fillion, 1998, para la determinación de residuos de plaguicidas bencimidazoles (benomil y carbendazim) en vinos. Este método consiste en una extracción con acetato de etilo, posterior conversión del benomil a carbendazim y concentración e inyección en cromatógrafo líquido de alta resolución y detector de arreglo de diodos (HPLC-DAD). Los parámetros que se evaluaron fueron: selectividad, linealidad, exactitud y precisión. Los valores obtenidos cumplieron con los criterios de aceptación establecidos por el SENASA en su Resolución 138/2002, el Codex alimentarius, 1999 y Quatrocchi, 1992. Con esto se puede concluir que se obtuvo un método confiable con el cual controlar los niveles de contaminación de benomil y carbendazim en los vinos. Esto es una herramienta importante para la industria vitivinícola ya que para proteger la imagen y calidad de sus productos y garantizar la seguridad alimentaria de los consumidores, deberá implementar programas de monitoreo de residuos de plaguicidas para prevenir que éstos se encuentren en el producto terminado.

Alterações fisiológicas causadas por fungicidas em soja infectada naturalmente por oídio

Soybean crop is substantially important for both Brazilian and international markets. A relevant disease that affects soybeans is powdery mildew, caused by fungus Erysiphe diffusa. The objective of this master’s thesis was to analyze physiological changes produced by fungicides in two greenhouse-grown soybean genotypes (i.e., Anta 8500 RR and BRS Santa Cruz RR) naturally infected with powdery mildew. A complete randomized block design was used with six replications in a 2x5 factorial arrangement. Treatments consisted of applications of Azoxystrobin, Biofac (fermented solution of Penicillium sp.), Carbendazim or Picoxystrobin fungicides, and a Control (no fungicide application). Three applications were performed in the experimental period, and each eventually represented a period of data collection. Gas exchanges, chlorophyll content, fluorescence of chlorophyll a and disease severity were measured twice a week. Dry grain mass production was measured at the end of the experiment. Areas under progression curve of variables were submitted to both ANOVA and Tukey’s test at 5% significance. Treatments Azoxystrobin, Biofac and Picoxystrobin had higher photosynthetic rates than Control in the second period, with genotype Anta having higher rate than Santa Cruz. Biofac had higher transpiration rate than Control in the second period, while Biofac and Picoxystrobin had higher figures in Santa Cruz in the third period. Carbendazim had greater stomatal conductance in Anta, whilst Azoxystrobin, Biofac and Picoxystrobin had greater values than Carbendazim in Santa Cruz. Biofac and Picoxystrobin had greater intercellular CO2 concentration in Santa Cruz. Azoxystrobin and Picoxystrobin had greater instantaneous water use efficiency than Control, with Anta being more efficient than Santa Cruz. Biofac and Picoxystrobin had greater intrinsic water use efficiency in Anta, while Carbendazim increased efficiency in Santa Cruz. Azoxystrobin, Biofac and Picoxystrobin had greater carboxylation efficiency than Control in the second period, with Anta being more efficient than Santa Cruz. Azoxystrobin and Biofac had greater contents of chlorophylls a, b and a+b than Control in the second period. Azoxystrobin had greater effective quantum yield than Control and Picoxystrobin. All treatments faced increasing disease severity over time, with Anta being less resistant than Santa Cruz. As for production, data showed that: (1) Santa Cruz was more productive than Anta, having the greatest dry grain mass with Carbendazim, and (2) Anta’s lower disease severity did not translate into higher productions. In conclusion, strobilurins (Azoxystrobin and Picoxystrobin) and Biofac performed similarly as to their physiological effects on soybeans; however, these effects did not lead to increased dry grain mass by the end of the experiment.

Impact of natural and/or chemical stressors on the freeze-tolerant and euryhaline enchytraeid, Enchytraeus albidus

Rapid climatic changes are taking place in Arctic, subarctic and cold temperate regions, where predictions point to an increase in freeze-thaw events, changes in precipitation, evaporation and salinity patterns. Climate change may therefore result in large impacts in ecosystem functioning and dynamics, especially in the presence of contaminants due to intense anthropogenic activities. Even though multiple stress approaches have received increasing interest in the last decades, the number of such studies is limited. In particular, knowledge on the effect of freezethaw events and salinity fluctuations on ecotoxicology of soil invertebrates is lacking, especially important when considering supralittoral species. Therefore, the aim of this thesis was to investigate the effects of low temperature and salinity fluctuations, singly and in combination with contaminants, in the freeze-tolerant and euryhaline enchytraeid Enchytraeus albidus. The assessment of population level endpoints (survival and reproduction), along with physiological and biochemical parameters such as levels of cryoprotectants, ice/water content, oxidative stress biomarkers, cellular energy allocation, and tissue concentration of chemicals (when applied), provided new and valuable knowledge on the effects of selected physical and chemical stressors in E. albidus, and allowed the understanding of adjustments in the primary response mechanisms that enable worms to maintain homeostasis and survival in harsh environments such as polar and temperate-cold regions. The presence of moderate levels of salinity significantly increased freeze-tolerance (mainly evaluated as survival, cryoprotection and ice fraction) and reproduction of E. albidus. Moreover, it contributed to the readjustments of cryoprotectant levels, restoration of antioxidant levels and changed singnificantly the effect and uptake of chemicals (copper cadmium, carbendazim and 4-nonylphenol). Temperature fluctuations (simulated as daily freeze-thaw cycles, between -2ºC and -4ºC) caused substancial negative effect on survival of worms previsouly exposed to non-lethal concentrations of 4-nonylphenol, as compared with constant freezing (-4ºC) and control temperature (2ºC). The decrease in cryoprotectants, increase in energy consumption and the highest concentration of 4-nonylphenol in the tissues have highlighted the high energy requirements and level of toxicity experienced by worms exposed to the combined effect of contaminants and freezing-thawing events. The findings reported on this thesis demonstrate that natural (physical) and chemical stressors, singly or in combination, may alter the dynamics of E. albidus, affecting not only their survival and reproduction (and consequent presence/distribution) but also their physiological and biochemical adaptations. These alterations may lead to severe consequences for the functioning of the ecosystems along the Arctic, subarctic and cold temperate regions, where they play an important role for decomposition of dead organic matter. This thesis provides a scientific basis for improving the setting of safety factors for natural soil ecosystems, and to underline the integration of similar investigations in ecotoxicology, and eventually in risk assessment of contaminants.

Degradação do fungicida carbendazin por Phanerochaete chrysosporium.

O fungo lignocelulebtico, agente causal de podridão branca em madeira, Phonerochacte chrysosperium resistente a benomil, tem se mostrado eficiente como degradador do fungicida carbendazim. O fungo foi cultivado em BD complementado com 100,9 ug/ml de metil benzimidazol-2-ylcarbamato (Carbendazim ou MBC) por 22 dias, sob agitação. A determinação dos resíduos, realizada a partir do segundo dia e quantificada por cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência demonstrou que o carbendazim e rapidamente degradado por P.chrysosperium, sendo que aproximadamente 76% ocorre nos primeiros 6 dias de incubação.

Phanerochaeta chrysosporium degradando fungicida carbendazin.

O basiodiomiceto Phanerochaeta chrysosporium tem sido proposto para ser usado como agente de biorremediação em áreas contaminadas por compostos poluentes complexos.Este fungo produz lacases e peroxidases, enzimas que normalmente estão envolvidas na degradação de lignina que e uma substancia poliaromática complexa. Estas enzimas são também responsáveis pela degradação de uma diversa faixa de compostos, entre eles alguns pesticidas por exemplo o DDT. O fungicida sistêmico carbendazin (MBC)apesar de relativamente resistente a biodegradação, sofre transformação pela ação de alguns microrganismos. O presente estudo tem por objetivo verificar o efeito do P. chrysosporium na degradação do carbendazin. O fungo foi incubado em meio de cultura liquido (batata-dextrose)enriquecido com 100 ppm de carbenzadin. A determinação quantitativa do fungicida apos 2,3,6 e 22 dias de incubação, foi conduzida por cromatografia liquida de alta eficiência (CLAE) apos extração e "clean-up" da amostra. A analise dos resíduos no meio de cultura, demonstrou que P.chrysosporium degrada 77,6% do carbendazim nos primeiros dias de incubação, permanecendo então este valor inalterado nas analises posteriores. A curva de crescimento dos meios de cultura liquido: BD e BD + MBC, demonstrou em que ambos os casos, o crescimento ótimo foi atingido ao terceiro e quarto dia, respectivamente.