Various bills, warrants, etc.

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A rain forest dusk chorus: cacophony or sounds of silence?

A rain forest dusk chorus consists of a large number of individuals of acoustically communicating species signaling at the same time. How different species achieve effective intra-specific communication in this complex and noisy acoustic environment is not well understood. In this study we examined acoustic masking interference in an assemblage of rain forest crickets and katydids. We used signal structures and spacing of signalers to estimate temporal, spectral and active space overlap between species. We then examined these overlaps for evidence of strategies of masking avoidance in the assemblage: we asked whether species whose signals have high temporal or spectral overlap avoid calling together. Whereas we found evidence that species with high temporal overlap may avoid calling together, there was no relation between spectral overlap and calling activity. There was also no correlation between the spectral and temporal overlaps of the signals of different species. In addition, we found little evidence that species calling in the understorey actively use spacing to minimize acoustic overlap. Increasing call intensity and tuning receivers however emerged as powerful strategies to minimize acoustic overlap. Effective acoustic overlaps were on average close to zero for most individuals in natural, multispecies choruses, even in the absence of behavioral avoidance mechanisms such as inhibition of calling or active spacing. Thus, call temporal structure, intensity and frequency together provide sufficient parameter space for several species to call together yet communicate effectively with little interference in the apparent cacophony of a rain forest dusk chorus.

Modelling the effects of chorus species composition and caller density on acoustic masking interference in multispecies choruses of crickets and katydids

Natural multispecies acoustic choruses such as the dusk chorus of a tropical rain forest consist of simultaneously signalling individuals of different species whose calls travel through a common shared medium before reaching their `intended' receivers. This causes masking interference between signals and impedes signal detection, recognition and localization. The levels of acoustic overlap depend on a number of factors, including call structure, intensity, habitat-dependent signal attenuation and receiver tuning. In addition, acoustic overlaps should also depend on caller density and the species composition of choruses, including relative and absolute abundance of the different calling species. In this study, we used simulations to examine the effects of chorus species relative abundance and caller density on the levels of effective heterospecific acoustic overlap in multispecies choruses composed of the calls of five species of crickets and katydids that share the understorey of a rain forest in southern India. We found that on average species-even choruses resulted in higher levels of effective heterospecific acoustic overlap than choruses with strong dominance structures. This effect was found consistently across dominance levels ranging from 0.4 to 0.8 for larger choruses of forty individuals. For smaller choruses of twenty individuals, the effect was seen consistently for dominance levels of 0.6 and 0.8 but not 0.4. Effective acoustic overlap (EAO) increased with caller density but the manner and extent of increase depended both on the species' call structure and the acoustic context provided by the composition scenario. The Phaloria sp. experienced very low levels of EAO and was highly buffered to changes in acoustic context whereas other species experienced high FAO across contexts or were poorly buffered. These differences were not simply predictable from call structures. These simulation-based findings may have important implications for acoustic biodiversity monitoring and for the study of acoustic masking interference in natural environments. (C) 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Legislação brazileira, ou, Collecção chronologica das leis, decretos, resoluções de consulta, provisões, etc., etc., do Império do Brazil, desde o anno de 1808 até 1831 inclusive, contendo : além do que se acha publicado nas melhores collecções, para mais de duas mil peças ineditas colligidas pelo Conselheiro Jose Paulo de Figueirôa Nabuco Araujo

v. 1. ano de 1808 a 1811. 1836 -- v. 2. ano de 1812 a 1818 -- v. 3. ano de 1819 a 1822. 1837 -- v. 4 ano de 1823 a 1824. 1838 -- v. 5. ano a 1826. 1838 -- v. 6. ano de 1827 a 1828. 1841 -- v. 7. ano de 1829 a 1831 e índice. 1844.

El impacto de las nuevas tecnologías: producción cultural, profesionalización, etc.

Ponencia leída en el Foro de Comunicaciones IkasArt II (BEC Barakaldo, 2010.06.18)

El impacto de las nuevas tecnologías: producción cultural, profesionalización, etc.

Ponencia leída en el Foro de Comunicaciones IkasArt II (BEC Barakaldo, 2010.06.18)

Voyage au Bresil : ou l'on trouve la description du pays, de ses productions, de ses habitants, et de la ville et des provinces de san-salvatore et porto-seguro, avec une table correcte des latitudes et longitudes des ports de la cote du bresil, ainsi qu'un tableau du change, etc

Voyage au Brésil narra a experiência de observar a vida e os costumes dos habitantes do Brasil e oferece um registro cheio de interesse sociológico e até científico. Segundo Rubens Borba de Moraes, " é obra valiosíssima sobre a Bahia colonial", sendo esta edição mais preciosa que a inglesa de 1805. A obra foi traduzida também para o alemão. Afonso de Taunay resume e comenta o livro de Lindley em Aventuras de Thomas Lindley.

Estudo sobre a constitucionalidade e juridicidades das leis que declaram determinadas localidades como capitais de algo. por exemplo: capital da uva, capital do forró etc.

Analisa a viabilidade, do ponto de vista da constitucionalidade e juridicidade, da promulgação de leis que objetivam atribuir títulos de “capital nacional” a determinadas localidades, tais como “capital nacional da uva, ou “capital nacional da vela”, ou ainda “capital nacional do forró”. A matéria tem relevância devido à quantidade significativa de proposições que com esse objetivo tramitam na Casa.

Historia breve e authentica do Banco de Inglaterra :com dissertações sobre os metaes, moeda, e letras de cambio, e a carta de incorporação / por T. Fortune, author do Epitome dos Fundos, etc.; traduzida da segunda edição de Londres ; impressa por Ordem de S. Alteza Real O Principe Regente, Nosso Senhor, por Hypolito José da Costa Pereira

Referência: Diccionario Bibliographico Portuguez / Innocencio Francisco da Silva, 1859. v. 3, p. 198-199.

Voyages dans la partie septentrionale du Bresil, depuis 1809 jusqu'en 1815, comprenant les provinces de Pernambuco, Fernambouc, Seara, Paraiba, Maragnan, etc.

Titulo original : travels in brazil : in the years from 1809, to 1815.

ETC���具有车型识别功能的车辆检测器设计

介绍了专门用于ETC(不停车收费系统)中一种车辆检测器的软硬件设计方法。根据车辆检测器应用环境的特点给出了基准频率校正算法,可以对基准频率进行实时校正。并采用模糊模式识别算法进行车型识别。

India and India missions : including sketches of the gigantic system of hinduism, both in theory and practive : also notices of some of the principal agencies employed in conducting the process of Indian evangalization, etc. etc.

http://books.google.com/books?vid=OCLC05766993

THE EFFECT OF A PROGRAM OF PORTABLE ELECTRONIC PIANO KEYBOARD EXPERIENCE ON THE ACQUISITION OF SIGHT-SINGING SKILL IN THE NOVICE HIGH SCHOOL CHORUS

The problem was to determine whether a method of aural and visual vocal training that included a program of portable electronic piano keyboard experience would be more effective in teaching sight-singing skills to novice high school chorus students than a method that included only aural and visual vocal training. A sub-problem was to determine whether novice chorus students enjoyed playing electronic keyboards in chorus as a reinforcement experience in sight-singing training. Students were randomly assigned to two treatment groups, tested with the Musical Aptitude Profile, Tonal Imagery, part A, and then trained separately. The experimental group sang repetitions of melodic patterns and utilized techniques associated with the Kodály Method while simultaneously playing keyboard. The comparison group received a similar treatment without using keyboards. The students were pre- and post-tested in sight-singing using the Vocal Sight-Reading Inventory. Results of the Analysis of Covariance using MAP scores as the covariate revealed no significant difference (p<.05) between post-test scores of the two groups. Improvement was noted in 96% of students from pre-test to post-test regardless of grouping. The repeated measures ANOVA revealed a significant relationship (p<.006) between aptitude group and post-test score. High aptitude students in both groups were found to benefit more from the training than low aptitude students. High aptitude keyboard group students achieved an average gain score that was 8.67 points higher than the comparison group. Of the total experimental group, 92% enjoyed playing keyboards in chorus. It is recommended that future research be undertaken to study the use of keyboards with advanced high school choruses and with uncertain singers in the high school chorus. Research is also needed to develop graded, valid, and reliable sight-singing tests for use in high school chorus. Techniques of the Kodály Method should be further investigated for use in high school sight-singing training.

All This the World Well Knows: a symphonic cantata in Sonnets and Proverbs for mixed chorus, four solo voices, and orchestra

All This the World Well Knows is a 30-minute symphonic cantata for mixed chorus, four solo voices (soprano, mezzo-soprano, tenor, and baritone), and orchestra. The libretto, adapted by the composer, weaves together texts from Shakespeare's Dark Lady sonnets and from the King James Bible's book of Proverbs in a loose narrative of love, betrayal, and reconciliation. The composition's pitch material includes microtonality that arises from the just intonation of sonorities derived from the harmonic series. In passages in which the solo voices express this microtonality, they are amplified in order to allow precise, non vibrato intonation. The modest size of the orchestra, which includes pairs of winds and only two percussionists, makes the composition practical for a wide range of performing groups.

Modeling the dynamics of electromagnetically agitated metallurgical flows: levitation, cold crucible, aluminium electrolysis, etc.

We present practical modelling techniques for electromagnetically agitated liquid metal flows involving dynamic change of the fluid volume and shape during melting and the free surface oscillation. Typically the electromagnetic field is strongly coupled to the free surface dynamics and the heat-mass transfer. Accurate pseudo-spectral code and the k-omega turbulence model modified for complex and transitional flows with free surfaces are used for these simulations. The considered examples include magnetic suspension melting, induction scull remelting (cold crucible), levitation and aluminium electrolysis cells. The process control and the energy savings issues are analysed.