Antarctic climate change and the environment: an update

We present an update of the "key points" from the Antarctic Climate Change and the Environment (ACCE) report that was published by the Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR) in 2009. We summarise subsequent advances in knowledge concerning how the climates of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean have changed in the past, how they might change in the future, and examine the associated impacts on the marine and terrestrial biota. We also incorporate relevant material presented by SCAR to the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meetings, and make use of emerging results that will form part of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fifth Assessment Report.

Cambridge Cemetery, Massachusetts, 1855 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the Cambridge Cemetery. It was published ca. 1855. Scale [ca. 1:356,000]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This plan of Cambridge Cemetery, Cambridge, Massachusetts, shows features such as paths, avenues, plots, names of surrounding land owners, and more. Includes illustrations. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1877 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: City of Cambridge, Mass. It was published in 1877. Scale [ca. 1:7,000].The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map is a bird's-eye view showing features such as roads, railroads, drainage, public and private buildings, schools, churches, cemeteries, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, mines, etc.), and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes also index to points of interest.This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Cambridge, England, 1574 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper view entitled: Cantebrigia : opulentissimi Angliae Regni urbs celeberrimi nominis ab Academiae conditore Cantabro cognominata a granta fluuio vicino cairgrant saxonib Grauntecestre et Grantebrige iam olim nuncupata. It was published by George Braun & Franz Hogenberg in 1584. Scale [ca. 1:3,600]. Covers Cambridge, England. Map in Latin and English. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the British National Grid coordinate system (British National Grid, Airy Spheroid OSGB (1936) Datum). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, built-up areas and selected buildings pictorially, ground cover, and more. Relief shown pictorially. Includes index. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Cambridge, England, 1574 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Oppidvm Cantebrigiae, Ric. Lyne, sculpsit. It was published by in 1574. Scale [ca. 1:3,800]. Covers University of Cambridge and surroundings. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the British National Grid coordinate system (British National Grid, Airy Spheroid OSGB (1936) Datum). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, index maps, legends, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, drainage, ground cover, pictorial buildings, and more. Relief shown pictorially. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps from The Harvard Map Collection as part of the Imaging the Urban Environment project. Maps selected for this project represent major urban areas and cities of the world, at various time periods. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features at a large scale. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates, scales, and purposes.

Charles River Basin park (proposed), Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1880 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Proposed Charles River park, engraved for C. Davenport. It was published ca. 1880. Scale [ca. 1:21,100]. Covers the Charles River Basin and surrounding portions of Boston and Cambridge, Massachusetts. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, selected public buildings, parks, and more. Includes table of areas and insets: View from the foot of Mt. Vernon St. -- [Map of Boston and vicinity]. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1838 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: A map of Cambridge, Mass., from surveys by J. Hayward. It was published by Eddy's Lithography in 1838. Scale [1:12,000]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, public buildings, schools, churches, cemeteries, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, mines, etc.), town boundaries and more. Relief is shown by hachures. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1854 (Image 1 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the city of Cambridge, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, by H.F. Walling, civil engineer ; engraved on stone by Friend & Aub. It was published by Geo. L. Dix in 1854. Scale 1:6,000. This layer is image 1 of 2 total images, representing the eastern portion of the two sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, selected public buildings (schools, university buildings, churches, etc.), selected property lots, building footprints, and names of property owners, selected businesses and industries, cemeteries, city ward boundaries, and more. Includes views of local buildings in margins. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1854 (Image 2 of 2) (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the city of Cambridge, Middlesex County, Massachusetts, by H.F. Walling, civil engineer ; engraved on stone by Friend & Aub. It was published by Geo. L. Dix in 1854. Scale 1:6,000. This layer is image 2 of 2 total images, representing the western portion of the two sheet source map. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, selected public buildings (schools, university buildings, churches, etc.), selected property lots, building footprints, and names of property owners, selected businesses and industries, cemeteries, city ward boundaries, and more. Includes views of local buildings in margins. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1865 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of the city of Cambridge for 1865, corrected & prepared by J.G. Chase, civil engineer & survr. It was published by J.H. Bufford's Lith. in 1865. Scale [1:12,672]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, public buildings, schools, churches, cemeteries, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, mines, etc.), the location of the residences of prominent citizens, town and ward boundaries and more. Relief is shown by hachures. The printed map includes manuscript annotations showing date of establishment for some streets. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1878 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Plan of Cambridge, prepared by W.A. Mason & Son, engineers & surveyors. It was published by Greenough & Co. in 1878. Scale [ca. 1:10,560]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map shows features such as roads, railroads, drainage, public buildings, schools, churches, cemeteries, industry locations (e.g. mills, factories, mines, etc.), the location of the residences of prominent citizens, town and ward boundaries and more. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Cambridgeport, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1822 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper manuscript map entitled: This plan drawn from a scale of 200 ft. to an in. : [Cambridgeport, Massachusetts], by Peter Tufts, Jr., Apr. 1822. Scale [1:2,400]. It covers the populated place Cambridgeport, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Manuscript: Pen-and-ink and watercolor on paper. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. This map is a cadastral map showing property dimensions and names of landowners. It also shows features such as streets, drainage, and more. Includes inset: [Plan showing lots in part of Cambridge]. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.

Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1841 (Raster Image)

This layer is a georeferenced raster image of the historic paper map entitled: Map of Fresh Pond : showing the division lines of the proprietors extended into the pond and defining their right to the same as decided by Simon Greenleaf & S.M. Felton, commissioners, surveyed and drawn by Geo. A. Parker. It was published by E.W. Bouvé in 1841. Scale [1:2,400]. The image inside the map neatline is georeferenced to the surface of the earth and fit to the Massachusetts State Plane Coordinate System, Mainland Zone (in Feet) (Fipszone 2001). All map collar and inset information is also available as part of the raster image, including any inset maps, profiles, statistical tables, directories, text, illustrations, or other information associated with the principal map. Cadastral map showing water rights for ice harvesting of Fresh Pond, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Shows property dimensions and areas, names of property owners, and buildings, structures, and roads surrounding pond. This layer is part of a selection of digitally scanned and georeferenced historic maps of Massachusetts from the Harvard Map Collection. These maps typically portray both natural and manmade features. The selection represents a range of regions, originators, ground condition dates (1755-1922), scales, and purposes. The digitized selection includes maps of: the state, Massachusetts counties, town surveys, coastal features, real property, parks, cemeteries, railroads, roads, public works projects, etc.