Classificação de sementes florestais quanto ao comportamento no armazenamento

Este trabalho teve como objetivos realizar um levantamento sobre a classificação de sementes de espécies florestais quanto ao comportamento durante o armazenamento e verificar a relação da classificação proposta com os grupos ecológicos das mesmas. Foram estudadas 39 espécies florestais presentes em remanescentes de matas ciliares na bacia do Alto e Médio Rio Grande, MG. A viabilidade das sementes e o grau de umidade foram obtidos para as sementes recém-beneficiadas; sementes recém-beneficiadas armazenadas em embalagem semipermeável a 5ºC durante 90 dias; e para sementes secas antes e após o armazenamento em embalagem impermeável sob temperaturas de 5ºC e -18ºC durante 90 dias. A análise estatística foi realizada comparando-se, por sobreposição, os intervalos de confiança das médias de porcentagem de germinação para cada espécie. As sementes das diferentes espécies foram classificadas como ortodoxas ou recalcitrantes durante o armazenamento. As sementes classificadas como ortodoxas são as que pertencem as espécies: Alchornea triplinervea, Anadenanthera colubrina, Aspidosperma cylindrocarpon, Aspidosperma polyneuron, Bowdichia virgilioides, Ceiba speciosa, Hymenaea courbaril, Lafoensia pacari, Lecythis pisonis, Lithraea molleoides, Maclura tinctoria, Myroxylon peruiferum, Myrsine umbellata, Rudgea viburnoides, Schinus terebinthifolius, Solanum granuloso-leprosum, Tabebuia crysotricha; e recalcitrantes as demais: Calophyllum brasiliense, Calyptranthes lucida, Cupania vernalis, Eugenia handroana, e Talauma ovata. O comportamento ortodoxo foi verificado para sementes de espécies pioneiras, clímax exigentes de luz para o crescimento da plântula e para espécies clímax tolerantes à sombra. Sementes classificadas como recalcitrantes foram encontradas para espécies clímax tolerantes à sombra e clímax exigentes de luz.

Relative effect of litter quality, forest type and their interaction on leaf decomposition in south-east Brazilian forests

Decomposition was studied in a reciprocal litter transplant experiment to examine the effects of forest type, litter quality and their interaction on leaf decomposition in four tropical forests in south-east Brazil. Litterbags were used to measure decomposition of leaves of one tree species from each forest type: Calophyllum brasiliense from restinga forest; Guapira opposita from Atlantic forest; Esenbeckia leiocarpa from semi-deciduous forest; and Copaifera langsdorffii from cerradao. Decomposition rates in rain forests (Atlantic and restinga) were twice as fast as those in seasonal forests (semi-deciduous and cerradao), suggesting that intensity and distribution of precipitation are important predictors of decomposition rates at regional scales. Decomposition rates varied by species, in the following order: E. leiocarpa > C. langsdorffii > G. opposita > C. brasiliense. However, there was no correlation between decomposition rates and chemical litter quality parameters: C:N, C:P, lignin concentration and lignin:N. The interaction between forest type and litter quality was positive mainly because C. langsdorffii decomposed faster than expected in its native forest. This is a potential indication of a decomposer`s adaptation to specific substrates in a tropical forest. These findings suggest that besides climate, interactions between decomposers and plants might play an essential role in decomposition processes and it must be better understood.

Esterco bovino e calagem para formação de mudas de guanandi

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, em casa de vegetação, os efeitos de doses de esterco bovino e de calcário na formação de mudas de guanandi (Calophyllum brasiliense Cambèss.). Foram avaliadas quatro doses de cada fator, combinadas em esquema fatorial 4x4. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente ao acaso com quatro repetições, e cada parcela continha cinco mudas. O substrato foi formado pela mistura, em volume, de oito partes de subsolo e duas partes de areia, e doses de esterco correspondentes a 0, 2, 4 e 6 partes que, em massa, equivalem a 0, 101, 175 e 229 kg m-3. As doses de calcário foram calculadas para elevar a saturação por bases (V%) a 20, 35, 50 e 65%. Aos 120 dias, foram avaliados: altura, diâmetro do colo, número de folhas, área foliar e matéria seca das partes aérea e radicular das mudas. em substrato constituído de subsolo+areia, a calagem e a adubação com esterco bovino não são necessárias para produção de mudas de guanandi.

Composição florística e estrutura fitossociológica de dois fragmentos de floresta de restinga no Município de Bertioga, SP, Brasil

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)

Caracterização florística e fitossociológica do componente arbustivo-arbóreo de uma floresta paludosa no Município de Rio Claro (SP), Brasil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Floristic relationships among inland swamp forests of Southeastern and Central-Western Brazil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Relação entre heterogeneidade ambiental e distribuição de espécies em uma floresta paludosa no Município de Cristais Paulista, SP, Brasil

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Distribuição, tamanho populacional, hábitat e conservação do bicudinho-do-brejo Stymphalornis acutirostris Bornschein, Reinert e Teixeira, 1995 (Thamnophilidae)

The Marsh Antwren (Stymphalornis acutirostris) is restricted to the lowlands between Antonina Bay, in the coastal plain of the state of Paraná, and Itapocu river, in the northern coastal plain of the state of Santa Catarina (from 0 to c. 5 m a.s.l.). It doesn't occur continuously in this region, being found in eight populations that span over an total area of about 6,060 ha (= area of occupancy; 4,856.67 in Paraná and c. 1,200 in Santa Catarina). Nine habitat types used by the Marsh Antwren were defined, based on vegetation physiognomy, localization, dominancy of botanical species, dominant life-form and history of the region. Five of these are herbaceous (marshes), while four have an upper arboreal stratum and an herbaceous lower stratum with marsh plants. According to the classification criteria of the Brazilian vegetation proposed by the Radambrasil Project, they were classified as Pioneering Formation of Fluvial Influence, Pioneering Formation of Fluvial-marine Influence, and/or Pioneering Formation of Lacustrine Influence. They occur as patches or narrow strips ranging from 0.001 to 203.0 ha in the state of Paraná. They are found mainly in the interior of bays, in the lower courses of rivers that drain into bays, in alluvial plains, and between sand dunes in the coastal plain. Characteristic herbaceous species are cattail (Typha domingensis), bulrush (Scirpus californicus), Crinum salsum, Panicum sp. cf. P. mertensii, saw grass (Cladium mariscus) and Fuirena spp. Hibiscus pernambucensis is the characteristic bush species, and Calophyllum brasiliense, Tabebuia cassinoides, Annona glabra and Laguncularia racemosa are the characteristic arboreal species. The Marsh Antwren lives in herbaceous vegetation, but also uses bushes and branches of small tress. It has low flight capacity and a single flight of more than 25 m was never recorded. Territories of 0.25 ha were estimated in one kind of habitat (tidal marsh) (= 8 individuals per hectare) and of 3.2 ha in another one (saw grass marsh) (= 0.62 individual per hectare). The global population estimate is of about 17,700 mature individuals (13,700 in Paraná and 4,000 in Santa Catarina). The species is really under threat of extinction, mainly because of it's restricted geographical distribution and habitat loss by human activities and biological contamination caused by invasion of exotic grasses (Urochloa arrecta and Brachiaria mutica).

Esterco de bovino e calcário para formação de mudas de guanandi

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)

Manejo hídrico sobre o desenvolvimento e a qualidade de mudas florestais nativas em ambientes protegidos

Pós-graduação em Ciência Florestal - FCA

Doses de nitrogênio no crescimento inicial e nutrição de plantas de guanandi

Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)

Dinâmica da vegetação de uma floresta paludosa no município de Rio Claro - SP

Swamp forests, are laid down in the lowlands, with almost permanent presence of water on the soil surface and generally occupy portions fairly flat. In 2003 a phytosociological survey was conducted of the tree and shrub component of a swamp forest established on a steep slope in Rio Claro - SP, through the use of 45 permanent plots of 10 mx 10 m (0.45 ha) divided into three blocks: 1, 2 and 3. The present study aimed to review these plots and discuss the dynamics of vegetation in the swamp forest in question period of eight years. Altogether 1529 individuals were found alive, belonging to 29 families and 47 species. It can be observed that there was a decrease of one family (Flacourtiaceae) and two species (Xylosma tweediana, Inga marginata) in relation to 2003. In general there was a loss not only in number of individuals, but basal area and species diversity. The Block 1 was the only one to show a positive balance in terms of numbers of individuals (2.75%); in Block 2, there was little variation (1.72%) which is negative; whereas Block 3 had the largest decrease, 19.18%. The mortality rate (2.74% / year) for the community remained higher than the recruitment (1.81% / year). There was a decrease (3.19%) of total basal area of the sample relative to 2003, with the highest relative dominance by Calophyllum brasiliense. The decline in diversity of species could be evidenced by the Shannon index, which was 2.0 nats.individual-1 and evenness of 0.52. The most important species (IVI) were Euterpe edulis, Calophyllum brasiliense and Magnolia ovata, together accounting for 59% of IVI community. High mortality and low recruitment rates indicate disturbances in the community, some factors such as proximity to roads, the different soil types associated with a high rate of water saturation and the declivity are crucial to the balance within the community

Measurement of the natural variation of 13C:12C ratio in leaves at Reserva Ducke Forest, central Amazonia

Investigation of carbon isotope fractionation by plants was carried out at two sub-areas located in Reserva Ducke, central Amazonia: open reserve (virgin forest with low density of plant species); and closed reserve (virgin forest with high density of plant species). Preliminary results (δ‰ 13C: 12C values, PDB) of leaf analysis at different plant heights indicate the following: Eschweilera matamata Hub. (Lecythidaceae), common name 'matamata', -31.55±0.61; Protium heptaplyllum March. (Burseraceae), common name 'breu branco', -32.34±1.39; Calophyllum brasiliense Camb. (Guttiferae), common name 'jacareúba', -30.72±0.23; Scleronema micrantthum Ducke. (Bombacaceae), common name 'cardeiro'. -28.81±0.68; and Carapa guianensis Aubl. (Meliaceae), common name 'andiroba', -31.07±0.51. It is possible that the plant species analysed belong to the C3 photosynthetic cycle. In general, the species in the open reserve show differences of the order of 1.66±0.34‰ (greater in 13C) as compared with the same species in the closed reserve. The old leaves show differences in the relative isotopic enrichment (δ) of the order of 1‰, being smaller in new leaves in both reserves. The probable occurrence of an isotopic gradient from the lower (2-5 m) to the upper part (15-20 m) of the plant, of the order of 1.3‰, smaller in 13C, in species from the dense forest was noted. However, only two plants from each species were analysed during a two-year period, data obtained to far are still preliminary, and results should, therefore, be revised. Moreover, according to the literature, the natural carbon isotope fractionation by plants shows metabolic, physiological and environmental dependence. © 1991.

Contribution of woody habitat islands to the conservation of birds and their potential ecosystem services in an extensive Colombian rangeland

The conservation of birds and their habitats is essential to maintain well-functioning ecosystems including human-dominated habitats. In simplified or homogenized landscapes, patches of natural and semi-natural habitat are essential for the survival of plant and animal populations. We compared species composition and diversity of trees and birds between gallery forests, tree islands and hedges in a Colombian savanna landscape to assess how fragmented woody plant communities affect forest bird communities and how differences in habitat characteristics influenced bird species traits and their potential ecosystem function. Bird and tree diversity was higher in forests than in tree islands and hedges. Soil depth influenced woody species distribution, and canopy cover and tree height determined bird species distribution, resulting in plant and bird communities that mainly differed between forest and non-forest habitat. Bird and tree species and traits widely co-varied. Bird species in tree islands and hedges were on average smaller, less specialized to habitat and more tolerant to disturbance than in forest, but dietary differences did not emerge. Despite being less complex and diverse than forests, hedges and tree islands significantly contribute to the conservation of forest biodiversity in the savanna matrix. Forest fragments remain essential for the conservation of forest specialists, but hedges and tree islands facilitate spillover of more tolerant forest birds and their ecological functions such as seed dispersal from forest to the savanna matrix.