Estimación de la correlación entre el modulo de rotura y la resistencia a la compresión de concreto hidráulico para pavimentos

60 p.

Análisis de factores de pago para estructuras de pavimento flexible en tres regiones del territorio nacional por medio del uso de la metodología del FDOT (Florida Departament of Transportation)

71 p.

Activación alcalina para mezclas secas

44 p.

Estudio sobre la durabilidad de los nuevos tipos de cemento para la evaluación del comportamiento de morteros y hormigones frente a la agresión química de los sulfatos y del agua de mar

Esta investigación ha sido desarrollada para analizar la influencia de las características específicas de los nuevos cementos en el comportamiento expansivo originado durante cinco años por el ataque externo por sulfatos o agua de mar, y para estudiar la validez de diversos métodos de ensayo aplicables para evaluar la resistencia de los conglomerantes a los sulfatos o al agua de mar. Se han determinado las características químicas y mecánicas de los quince cementos seleccionados en el estudio (su contenido de yeso, tipo y cantidad de adiciones, contenidos de C3A y C4AF) para examinar la relación entre estos parámetros y su durabilidad frente al ataque por sulfatos. Se han llevado a cabo ensayos para evaluar la resistencia a sulfatos sobre probetas de mortero fabricadas con los quince cementos comunes seleccionados de muy distintos tipos, la mayoría de ellos resistentes a sulfatos conforme a la norma UNE-EN 197-1. Por cada tipo de cemento se fabricaron probetas de mortero para la realización de ensayos acelerados usando Na2SO4 como medio agresivo según la norma ASTM C 1012 manteniendo esas condiciones de exposición durante dos años. En paralelo se fabricaron otras series de probetas idénticas, que fueron conservadas en agua de mar y en agua saturada en cal (como patrón de un medio no agresivo) durante el mismo plazo. Adicionalmente estos cementos fueron evaluados conforme a los procedimientos de ensayo acelerado de la norma ASTM C 452 y del ensayo de Koch y Steinegger. También se fabricaron otras series de probetas de 40x40x160 mm (adoptando una relación a/c=0,5 y la composición arena:cemento definida en la norma UNE-EN 196-1). Durante cinco años de exposición en las tres condiciones de conservación establecidas (sulfatos, agua de mar y agua patrón) se han efectuado ensayos para determinar la resistencia a compresión y el deterioro superficial de las probetas de mortero. Ninguno de los conglomerantes fue mezclado inicialmente con yeso para acelerar el ataque ni se establecieron otras condiciones no realísticas en la fabricación de los morteros Se ha analizado el comportamiento durable de los cementos tanto frente al ataque por sulfatos como por agua de mar. Para la evaluación se han tomado en consideración las variaciones de contenido en C3A, los tipos y proporciones de los constituyentes (adiciones puzolánicas, escorias de horno alto, caliza …) con el mismo tipo de clínker en algunos casos. Se ha procedido a evaluar la validez de los límites de aceptación establecidos en cada uno de los ensayos acelerados para determinar la resistencia a sulfatos y valorar su idoneidad en los nuevos cementos, y se ha propuesto un método de ensayo acelerado recomendable para discriminar cementos resistentes y no resistentes a sulfatos. A la edad final de los tres tipos de exposición han sido correlacionados los parámetros relativos a la degradación superficial, pérdida de resistencia y expansión lineal de las probetas con las características de los cementos y los productos expansivos analizados mediante difracción de rayos X, con objeto de poder redefinir las características recomendables exigibles a los cementos resistentes a sulfatos o al agua de mar. Experimental research has been performed to relate specific cement characteristics to expansion due to sulfate or sea water attack during five years, and to study different test methods suitability for sulfate and marine resistance. Chemical and mechanical characteristics were studied to determine the variation in properties of selected cements (SO3 content, type and amount of additions, C3A, and C4AF content) and examine relationships between these characteristics and the results of sulfate resistance. Sulfate resistance testing have been performed on mortar specimens prepared from fifteen cement types of statistically diverse chemical composition, most of them with sulfate resistant properties according to European standard EN 197-1 Mortar specimens testing using Na2SO4 as the aggressive medium according to ASTM C 1012 was performed using each cement; identical specimens were also stored in sea water, and in lime saturated water (blank condition), up to two years age. Additionally these cements were tested conforming to ASTM C 452 and Koch and Steinegger test. Mortar specimens of 40x40x160 mm were also moulded (with w/c ratio and cement:sand composition of EN 196-1). Compressive strength of these mortar specimens have been tested during five years of immersion in a sulfate solution and also in seawater (and in lime saturated water, as a blank condition), and external damage and have been analyzed. None of the prepared mortars was blended with gypsum or any other nonrealistic condition. Durability behaviour in sulfate resistant common cements conforming to EN 197-1 exposed to sulfate attack was evaluated, and also the correlation between sulfate resistance and seawater resistance has been studied. Different C3A contents, variable types and proportioning of constituents (limestone, pozzolanic additions, blastfurnace slag ...) with or without the same clinker type were investigated. Recommended acceptance limits for sulfate resistance of cements concerning to each used test method were evaluated in order to explore their suitability. A new accelerated method has been recommended to provide a meaningful discrimination between sulfate resistant or non-sulfate resistant cements. Relationships between cement characteristics, degradation, expansive products obtained by X-ray diffraction techniques, strength loss and maximum expansion after applied storage treatments, were correlated at final age, to redefine cement characteristics for sulfate resistant and marine resistant Portland cement.

Enabling Sensor* Interoperability, Portland, Maine, October 16-18 2006: workshop proceedings

The ACT workshop "Enabling Sensor Interoperability" addressed the need for protocols at the hardware, firmware, and higher levels in order to attain instrument interoperability within and between ocean observing systems. For the purpose of the workshop, participants spoke in tern of "instruments" rather than "sensors," defining an instrument as a device that contains one or more sensors or actuators and can convert signals from analog to digital. An increase in the abundance, variety, and complexity of instruments and observing systems suggests that effective standards would greatly improve "plug-and-work" capabilities. However, there are few standards or standards bodies that currently address instrument interoperability and configuration. Instrument interoperability issues span the length and breadth of these systems, from the measurement to the end user, including middleware services. There are three major components of instrument interoperability including physical, communication, and application/control layers. Participants identified the essential issues, current obstacles, and enabling technologies and standards, then came up with a series of short and long term solutions. The top three recommended actions, deemed achievable within 6 months of the release of this report are: A list of recommendations for enabling instrument interoperability should be put together and distributed to instrument developers. A recommendation for funding sources to achieve instrument interoperability should be drafted. Funding should be provided (for example through NOPP or an IOOS request for proposals) to develop and demonstrate instrument interoperability technologies involving instrument manufacturers, observing system operators, and cyberinfrastructure groups. Program managers should be identified and made to understand that milestones for achieving instrument interoperability include a) selection of a methodology for uniquely identifying an instrument, b) development of a common protocol for automatic instrument discovery, c) agreement on uniform methods for measurements, d) enablement of end user controlled power cycling, and e) implementation of a registry component for IDS and attributes. The top three recommended actions, deemed achievable within S years of the release of this report are: An ocean observing interoperability standards body should be established that addresses standards for a) metadata, b) commands, c) protocols, d) processes, e) exclusivity, and f) naming authorities.[PDF contains 48 pages]

Technologies for Measuring Currents in Coastal Environments, Portland, Maine, October 26-28, 2005:workshop proceedings

The Alliance for Coastal Technologies (ACT) Workshop entitled "Technologies for Measuring Currents in Coastal Environments" was held in Portland, Maine, October 26-28, 2005, with sponsorship by the Gulf of Maine Ocean Observing System (GoMOOS), an ACT partner organization. The primary goals of the event were to summarize recent trends in nearshore research and management applications for current meter technologies, identify how current meters can assist coastal managers to fulfill their regulatory and management objectives, and to recommend actions to overcome barriers to use of the technologies. The workshop was attended by 25 participants representing state and federal environmental management agencies, manufacturers of current meter technologies, and researchers from academic institutions and private industry. Common themes that were discussed during the workshop included 1) advantages and limitations of existing current measuring equipment, 2) reliability and ease of use with each instrument type, 3) data decoding and interpretation procedures, and 4) mechanisms to facilitate better training and guidance to a broad user group. Seven key recommendations, which were ranked in order of importance during the last day of the workshop are listed below. 1. Forums should be developed to facilitate the exchange of information among users and industry: a) On-line forums that not only provide information on specific instruments and technologies, but also provide an avenue for the exchange of user experiences with various instruments (i.e. problems encountered, cautions, tips, advantages, etc). (see References for manufacturer websites with links to application and technical forums at end of report) b) Regional training/meetings for operational managers to exchange ideas on methods for measuring currents and evaluating data. c) Organize mini-meetings or tutorial sessions within larger conference venues. 2. A committee of major stakeholders should be convened to develop common standards (similar to the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) committee) that enable users to switch sensors without losing software or display capabilities. (pdf contains 28 pages)

Long-Term Evolution Of Delayed Ettringite And Gypsum In Portland Cement Mortars Under Sulfate Erosion

The magnitude evolution of ettringite and gypsum in hydrated Portland cement mortars due to sulfate attack was detected by X-ray powder diffraction. The influences of sulfate concentration and water-to-cement ratio on the evolution of ettringite and gypsum were investigated. Experimental results show that the magnitude of ettringite formation in sodium sulfate solution follows a three-stage process, namely, the 'penetration period', 'enhance period of strength', and 'macro-crack period'. The cracking of concrete materials is mainly attributed to the effect of ettringite. The gypsum formations occurred in two stages, the 'latent period' and the 'accelerated period'. The gypsum formation including ettringite formation was relative to the linear expansion of mortars to some extend. Both water-to-cement ratio and sulfate concentration play important roles in the evolution of ettringite and gypsum. (C) 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

At sea and in port, or, Life and experience of William S. Fletcher : for thirty years seaman's missionary in Portland, Oregon / compiled from his journal and other authentic sources by H.K. Hines ; with an introduction by Earl Cranston.

http://www.archive.org/details/atseandinportorl00hineiala

A preliminary investigation of the in vitro bioactivity of white Portland cement

Freshly-mixed and partially-cured ordinary Portland cement (OPC) pastes have been shown to exhibit good biological compatibility with a range of cells and tissue-types; particularly those associated with bone formation. Formulations based on OPC have been used as dental restoratives and are now being investigated for their potential use in orthopaedic repair. Despite the current clinical interest in OPCs, very little is known about their chemistry in the physiological environment. In this respect, research to investigate aspects of the interactions between a white Portland cement (WPC) paste and simulated body fluid (SBF) has been carried out in vitro. Exposure to SBF has been found to promote the precipitation of a layer of 'bone-like' hydroxyapatite on the surface of WPC paste which underpins its ability to integrate with living tissue. The dissolution of portlandite and formation of calcite were also observed on contact with SBF.