Medição de desempenho na cadeia de suprimentos da energia eólica: proposta de um conjunto de indicadores de desempenho

Performance measurement in highly competitive markets is a necessary measure for those who aim the top positions. The business performance measurement approach have reached relevant results in the literature, however, a different approach has recently appeared that broadened the perception of competition, where companies do not seek the competition among companies only, but also among supply chains. Brazilian Wind energy supply chain is living a structuring and expanding moment, with the major global players in the industry making investments in the country. This research aims to answer which are the key performance indicators that must be considered by the Brazilian wind energy sector companies, which are part in a broad perspective of supply chain competition. The research was executed in two steps: exploratory (literature review and a field research in the companies) and later a survey was conducted with the Brazilian Wind energy companies workers with the purpose to validate the performance indicators found in the exploratory step. The survey evaluated 40 performance indicators distributed among five major activities: Project prospection, building/execution, operation and maintenance, logistics and transverse processes, which summarize the performance of the entire supply chain, pointing the sinergy and the competitive level of the supply chain. The selected performance indicators reflect the high relevance of the costs dimension in the Brazilian energy companies performance, acting as a key performance indicator, is also indicates the limited performance management integration throughout the Brazilian wind energy supply chain

Desenvolvimento de um sistema de indicadores de desempenho para empreendimentos em construção civil, utilizando a abordagem macroergonômica

This paper presents the validation of the Performance Indicator System for Projects under Construction - SIDECC. The goal was to develop a system of performance indicators from the macroergonômica approach, considering criteria of usefulness, practicality and applicability and the concept of continuous improvement in the construction industry. The validation process SIDECC consisted of three distinct models. Modeling I corresponded to the theoretical development and validation of a system of indicators. Modeling II concerns the development and validation of multi- indicator system. For this modeling, we used the Mother of Use and Importance and Multivariate Analysis. Modeling III corresponded to the validation situated, which consisted of a case study of a work of construction of buildings, which were applied and analyzed the results of modeling II. This work resulted in the development of an applied and tested for the construction of an integrated system of performance indicators methodology, involving aspects of production, quality, environmental, health and safety. It is inferred that the SIDECC can be applied, in full or in part, the construction companies as a whole, as well as in other economic sectors

Transição para um novo centro de distribuição logístico em uma indústria de confecção

In a highly competitive environment for manufacturers and retailers in the garment sector, flexible solutions for warehousing, distribution and exhibition of products directly influence the cost and responsiveness to market demands. This work refers to a Textile/Clothing, which undergoes a process of restructuring and growth, where we evaluated the need for professionalism in all its processes, so that the high demands were met in a sales perennial. Thus, this study aims to identify and analyze possible improvements in the process of transition from a logistics/manufacturing force in a Textile/Clothing in existence since 1998, located in São Paulo, a framework for a new logistics Center Distribution Logistics. The theoretical basis of the research literature addresses as Distribution Center and its basic functions, layout and performance indicators. As result it was mapped the current logistics processes, contributing directly to the development of the layout of the new Distribution Center. Have also been established KPI,s ( Key Performance Indicator) and Logistics Performance Indicators showing the actual process performance, helping professionals in make decisions

Melhorias dos processos no setor de expedição em uma transportadora de cargas fracionadas

The transport market has forced organizations reduce the cost of services and processes, resulting from the highly competitive and, for such waste at all levels and processes are a focus of study for its elimination. This study refers to carrier fractional loads, located in the municipality of Itapecerica da Serra Layout and headquartered in São Paulo, which requires a rapid development throughout its structure, because its expansion was not accompanied by an evolution of effective processes. The need to increase efficiency in delivery with a reduced cost of transport forced the company to hire a logistics consulting to help identify potential bottlenecks in processes, suggest improvements with greater impact and implementation at the end of a critical analysis of results. This work focuses on the Layout of the warehouse shipping area of this organization and we used the method of action research to the consultant and involved could reach this conclusion collaboratively, as well as interviews with those involved in the process and also visual observation. Tools such as Key Performance Indicator, Mapping Workflow, Analytic Hierarchy Process, Applied Statistics and Standard Operating Procedure were used to assist in the identification, analysis and implementation of the proposed improvements

Gestão energética nos setores transversais para redução do consumo de energia em uma empresa automobilística

Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção - FEG

Development of advanced tools and methods for the assessment and management of risk due to atypical major accident scenarios

Proper hazard identification has become progressively more difficult to achieve, as witnessed by several major accidents that took place in Europe, such as the Ammonium Nitrate explosion at Toulouse (2001) and the vapour cloud explosion at Buncefield (2005), whose accident scenarios were not considered by their site safety case. Furthermore, the rapid renewal in the industrial technology has brought about the need to upgrade hazard identification methodologies. Accident scenarios of emerging technologies, which are not still properly identified, may remain unidentified until they take place for the first time. The consideration of atypical scenarios deviating from normal expectations of unwanted events or worst case reference scenarios is thus extremely challenging. A specific method named Dynamic Procedure for Atypical Scenarios Identification (DyPASI) was developed as a complementary tool to bow-tie identification techniques. The main aim of the methodology is to provide an easier but comprehensive hazard identification of the industrial process analysed, by systematizing information from early signals of risk related to past events, near misses and inherent studies. DyPASI was validated on the two examples of new and emerging technologies: Liquefied Natural Gas regasification and Carbon Capture and Storage. The study broadened the knowledge on the related emerging risks and, at the same time, demonstrated that DyPASI is a valuable tool to obtain a complete and updated overview of potential hazards. Moreover, in order to tackle underlying accident causes of atypical events, three methods for the development of early warning indicators were assessed: the Resilience-based Early Warning Indicator (REWI) method, the Dual Assurance method and the Emerging Risk Key Performance Indicator method. REWI was found to be the most complementary and effective of the three, demonstrating that its synergy with DyPASI would be an adequate strategy to improve hazard identification methodologies towards the capture of atypical accident scenarios.

Kriterien effizienter Informationsverarbeitung als Prädiktoren des Karriereerfolgs

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit Kriterien effizienter und flexibler Informationsverarbeitung und deren Auswirkungen auf den Karriereerfolg. Die Kriterien Interferenz, Interferenz unter der negativen Priming-Bedingung und die Spontanflexibilität wurden in drei aufeinander aufbauenden Studien untersucht. Die Interferenzindices wurden mit einer modifizierten Form des Stroop-Tests erhoben, und das Konstrukt der Spontanflexibilität wurde mit der Gauß-Aufgabe, der Wasserumschüttaufgabe, dem Wortgruppentest und der Anagramm-Aufgabe operationalisiert. Bei diesen Aufgaben wurde eine Lösungsstrategie vorgegeben, aber es gab zusätzlich eine effizientere Lösungsstrategie, die während der Bearbeitung der Einzelaufgaben immer offensichtlicher wurde. Da die einzelnen Aufgaben nicht signifikant miteinander korrelierten, wurde im Rahmen einer Nachuntersuchung die Reliabilität über Parallelaufgaben geprüft. Für die Diagnose von Gruppenunterschieden erwiesen sich die Indikatoren der Spontanflexibilität als hinreichend reliabel. Die Wortdarbietungszeiten der Interferenzindices waren hochreliabel. Zwischen den Interferenzindices zeigte sich ein starker positiver Zusammenhang. Zur Validierung der Aufgaben wurden Beurteilungen über die berufliche Leistung der Versuchsteilnehmer herangezogen. Zwischen den einzelnen Beurteilungskriterien zeigten sich hohe Zusammenhänge. Die Gauß-Aufgabe korrelierte mit einem Beurteilungskriterium, dessen Verhaltensbeschreibungen sehr gut mit der Definition der Spontanflexibilität übereinstimmten. Die Wasserumschüttaufgabe korrelierte mit einem Beurteilungskriterium, welches eher eine durch die Situation herausgeforderte Flexibilität widerspiegelt. Die Interferenzindikatoren korrelierten mit Beurteilungskriterien, die zum einen die Fähigkeit zum Aufbauen von professionellen Beziehungen und zum anderen die Effizienz und den Qualitätsstandard eines Mitarbeiters bewerteten. Aufgrund der replizierten Zusammenhänge kann davon ausgegangen werden, dass die Interferenz, die Interferenz unter der negativen Priming-Bedingung, die Spontanflexibilität und die herausgeforderte Flexibilität Einfluss auf den Karriereerfolg eines Mitarbeiters nehmen. Aus diesem Grund bieten sich im Bereich der Arbeits- und Organisationspsychologie vielversprechende Einsatzmöglichkeiten für die in dieser Untersuchung entwickelten Tests an.

Development and simultaneous application of multiple care protocols in critical care: a multicenter feasibility study

OBJECTIVE: To test the feasibility of and interactions among three software-driven critical care protocols. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Intensive care units in six European and American university hospitals. PATIENTS: 174 cardiac surgery and 41 septic patients. INTERVENTIONS: Application of software-driven protocols for cardiovascular management, sedation, and weaning during the first 7 days of intensive care. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: All protocols were used simultaneously in 85% of the cardiac surgery and 44% of the septic patients, and any one of the protocols was used for 73 and 44% of study duration, respectively. Protocol use was discontinued in 12% of patients by the treating clinician and in 6% for technical/administrative reasons. The number of protocol steps per unit of time was similar in the two diagnostic groups (n.s. for all protocols). Initial hemodynamic stability (a protocol target) was achieved in 26+/-18 min (mean+/-SD) in cardiac surgery and in 24+/-18 min in septic patients. Sedation targets were reached in 2.4+/-0.2h in cardiac surgery and in 3.6 +/-0.2h in septic patients. Weaning protocol was started in 164 (94%; 154 extubated) cardiac surgery and in 25 (60%; 9 extubated) septic patients. The median (interquartile range) time from starting weaning to extubation (a protocol target) was 89 min (range 44-154 min) for the cardiac surgery patients and 96 min (range 56-205 min) for the septic patients. CONCLUSIONS: Multiple software-driven treatment protocols can be simultaneously applied with high acceptance and rapid achievement of primary treatment goals. Time to reach these primary goals may provide a performance indicator.

Decision-usefulness of ideal cost- and ideal value accounting for valuation and stewardship

This paper contrasts the decision-usefulness of prototype accounting regimes based on perfect accounting for value, i.e. ideal value accounting (IVA), and perfect matching of cost, i.e. ideal cost accounting (ICA). The regimes are analyzed in the context of a firm with overlapping capacity investments where projects earn excess returns and residual income is utilized as performance indicator. Provided that IVA and ICA systematically differ based on the criterion of unconditional conservatism, we assess their respective decision-usefulness for different valuation- and stewardship-scenarios. Assuming that addressees solely observe current accounting data of the firm, ICA provides information which is useful for valuation and stewardship without reservation whereas IVA entails problems under specific assumptions.

Criterios de optimización de los incentivos en contratos de concesión ligados a indicadores de calidad de servicio para firmes bituminosos

Actualmente se está empezando a consolidar una nueva forma de gestionar la conservación y mantenimiento de la red viaria de las Administraciones Públicas, basándose en contratos de colaboración público-privadas (PPP). Las motivaciones que están provocando este movimiento son de diversa índole. Por un lado, en el seno de la Unión Europea, existen serias restricciones presupuestarias debido al alto endeudamiento del sector público, lo que está llevando a buscar la forma óptima de disminuir el endeudamiento público, sin dejar de prestar servicios a la sociedad como la conservación y mantenimiento de las redes viarias. Por esta vertiente, se trata de convertir contratos convencionales de conservación viaria a esquemas de colaboración público-privada, donde se transferiría al sector privado el riesgo de disponibilidad de la vía mediante el uso de indicadores de calidad y servicio. Con esta transferencia de riesgo, junto con la transferencia del riesgo de demanda/construcción, no consolidaría la deuda de la sociedad de propósito específico constituida para la gestión del contrato de colaboración público-privada dentro de las cuentas públicas, con lo que se conseguiría no aumentar el déficit público, permitiendo continuar ofreciendo el servicio demandado por la sociedad. Por otro lado, la segunda motivación del desarrollo de este tipo de contratos, no tan economicista como la anterior y más enfocada a la gestión, se trata de utilizar los contratos de gestión basados en el uso de indicadores de calidad de servicio para mejorar las prestaciones de la red viaria competencia de una Administración. Con el uso de estos indicadores, el gestor tiene una herramienta muy útil para controlar la actividad del sector privado y asegurar que se ofrece un buen servicio. En la presente tesis, la investigación se ha centrado más en la vertiente de los indicadores de calidad relacionados con la gestión eficiente de las vías objeto de conservación y mantenimiento mediante el empleo de contratos de gestión privada que utilicen este tipo de herramientas de control, monitorización y gestión. En una primera parte, la presente tesis estudia el estado de la red de carreteras, referido principalmente a España, comparando su estado con el resto de redes de carreteras de Europa, detectando las principales carencias de la misma, sobre todo en cuanto a la gestión y conservación de firmes. En un segundo bloque, la tesis analiza el estado del arte de los nuevos procedimientos de gestión de la conservación y mantenimiento basados en indicadores de calidad del servicio en el mundo, destacándose que se trata de un tema relativamente reciente, con gran interés para el sector de la gestión y financiación de infraestructuras viarias. Al ser tan novedoso, por la falta de experiencias previas, las distintas Administración, tanto propias como foráneas, han pecado de un exceso de celo a la hora de establecer los umbrales sobre los que giran los distintos indicadores de calidad de servicio que permiten controlar la gestión de la conservación y mantenimiento de la vía. Partiendo de la labor de análisis descrita, la tesis realiza una investigación más detallada de los indicadores de calidad de servicio correspondientes a firmes bituminosos, debido a que estos indicadores son los más delicados y decisivos a la hora de realizar una correcta gestión de la vía a largo plazo. Dentro de los indicadores de firmes bituminosos, se ha realizado un modelo específico de evolución de comportamiento a lo largo del tiempo de la regularidad superficial, parámetro básico para numerosas Administraciones y organismos investigadores para poder conocer la evolución de un firme a lo largo del tiempo. A esta metodología se le ha dado el nombre de Modelo JRB para evaluar la racionalidad económica de indicadores de calidad asociados a parámetros de firmes. El modelo propuesto básicamente evalúa el valor óptimo desde la perspectiva económica que ha de tener el parámetro técnico que defina alguna propiedad del firme, aplicado a la definición de los indicadores de calidad de servicio. Esta visión del valor umbral del indicador deja a un lado consideraciones de equidad o de cualquier otra índole, basándose más en una visión económica. La metodología del Modelo JRB se puede aplicar a cualquier indicador de calidad relacionado con firmes, ya que lo que se obtiene es el valor óptimo económico que debería tener el umbral del indicador de calidad. El Modelo JRB consta de varias fases. En las primeras etapas el Modelo realiza el cálculo de los costes totales de transporte utilizando como herramienta el software HDM-IV desarrollado por el Banco Mundial. En etapas posteriores, el Modelo realiza análisis de sensibilidad para distintas propuestas de sección de firme, intensidades de tráfico y restricciones al parámetro técnico que define el indicador de calidad de servicio. Como ejercicio práctico de cara a contrastar la metodología del Modelo JRB se ha realizado un Caso de Estudio. Se ha tomado un tramo teórico, con características similares a la red de carreteras española, y con una flota vehicular similar a la española, donde se ha elegido como indicador de calidad la regularidad superficial (IRI). Con las sensibilidades realizadas con el Modelo JRB, se ha determinado el rango de valores que debería tener un indicador de calidad basado en el IRI para que dichos valores fueran óptimos desde la perspectiva económica Nowadays is becoming a new way to manage O&M (operation and maintenance) in public road networks, based on PPP contracts (public-private partnership). There are several issues which are driving this trend. On the one hand, EU (European Union) has serious budgetary constraints due to the high public sector borrowing. EU politicians are looking for the best way to reduce public debt, keeping services to society such as O&M of road networks. For this aspect, conventional O&M contracts are switching to PPP scenarios, where availability risk would be transfer to private sector using PI (performance indicators), along with demand risk transfer With this risk transference, along with the transfer of demand/construction risk, SPV (specific purpose vehicle) debt doesn’t consolidate in public accounts, so deficit wouldn’t increase, allowing the continuation of services demanded by society. On the other hand, the second motivation for developing this kind of contracts, not so economist as above and more focused to management, it is about using O&M contracts based on the use of PI to improve road network maintenance. Using these indicators, manager has a very useful tool to monitor private sector activity and ensure that it is provided a good service. In this thesis, the research has been focused on PI quality aspect, related with efficient management of PPP contracts for roads, which use these tools for control, monitoring and management. In the first part, this thesis examines the state of road network, based mainly in Spain, comparing with other road networks in Europe, identifying the main gaps in it, especially with regard to the management and maintenance of pavements. In a second block, the thesis analyzes the state of art of new O&M contracts based on PI in the world, emphasizing that they are relatively recent. These kinds of contracts have a great interest in road management and financing sector. Administrations all around the world have launch tenders with very exigent PI thresholds due to several factors: this knowledge is a new area, the lack of previous experiences and the variety of Administrations which have bid these contracts. Building on the described analysis, thesis develops a more detailed research about PI for bituminous pavements, because these PI are the most delicate and decisive in making a proper long term road management. Among bituminous pavements PI, IRI (International Roughness Index) has been analyzed with more detail and has been developed a specific model of behaviour evolution over time for evenness (IRI), basic parameter for many administrations and research departments in order to know the evolution of a pavement over time. This methodology has been given the name of JRB Model to evaluate the economic rationality of performance indicators associated with pavements parameters. The proposed model basically evaluates the optimal value from an economic perspective it must have the technical parameter which defines some pavement characteristic applied to the definition of performance indicators. This point of view of indicator value threshold sets aside justice considerations or otherwise, based more on an economic perspective. JRB Model methodology can be applied to any performance indicator associated to pavements, because what you get is the economic optimum threshold should have the performance indicator. JRB Model consists of several phases. In the early stages, the Model calculates transport total cost using HDM-IV software, developed by the World Bank, as a tool. In later stages, the Model performs sensitivity analyzes for different pavement section, AADT and restrictions to the technical parameter which defines the performance indicator. As a practical exercise to test JRB Model methodology, it has done a Case Study. It has taken a theoretical section, with similar characteristics to Spanish road network, and a vehicles fleet similar to Spanish. Evenness (IRI) was chosen as a performance indicator. JRB Model calculated some sensitivities, which were useful to determined thresholds range for pavement performance indicators based on IRI to be optimal from an economic perspective.

Sobre los aeropuertos verdes: marco para la evaluación ambiental suficiente de una construcción bajo interpretación transversal

En el estudio buscamos caracterizar el análisis de la SOSTENIBILIDAD (Suficiencia) del CICLO DE VIDA de una INFRAESTRUCTURA AEROPORTUARIA centrándonos en la evaluación de los aspectos SOCIALES (de forma Interdisciplinaria o Transversal) que le afectan y considerando todos los AGENTES involucrados (ingenieros/ operadores/ mantenedores/ usuarios/ stakeholders/ etc.). La complejidad de las interacciones entre los edificios y su entorno hace que sea difícil definir y evaluar con precisión la sostenibilidad de un edificio. Las NORMAS AMBIENTALES para la construcción (unas pocas existentes y algunos en fase de desarrollo) se centran en la sostenibilidad ECONÓMICA, SOCIAL Y AMBIENTAL que caracteriza a un edificio, siendo los aspectos socio-económicos difíciles de evaluar. En consecuencia, los métodos existentes para la evaluación de la construcción sostenible (por ejemplo, LEED, BREEAM, SBTool) tienden a superar los aspectos ambientales pues son más fáciles de evaluar de manera cuantitativa. Así desde el punto de vista holístico (global) y utilizando la teoría de sistemas complejos, la sostenibilidad debe ser evaluada, en parte, utilizando los INDICADORES DE SOSTENIBILIDAD SOCIALES Y ECONÓMICOS para cubrir todos los factores de Sostenibilidad. El estudio propone una metodología para valorar la sostenibilidad en la construcción aeroportuaria a través de la evaluación de los indicadores sostenibles de la construcción (SKPIs) sin y superando las carencias presentadas. Para ello hemos implementado una herramienta de evaluación de la sostenibilidad, donde: Puede evaluar, en primer aproximación e independientemente, la sostenibilidad del CICLO DE VIDA de la INFRAESTRUCTURA AEROPORTUARIA Puede COMPLETAR otras herramientas comerciales disponibles (ej. BREEAM, LEED), bajo un enfoque ECONÓMICO-SOCIAL y complementando el enfoque ambiental La evaluación de los KPIs se realiza por medio de TECNOLOGÍAS Y ESTRATEGIAS SOSTENIBLES, cuya aplicación supondría un aumento de la sostenibilidad del edificio La herramienta propuesta considera la complejidad y transdisciplinariedad del problema, fundada en un SISTEMA DE CRÉDITOS fácil de usar. Así el programa diseñado permite el análisis y la comparación del CICLO DE VIDA de la INFRAESTRUCTURA AEROPORTUARIA: Abarcando las etapas de construcción (diseño, operación, mantenimiento, etc.) Incluyendo a todos los agentes de construcción (ocupantes, stakeholders, constructores, etc.) Finalmente, se aporta un ejemplo teórico de una INFRAESTRUCTURA AEROPORTUARIA (Terminal Aeroportuaria) para fijar, demostrar y discutir el estudio presentado Abstract We seek to characterize the sustainability analysis of the life cycle of a building focus us on the evaluation of social aspect. From a holistic point of view and using complex systems theory, sustainability must be evaluated, in part, using social key performance indicator (KPI) to cover all factors of sustainability. The most remarkable of the proposed framework is to provide a methodology to achieve the sustainability in construction through the assessment of social KPIs. Besides we implement a tool to assess sustainability, where this tool could complete other commercial tools available (e.g. BREEAM, LEED). The proposed tool considers the complexity and trans-disciplinary of the problem. The procedure is based on a credit system easy to use. It also allows analysis and comparison of the boundary conditions of the building, embracing construction stages (design, operation), involving all the building agents (occupants, stakeholders, etc.)

Automatic fault detection on BIPV systems without solar irradiation data

BIPV systems are small PV generation units spread out over the territory, and whose characteristics are very diverse. This makes difficult a cost-effective procedure for monitoring, fault detection, performance analyses, operation and maintenance. As a result, many problems affecting BIPV systems go undetected. In order to carry out effective automatic fault detection procedures, we need a performance indicator that is reliable and that can be applied on many PV systems at a very low cost. The existing approaches for analyzing the performance of PV systems are often based on the Performance Ratio (PR), whose accuracy depends on good solar irradiation data, which in turn can be very difficult to obtain or cost-prohibitive for the BIPV owner. We present an alternative fault detection procedure based on a performance indicator that can be constructed on the sole basis of the energy production data measured at the BIPV systems. This procedure does not require the input of operating conditions data, such as solar irradiation, air temperature, or wind speed. The performance indicator, called Performance to Peers (P2P), is constructed from spatial and temporal correlations between the energy output of neighboring and similar PV systems. This method was developed from the analysis of the energy production data of approximately 10,000 BIPV systems located in Europe. The results of our procedure are illustrated on the hourly, daily and monthly data monitored during one year at one BIPV system located in the South of Belgium. Our results confirm that it is possible to carry out automatic fault detection procedures without solar irradiation data. P2P proves to be more stable than PR most of the time, and thus constitutes a more reliable performance indicator for fault detection procedures. We also discuss the main limitations of this novel methodology, and we suggest several future lines of research that seem promising to improve on these procedures.

Análise de métodos de avaliação de eco eficiência.

Para que a sustentabilidade seja gerenciada e praticada de maneira efetiva, ela deve ser mensurada, utilizando-se de métodos de avaliação da sustentabilidade. Estão disponíveis diferentes métodos de avaliação, que geralmente reduzem o resultado desse levantamento à indicadores de desempenho ambiental, econômico e social (POPEA; ANNANDALE; MORISON-SAUNDERSB, 2004). Uma das denominações mais bem aceitas e difundidas para a conjunção da dimensão ambiental e econômica é conhecida por avaliação de eco eficiência (AEE). Eco eficiência é o \"aspecto da sustentabilidade que relaciona o desempenho ambiental de um sistema de produto ao valor do sistema de produto\" (ISO, 2012). Estão disponíveis diferentes métodos de AEE, porém sem evidência das suas semelhanças e particularidades e como essas características influenciam na escolha do método mais adequado de AEE em relação às potenciais aplicações O objetivo desta pesquisa é, portanto, analisar e indicar os tipos de métodos de avaliação de eco eficiência (AEE) mais adequados para ações gerenciais nas quais caibam tais abordagens. Foram selecionados onze métodos de AEE, a partir do estabelecimento de critérios de caracterização desses métodos, a saber: BASF, Bayer, EcoWater, Hahn et al., Kuosmanen e Kortelainen, MIPS, NRTEE, UN ESCAP, UN, TU Delft, e WBCSD. Identificaram-se, ainda, quatro potenciais aplicações: (i) Monitoramento de processo com vistas à melhoria contínua; (ii) Selecção e classificação de produtos; (iii) Atendimento a requisitos legais e outros requisitos; e, (iv) Marketing, rotulagem de produtos e comunicação ambiental. A partir dos elementos metodológicos estabelecidos pela norma ISSO 14045 (2012) e do conhecimento obtido dos métodos de AEE, determinaram-se quatro requisitos pelos quais os métodos e os potenciais aplicações foram avaliados: (i) Tipo de indicador de desempenho ambiental; (ii) Tipo de indicador de valor de sistema de produto; (iii) Abrangência de aplicação; e, (iv) Tipo de indicador de eco eficiência. Aplicando-se estes requisitos nos métodos de AEE e nos potenciais usos, concluiu-se que quanto à aplicações em termos de monitoramento de processos com vistas à melhoria continua os métodos de AEE recomendados foram Bayer, NRTEE, WBCSD e UN. Para situações de seleção e classificação de produtos os métodos BASF, EcoWater, Kuosmanen e Kortelainen, MIPS, Hahn et al., TU Delft, UN ESCAP e UN demonstraram ter boa aderência. No que se refere a usos voltados ao atendimento de requisitos legais e/ou de outras naturezas, os métodos NRTEE, WBCSD e UN são os mais indicados. Em aplicações de marketing, rotulagem e comunicação foram indicados os métodos BASF, EcoWater e MIPS. Finalmente, concluiu-se que, para a escolha adequada da metodologia para uma AEE, conhecimento prévio das características de cada abordagem é necessário.

Cyber-rigging click-through rates: Exploring the ethical dimensions

Click-through rate is considered a very important metric and a key performance indicator of the success of online advertising and is the most frequently used measure to gauge the effectiveness of banner advertising. Marketers also use click-through rates in arriving at performance measurement activities such as the calculation of 'customer life time value' and 'customer acquisition cost'. Click-through is the second most frequently used banner ad pricing method after cost per thousand impressions. Online advertising is facing a new form of challenge – the artificial inflation of click-through rates. We call this practice 'cyber-rigging'. The objective of this paper is to explore the ethical dimensions of cyber-rigging through application of ethical principles and theories.

Research on rework strategies for reconfigurable manufacturing system considering mission reliability

Rework strategies that involve different checking points as well as rework times can be applied into reconfigurable manufacturing system (RMS) with certain constraints, and effective rework strategy can significantly improve the mission reliability of manufacturing process. The mission reliability of process is a measurement of production ability of RMS, which serves as an integrated performance indicator of the production process under specified technical constraints, including time, cost and quality. To quantitatively characterize the mission reliability and basic reliability of RMS under different rework strategies, rework model of RMS was established based on the method of Logistic regression. Firstly, the functional relationship between capability and work load of manufacturing process was studied through statistically analyzing a large number of historical data obtained in actual machining processes. Secondly, the output, mission reliability and unit cost in different rework paths were calculated and taken as the decision variables based on different input quantities and the rework model mentioned above. Thirdly, optimal rework strategies for different input quantities were determined by calculating the weighted decision values and analyzing advantages and disadvantages of each rework strategy. At last, case application were demonstrated to prove the efficiency of the proposed method.