Monitoramento de parasitoides de lagartas de Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) em municípios de Minas Gerais, Brasil.

2009

Altered of apoptotic markers of both extrinsic and intrinsic pathways induced by hepatitis C virus infection in peripheral blood mononuclear cells

Background: Chronic hepatitis C (CHC) has emerged as a leading cause of cirrhosis in the U. S. and across the world. To understand the role of apoptotic pathways in hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, we studied the mRNA and protein expression patterns of apoptosis-related genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) obtained from patients with HCV infection.Methods: the present study included 50 subjects which plasma samples were positive for HCV, but negative for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or hepatitis B virus (HBV). These cases were divided into four groups according to METAVIR, a score-based analysis which helps to interpret a liver biopsy according to the degree of inflammation and fibrosis. mRNA expression of the studied genes were analyzed by reverse transcription of quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and protein levels, analyzed by ELISA, was also conducted. HCV genotyping was also determined.Results: HCV infection increased mRNA expression and protein synthesis of caspase 8 in group 1 by 3 fold and 4 fold, respectively (p < 0.05). in group 4 HCV infection increased mRNA expression and protein synthesis of caspase 9 by 2 fold and 1,5 fold, respectively (p < 0.05). Also, caspase 3 mRNA expression and protein synthesis had level augumented by HCV infection in group 1 by 4 fold and 5 fold, respectively, and in group 4 by 6 fold and 7 fold, respectively (p < 0.05).Conclusions: HCV induces alteration at both genomic and protein levels of apoptosis markers involved with extrinsic and intrinsic pathways.

Reference genes for quantitative RT-PCR data in gastric tissues and cell lines

AIM: To evaluate the suitability of reference genes in gastric tissue samples and cell lines.METHODS: the suitability of genes ACTB, B2M, GAPDH, RPL29, and 18S rRNA was assessed in 21 matched pairs of neoplastic and adjacent nonneoplastic gastric tissues from patients with gastric adenocarcinoma, 27 normal gastric tissues from patients without cancer, and 4 cell lines using reverse transcription quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). the ranking of the best single and combination of reference genes was determined by NormFinder, geNorm (TM), BestKeeper, and DataAssist (TM). in addition, GenEx software was used to determine the optimal number of reference genes. To validate the results, the mRNA expression of a target gene, DNMT1, was quantified using the different reference gene combinations suggested by the various software packages for normalization.RESULTS: ACTB was the best reference gene for all gastric tissues, cell lines and all gastric tissues plus cell lines. GAPDH + B2M or ACTB + B2M was the best combination of reference genes for all the gastric tissues. On the other hand, ACTB + B2M was the best combination for all the cell lines tested and was also the best combination for analyses involving all the gastric tissues plus cell lines. According to the GenEx software, 2 or 3 genes were the optimal number of references genes for all the gastric tissues. the relative quantification of DNMT1 showed similar patterns when normalized by each combination of reference genes. the level of expression of DNMT1 in neoplastic, adjacent non-neoplastic and normal gastric tissues did not differ when these samples were normalized using GAPDH + B2M (P = 0.32), ACTB + B2M (P = 0.61), or GAPDH + B2M + ACTB (P = 0.44).CONCLUSION: GAPDH + B2M or ACTB + B2M is the best combination of reference gene for all the gastric tissues, and ACTB + B2M is the best combination for the cell lines tested. (C) 2013 Baishideng Publishing Group Co., Limited. All rights reserved.

Pressure support versus T-tube for weaning from mechanical ventilation in adults

BackgroundMechanical ventilation is important in caring for patients with critical illness. Clinical complications, increased mortality, and high costs of health care are associated with prolonged ventilatory support or premature discontinuation of mechanical ventilation. Weaning refers to the process of gradually or abruptly withdrawing mechanical ventilation. the weaning process begins after partial or complete resolution of the underlying pathophysiology precipitating respiratory failure and ends with weaning success (successful extubation in intubated patients or permanent withdrawal of ventilatory support in tracheostomized patients).ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness and safety of two strategies, a T-tube and pressure support ventilation, for weaning adult patients with respiratory failure that required invasive mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours, measuring weaning success and other clinically important outcomes.Search methodsWe searched the following electronic databases: Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library 2012, Issue 6); MEDLINE (via PubMed) (1966 to June 2012); EMBASE (January 1980 to June 2012); LILACS (1986 to June 2012); CINAHL (1982 to June 2012); SciELO (from 1997 to August 2012); thesis repository of CAPES (Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior) (http://capesdw.capes.gov.br/capesdw/) (August 2012); and Current Controlled Trials (August 2012).We reran the search in December 2013. We will deal with any studies of interest when we update the review.Selection criteriaWe included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared a T-tube with pressure support (PS) for the conduct of spontaneous breathing trials and as methods of gradual weaning of adult patients with respiratory failure of various aetiologies who received invasive mechanical ventilation for at least 24 hours.Data collection and analysisTwo authors extracted data and assessed the methodological quality of the included studies. Meta-analyses using the random-effects model were conducted for nine outcomes. Relative risk (RR) and mean difference (MD) or standardized mean difference (SMD) were used to estimate the treatment effect, with 95% confidence intervals (CI).Main resultsWe included nine RCTs with 1208 patients; 622 patients were randomized to a PS spontaneous breathing trial (SBT) and 586 to a T-tube SBT. the studies were classified into three categories of weaning: simple, difficult, and prolonged. Four studies placed patients in two categories of weaning. Pressure support ventilation (PSV) and a T-tube were used directly as SBTs in four studies (844 patients, 69.9% of the sample). in 186 patients (15.4%) both interventions were used along with gradual weaning from mechanical ventilation; the PS was gradually decreased, twice a day, until it was minimal and periods with a T-tube were gradually increased to two and eight hours for patients with difficult and prolonged weaning. in two studies (14.7% of patients) the PS was lowered to 2 to 4 cm H2O and 3 to 5 cm H2O based on ventilatory parameters until the minimal PS levels were reached. PS was then compared to the trial with the T-tube (TT).We identified 33 different reported outcomes in the included studies; we took 14 of them into consideration and performed meta-analyses on nine. With regard to the sequence of allocation generation, allocation concealment, selective reporting and attrition bias, no study presented a high risk of bias. We found no clear evidence of a difference between PS and TT for weaning success (RR 1.07, 95% CI 0.97 to 1.17, 9 studies, low quality of evidence), intensive care unit (ICU) mortality (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.53 to 1.23, 5 studies, low quality of evidence), reintubation (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.66 to 1.26, 7 studies, low quality evidence), ICU and long-term weaning unit (LWU) length of stay (MD -7.08 days, 95% CI -16.26 to 2.1, 2 studies, low quality of evidence) and pneumonia (RR 0.67, 95% CI 0.08 to 5.85, 2 studies, low quality of evidence). PS was significantly superior to the TT for successful SBTs (RR 1.09, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.17, 4 studies, moderate quality of evidence). Four studies reported on weaning duration, however we were unable to combined the study data because of differences in how the studies presented their data. One study was at high risk of other bias and four studies were at high risk for detection bias. Three studies reported that the weaning duration was shorter with PS, and in one study the duration was shorter in patients with a TT.Authors' conclusionsTo date, we have found evidence of generally low quality from studies comparing pressure support ventilation (PSV) and with a T-tube. the effects on weaning success, ICU mortality, reintubation, ICU and LWU length of stay, and pneumonia were imprecise. However, PSV was more effective than a T-tube for successful spontaneous breathing trials (SBTs) among patients with simple weaning. Based on the findings of single trials, three studies presented a shorter weaning duration in the group undergoing PS SBT, however a fourth study found a shorter weaning duration with a T-tube.

To Queue or Not to Queue: When Queueing is Better Than Timesharing in a Distributed System

We examine the question of whether to employ the first-come-first-served (FCFS) discipline or the processor-sharing (PS) discipline at the hosts in a distributed server system. We are interested in the case in which service times are drawn from a heavy-tailed distribution, and so have very high variability. Traditional wisdom when task sizes are highly variable would prefer the PS discipline, because it allows small tasks to avoid being delayed behind large tasks in a queue. However, we show that system performance can actually be significantly better under FCFS queueing, if each task is assigned to a host based on the task's size. By task assignment, we mean an algorithm that inspects incoming tasks and assigns them to hosts for service. The particular task assignment policy we propose is called SITA-E: Size Interval Task Assignment with Equal Load. Surprisingly, under SITA-E, FCFS queueing typically outperforms the PS discipline by a factor of about two, as measured by mean waiting time and mean slowdown (waiting time of task divided by its service time). We compare the FCFS/SITA-E policy to the processor-sharing case analytically; in addition we compare it to a number of other policies in simulation. We show that the benefits of SITA-E are present even in small-scale distributed systems (four or more hosts). Furthermore, SITA-E is a static policy that does not incorporate feedback knowledge of the state of the hosts, which allows for a simple and scalable implementation.

Task Assignment in a Distributed System: Improving Performance by Unbalancing Load

We consider the problem of task assignment in a distributed system (such as a distributed Web server) in which task sizes are drawn from a heavy-tailed distribution. Many task assignment algorithms are based on the heuristic that balancing the load at the server hosts will result in optimal performance. We show this conventional wisdom is less true when the task size distribution is heavy-tailed (as is the case for Web file sizes). We introduce a new task assignment policy, called Size Interval Task Assignment with Variable Load (SITA-V). SITA-V purposely operates the server hosts at different loads, and directs smaller tasks to the lighter-loaded hosts. The result is that SITA-V provably decreases the mean task slowdown by significant factors (up to 1000 or more) where the more heavy-tailed the workload, the greater the improvement factor. We evaluate the tradeoff between improvement in slowdown and increase in waiting time in a system using SITA-V, and show conditions under which SITA-V represents a particularly appealing policy. We conclude with a discussion of the use of SITA-V in a distributed Web server, and show that it is attractive because it has a simple implementation which requires no communication from the server hosts back to the task router.

Reading of audiovisual productions of contemporary art in art education

This article focuses on the reading of audiovisual productions of contemporary art as a creative process, seeking to analyse which effects of meaning the articulations between the visual and sound systems produce, and the meaning that children give to then. It describes a video art, identifying the languages that compose it and the relationships that link them. Such reading exercise had as corpus of analysis the Chair video art, by Masaru Ozaki, and counted with the theoretical and methodological support of the discourse semiotics, especially with studies on assembly procedures that articulate visual and auditory languages. Also, it presents a focal study with the meanings that a group of children gave to the video art. The findings indicate the importance of including the reading of audiovisual productions of contemporary art at school through the problematization of effects of meaning produced by the interrelation between different languages. And they suggest some subsidies that allow teachers from different areas of knowledge to reflect about the visuality in their pedagogical practice; the choice of the audiovisual materials taken to the classroom and other ways of seeing these texts edited.

La evolución de destinos turísticos litorales consolidados. Análisis comparado de Balneario Camnoriú (Brasil) y Benidorm (España)

El objetivo de este trabajo consiste en estudiar la evolución de los destinos turísticos litorales consolidados a partir del análisis comparado entre Balneario Camboriú y Benidorm. Se trata de dos destinos localizados en contextos territoriales y turísticos diferentes, en los que se contrastan de manera empírica los indicadores de evolución de los destinos y se vinculan las dinámicas evolutivas con el modelo territorial-turístico resultante en cada destino. El análisis realizado permite contrastar los postulados de los modelos evolutivos clásicos (Butler, 1980) e incorporar los nuevos planteamientos de la geografía económica evolutiva. La investigación delimita cronológicamente los periodos de desarrollo de ambos destinos para identificar los factores con mayor incidencia en la evolución de los mismos. Una evolución marcada, fundamentalmente, por la ubicación geográfica, la planificación y gestión urbanoturística a diferentes escalas, la dependencia de determinados mercados emisores y la influencia de factores macroeconómicos. Un conjunto de factores interrelacionados que dibujan trayectorias dispares para los destinos analizados.

Caracterização ecológica e serviços ambientais prestados por salinas tropicais

O presente trabalho aborda aspectos da Ecologia e serviços ambientais prestados pelas salinas solares tropicais. Estes importantes ecossistemas artificiais adquirem uma relevância ecológica, económica e cultural nestas zonas do globo por se manterem produtivos durante todo o ano. O estudo foi realizado em 02 salinas da região Nordeste do Brasil, no Estado do Rio Grande do Norte, produtor de 97% o sal marinho nacional. Nestas salinas, verificou-se que existe uma lacuna de conhecimento acerca do histórico de exploração no Brasil, assim como da sua caracterização ambiental. Foi ainda aplicada uma abordagem sistêmica integrando os serviços ecossistêmicos aplicados à conservação das salinas solares. Portanto, teve-se como objetivo central desta investigação realizar a caracterização das salinas solares no litoral semiárido do Brasil, analisando os serviços ambientais prestados por estes importantes ecossistemas, assim como as potencialidades alternativas para a sua gestão. Através de análises de parâmetros físico-químicos da salmoura e dos sedimentos foram caracterizados os diferentes tipos de habitats identificados ao longo do gradiente espacial da salinidade. Concomitantemente, também foram identificados os principais serviços ambientais prestados pelas salinas solares tropicais, os quais permitiram a realização de uma análise sobre quais desses serviços poderiam ser interrompidos em função das diferentes pressões antrópicas. A partir desta análise, verificou-se que as salinas são sistemas integrados, representando ecossistemas com dinâmicas biogeoquímicas diferenciadas, as quais estão associados ao manejo para a atividade econômica de produção de sal. Essa afirmativa é observada pois, de um lado tem-se o ecossistema hipersalino, composto por um mosaico de habitats, cuja salinidade é um dos principais agentes reguladores da biodiversidade encontrada em cada habitat. Por sua vez, é exatamente a logística da produção de sal marinho que determina o gradiente espacial da salinidade, o qual influencia na segmentação dos diferentes habitas encontrados nas salinas. Assim, percebe-se que quando corretamente manejado, um sistema biológico típico de uma salina é uma ferramenta de auxílio à produção de sal, configurando-se neste caso como o principal serviço ecossistêmico voltado exclusivamente ao importante mercado do Brasil: a produção de sal marinho por evaporação solar.

O grupo do Brooklin: semente da percussão contemporânea no Brasil

This dissertation proposes to disclose the production and the “fruits” generated in Brasil by the Percussion Ensemble of the Conservatório Musical Brooklin Paulista. This group was an important vehicle in Brazil for the emergence of new groups, new schools, new works and the making of percussion instruments. It contains semi-structured interviews with almost every member of the group, and conductors, composers and teachers who were connected with percussion practiced in Brasil in the 1960s and 1970s.

Identidades sonoras na construção de um discurso orientado por temporalidades

O presente trabalho propõe-se investigar o papel do tempo em música a partir da prática composicional. Para isso leva em consideração uma evolução de conceitos de tempo ao longo da história humana, o entendimento recente do tempo musical e dos elementos que o compõem. São abordados, para este fim, os principais destes elementos, a quantidade e a qualidade das informações musicais, sob a perspectiva criativa. Propõe-se então uma organização conceitual que permita compreender melhor o papel do tempo em música. Em um primeiro momento dentro de obras recentes de compositores que se dedicaram ao tema e em um segundo momento dentro de um conjunto de obras originais compostas para esta tese.

Relações petrogénicas entre o complexo gnáissico migmático e o granito de Banabuiú (Nordeste do Brasil)

A região de Banabuiú situa-se no Domínio Ceará Central, na porção setentrional da Província Borborema, um dos cinturões orogénicos formados durante o evento Brasiliano/Pan-Africano no final do Neoproterozóico. As duas unidades litológicas principais presentes na área são: o complexo gnáissicomigmatítico (metapelitos e metagrauvaques) e granitóides brasilianos. Para além das formações paraderivadas, no substrato da região também foi identificado um conjunto de rochas ortoderivadas, até então não individualizado na cartografia existente. Tanto a sequência paraderivada, como os materiais ortoderivados, foram intensamente afectados por metamorfismo regional da fácies granulítica durante a Orogenia Brasiliana, que atingiu as condições de fusão parcial, gerando migmatitos com um amplo espectro de morfologias. Estes migmatitos apresentam estruturas dominantemente estromáticas, embora localmente se tenham identificado também corpos irregulares de diatexitos de tipo“schlieren”, “schollen” e “maciço (s.s)”, indicando que o processo de migmatização culminou com a produção de maiores quantidades de fundido. Em termos tectónicos, o basamento da região regista os efeitos de três fases de deformação, embora as estruturas concordantes à D3 sejam dominantes e obliterem, em muitos casos, as anisotropias anteriores. A maior parte dos fundidos anatécticos parece ter sido produzida durante tectónica transcorrente D3. No entanto, as condições metamórficas para o início da fusão parcial parece ter sido atingidas antes, durante a D2, já que também existem leucossomas, embora em proporções reduzidas, associados com as estruturas desta fase. A grande quantidade de volumes de leucossomas / veios leucocráticos encontrados na região, está relacionada com a actuação da zona de cisalhamento de Orós e parece corresponder a fundidos anatécticos gerados em níveis mais profundos que foram injectados nas sequências orto- e para-derivadas, devido a notória escassez de leucossomas “in situ” nestas rochas. A presença de fluidos aquosos injectados no complexo migmatítico de Banabuiú terá proporcionado a re-hidratação e retrogradação das rochas hospedeiras, evidenciada, essencialmente, pela presença de moscovite tardia, amplamente distribuída nos metassedimentos e ortognaisses, sobretudo nas zonas próximas aos leucossomas e veios leucocráticos. Dados isotópicos apontam que as rochas da região de Banabuiú apresentam valores fortemente negativos de εNdt e positivos de εSrt sugerindo um significativo envolvimento de materiais supracrustais do grupo Acopiara na formação do complexo migmatítico e na petrogénese do maciço granítico de Banabuiú e o marcado fraccionamento isotópico Sm-Nd observado nalguns dos leucossomas analisados indica que os líquidos anatécticos que lhes deram origem resultaram de processos de fusão em desequilíbrio, em condições anidras, e foram rapidamente extraídos da área-fonte, comprovando o carácter alóctone dos veios leucocráticos intercalados nos ortognaisses e paragnaisses de Banabuiú.

A influência da participação em linha do utilizador na produção das webrádios: um estudo multicaso da Campina FM e da Rádio Comercial

A presente investigação aborda a relação entre a participação em linha do utilizador e a produção de conteúdo na webrádio, tendo como objetivo geral investigar se e como a produção das webrádios é influenciada pela participação em linha dos utilizadores no contexto transmedia. A pesquisa é dividida em duas partes. A primeira é teórica, na qual aborda-se os conceitos fundamentais da investigação e a metodologia adotada para a recolha e análise dos dados. A segunda é prática e se refere às recolhas de dados feitas em duas emissoras (uma brasileira, a Campina FM, e outra portuguesa, a Rádio Comercial) e à apresentação e interpretação desses dados. Em relação ao conteúdo teórico são adotados como conceitos fundamentais: webrádio, radiomorfose, narrativa transmedia, participação em linha do utilizador e produção em webrádio. A metodologia empregue se apresenta no método etnográfico e baseia-se em quatro técnicas de recolhas distintas: observação não-participante, observação participante, inquérito por questionário e inquérito por entrevistas. Tendo por base a análise dos dados recolhidos, as principais conclusões desta tese são: há a potencialização do utilizador nas narrativas transmedia apresentadas, com a rede Facebook sendo o recurso interativo mais importante, mas que, por limites da emissora (sejam conceituais ou técnicos), a participação do utilizador não tem influência direta na produção da webrádio.

Rethinking the capsid proteins of enveloped viruses: multifunctionality from genome packaging to genome transfection

© 2015 FEBS

Antifungal nanofibers made by controlled release of sea animal derived peptide

© The Royal Society of Chemistry 2015