C4.5: um recurso para geração de árvores de decisão.

O Sistema de Indução C4.5. Requerimentos-chave para a utilização do software. Um exemplo ilustrativo. Algumas dicas de uso.

Genetic deficiency of C4 presenting with recurrent infections and a SLE-like disease. Genetic and immunologic studies

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Genetic deficiency of C4, C2 or C1q and lupus syndromes. Association with anti-Ro (SS-A) antibodies

info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Molecular basis of complete C4 deficiency. A study of three patients.

The highly polymorphic fourth component of human complement (C4) is usually encoded by two genes, C4A and C4B, adjacent to the 21-hydroxylase (21-OH) genes and is also remarkable by the high frequency of the null alleles, C4A*Q0 and C4B*Q0. Complete C4 deficiency is exceptional because this condition appears only in homozygotes for the very rare double-null haplotype C4AQ0,BQ0. This condition in most cases gives rise to systemic lupus erythematosus and an increased susceptibility to infections. The molecular basis for complete C4 deficiency has not yet been established. Therefore we studied the DNA of three previously described C4 deficient patients belonging to unrelated families by restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using C4 and 21-OH probes. These studies revealed a deletion of the C4B and 21-OHA genes in two patients and no deletion at all in the third patient. Therefore, complete C4 deficiency as a result of homozygosity for the C4AQ0, BQ0 haplotype is not a consequence of a deletion of the C4 genes. The molecular basis of this genetic abnormality is certainly very complex and may vary also from one case to another.

Respuestas fenológicas de dos gramíneas C3 y dos C4, del pastizal natural de San Luis (Argentina), a variaciones de agua y temperatura

La temperatura y las precipitaciones son factores claves en la fenología de especies vegetales y su productividad. Los pastizales de la provincia de San Luis son especialmente interesantes porque coexisten gramíneas con vías metabólicas C3 (invernales) y C4 (estivales). Para evaluar cómo se relacionan la producción y la fenología reproductiva de las especies frente a cambios de temperatura y disponibilidad de agua, evalué cuatro gramíneas representativas de la región (dos C3 y dos C4) en dos estudios: 1) observacional a campo, y 2) manipulativo en invernáculo con dos niveles de temperatura y dos niveles de agua. En el estudio observacional comparé diez años de relevamientos fenológicos históricos realizados entre 1976 y 1986, con relevamientos fenológicos propios entre 2008 y 2010, todos llevados a cabo sobre el mismo sitio de estudio. En esta comparación encontré que una de las cuatro especies (Poa ligularis), atrasó significativamente su ciclo reproductivo (38 días la floración y 16 días la diseminación de semillas). La temperatura tuvo menor efecto sobre la producción, pero reflejó un claro control sobre la fenología en las cuatro especies estudiadas. En general, altas temperaturas estivales atrasaron el fin y aumentaron el largo del ciclo reproductivo de todas las especies. En cambio, primaveras más cálidas adelantaron el inicio reproductivo de las C4, pero retrasaron el de las C3. Por otra parte, la mayor disponibilidad de agua incrementó la producción, adelantó el comienzo floral y extendió entre 15 y 30 días el ciclo reproductivo de las cuatro especies. Inviernos lluviosos adelantaron el inicio floral de las especies C3, mientras que años con elevadas precipitaciones estivales retrasaron y extendieron el ciclo reproductivo de las C4. Estos resultados aportan valiosa información sobre las respuestas de la vegetación al clima, y pueden servir de insumo en el diseño de estrategias de manejo sustentable de estos pastizales.

Respuestas fenológicas de dos gramíneas C3 y dos C4, del pastizal natural de San Luis (Argentina), a variaciones de agua y temperatura

La temperatura y las precipitaciones son factores claves en la fenología de especies vegetales y su productividad. Los pastizales de la provincia de San Luis son especialmente interesantes porque coexisten gramíneas con vías metabólicas C3 (invernales)y C4 (estivales). Para evaluar cómo se relacionan la producción y la fenología reproductiva de las especies frente a cambios de temperatura y disponibilidad de agua, evalué cuatro gramíneas representativas de la región (dos C3 y dos C4)en dos estudios: 1)observacional a campo, y 2)manipulativo en invernáculo con dos niveles de temperatura y dos niveles de agua. En el estudio observacional comparé diez años de relevamientos fenológicos históricos realizados entre 1976 y 1986, con relevamientos fenológicos propios entre 2008 y 2010, todos llevados a cabo sobre el mismo sitio de estudio. En esta comparación encontré que una de las cuatro especies (Poa ligularis), atrasó significativamente su ciclo reproductivo (38 días la floración y 16 días la diseminación de semillas). La temperatura tuvo menor efecto sobre la producción, pero reflejó un claro control sobre la fenología en las cuatro especies estudiadas. En general, altas temperaturas estivales atrasaron el fin y aumentaron el largo del ciclo reproductivo de todas las especies. En cambio, primaveras más cálidas adelantaron el inicio reproductivo de las C4, pero retrasaron el de las C3. Por otra parte, la mayor disponibilidad de agua incrementó la producción, adelantó el comienzo floral y extendió entre 15 y 30 días el ciclo reproductivo de las cuatro especies. Inviernos lluviosos adelantaron el inicio floral de las especies C3, mientras que años con elevadas precipitaciones estivales retrasaron y extendieron el ciclo reproductivo de las C4. Estos resultados aportan valiosa información sobre las respuestas de la vegetación al clima, y pueden servir de insumo en el diseño de estrategias de manejo sustentable de estos pastizales.

Mechanisms of one-electron capture by slow He2+, C4+ and O6+ ions in collisions with CH4

Translational energy spectroscopy (TES) has been used to study one-electron capture by He2+, C4+, and O6+ ions in collisions with CH4 within the range 200 - 2000 eV amu—1. In each case the main collisions mechanisms and product channels have been identified. The measurements reveal significant differences in the way the dissociative and non-dissociative mechanisms contribute to electron capture. However, in all cases, the highly selective nature of the charge transfer process is confirmed in spite of the wide range of energy defects associated with possible product channels.

Evolutionary switch and genetic convergence on rbcL following the evolution of C4 photosynthesis.

Rubisco is responsible for the fixation of CO2 into organic compounds through photosynthesis and thus has a great agronomic importance. It is well established that this enzyme suffers from a slow catalysis, and its low specificity results into photorespiration, which is considered as an energy waste for the plant. However, natural variations exist, and some Rubisco lineages, such as in C4 plants, exhibit higher catalytic efficiencies coupled to lower specificities. These C4 kinetics could have evolved as an adaptation to the higher CO2 concentration present in C4 photosynthetic cells. In this study, using phylogenetic analyses on a large data set of C3 and C4 monocots, we showed that the rbcL gene, which encodes the large subunit of Rubisco, evolved under positive selection in independent C4 lineages. This confirms that selective pressures on Rubisco have been switched in C4 plants by the high CO2 environment prevailing in their photosynthetic cells. Eight rbcL codons evolving under positive selection in C4 clades were involved in parallel changes among the 23 independent monocot C4 lineages included in this study. These amino acids are potentially responsible for the C4 kinetics, and their identification opens new roads for human-directed Rubisco engineering. The introgression of C4-like high-efficiency Rubisco would strongly enhance C3 crop yields in the future CO2-enriched atmosphere.

Oligocene CO2 decline promoted C4 photosynthesis in grasses.

C4 photosynthesis is an adaptation derived from the more common C3 photosynthetic pathway that confers a higher productivity under warm temperature and low atmospheric CO2 concentration [1, 2]. C4 evolution has been seen as a consequence of past atmospheric CO2 decline, such as the abrupt CO2 fall 32-25 million years ago (Mya) [3-6]. This relationship has never been tested rigorously, mainly because of a lack of accurate estimates of divergence times for the different C4 lineages [3]. In this study, we inferred a large phylogenetic tree for the grass family and estimated, through Bayesian molecular dating, the ages of the 17 to 18 independent grass C4 lineages. The first transition from C3 to C4 photosynthesis occurred in the Chloridoideae subfamily, 32.0-25.0 Mya. The link between CO2 decrease and transition to C4 photosynthesis was tested by a novel maximum likelihood approach. We showed that the model incorporating the atmospheric CO2 levels was significantly better than the null model, supporting the importance of CO2 decline on C4 photosynthesis evolvability. This finding is relevant for understanding the origin of C4 photosynthesis in grasses, which is one of the most successful ecological and evolutionary innovations in plant history.

The origins of C4 grasslands: integrating evolutionary and ecosystem science.

The evolution of grasses using C4 photosynthesis and their sudden rise to ecological dominance 3 to 8 million years ago is among the most dramatic examples of biome assembly in the geological record. A growing body of work suggests that the patterns and drivers of C4 grassland expansion were considerably more complex than originally assumed. Previous research has benefited substantially from dialog between geologists and ecologists, but current research must now integrate fully with phylogenetics. A synthesis of grass evolutionary biology with grassland ecosystem science will further our knowledge of the evolution of traits that promote dominance in grassland systems and will provide a new context in which to evaluate the relative importance of C4 photosynthesis in transforming ecosystems across large regions of Earth.