Breeding for low input conditions and consequences for participatory plant breeding: Examples from tropical maize and wheat

Participatory plant breeding (PPB) has been suggested as an effective alternative to formal plant breeding (FPB) as a breeding strategy for achieving productivity gains under low input conditions. With genetic progress through PPB and FPB being determined by the same genetic variables, the likelihood of success of PPB approaches applied in low input target conditions was analyzed using two case studies from FPB that have resulted in significant productivity gains under low input conditions: (1) breeding tropical maize for low input conditions by CIMMYT, and (2) breeding of spring wheat for the highly variable low input rainfed farming systems in Australia. In both cases, genetic improvement was an outcome of long-term investment in a sustained research effort aimed at understanding the detail of the important environmental constraints to productivity and the plant requirements for improved adaptation to the identified constraints, followed up by the design and continued evaluation of efficient breeding strategies. The breeding strategies used differed between the two case studies but were consistent in their attention to the key determinants of response to selection: (1) ensuring adequate sources of genetic variation and high selection pressures for the important traits at all stages of the breeding program, (2) use of experimental procedures to achieve high levels of heritability in the breeding trials, and (3) testing strategies that achieved a high genetic correlation between performance of germplasm in the breeding trials and under on-farm conditions. The implications of the outcomes from these FPB case studies for realizing the positive motivations for adopting PPB strategies are discussed with particular reference for low input target environment conditions.

Manipulation of colonic bacteria and volatile fatty acid production by dietary high amylose maize (amylomaize) starch granules

Aims : To study the effects of amylomaize starch and modified (carboxymethylated and acetylated) amylomaize starches on the composition of colonic bacteria and the production of volatile fatty acids, in mice. Methods and Results : Balb/c mice were fed with experimental diets containing various amount of amylomaize and modified amylomaize starches. Colonic bacterial populations and short-chain fatty acids were monitored. Results showed that the increases in indigenous bifidobacteria were detected in mice fed all starches tested; however, the highest numbers were observed in the group fed with 40% unmodified amylomaize starch. The starch type influenced the populations of indigenous Lactobacillus , Bacteroides and coliforms. High Lactobacillus numbers were achieved in the colon of mice fed with high concentration of amylomaize starch. Acetylated amylomaize starch significantly reduced the population of coliforms. In addition, orally dosed amylomaize utilizing bifidobacteria reached their highest levels when fed together with amylomaize or carboxymethylated amylomaize starch and in both cases butyrate levels were markedly increased. Conclusions: These results indicate that different amylomaize starches could generate desirable variation in gut microflora and that particular starches may be used to selectively modify gut function. Significance and Impact of Study: Amylomaize starch appeared to enhance the desirable composition of colonic bacteria in mice, and suggested it possessed the potential prebiotic properties.MTherefore, resistant starch and its chemical derivatives may exert beneficial impacts to the human colon.

Eficiência do modelo Ceres-Maize na simulação do desempenho de híbridos de milho

O modelo Ceres-Maize foi desenvolvido para simulação do desenvolvimento e desempenho da cultura do milho e tem sido utilizado como ferramenta de auxílio no planejamento das safras e tomadas de decisões pelos agricultores de diversos países. Com o objetivo de avaliar a eficiência do modelo Ceres-Maize na simulação do desempenho de híbridos de milho nas condições tropicais, foi conduzido um experimento utilizando cinco híbridos (AG7000, AG8060, DKB199, GNZ2004 e P30F90) avaliados em três épocas de semeadura (24/11/2006, 19/12/2006 e 13/01/2007) na Universidade Federal de Lavras, Lavras, MG. O delineamento foi o DBC com três repetições. Avaliaram-se datas de florescimento e maturidade fisiológica, número de grãos por metro quadrado, massa de grãos e produtividade de grãos, que foram comparados com os dados simulados pelo quadrado médio do erro (RSME), porcentagem de desvio (PD) e índice de concordância (d). Os resultados indicaram que o milho semeado em janeiro apresentou menores valores de número de grãos por metro quadrado, massa de grão e produtividade de grãos do que semeaduras em novembro e dezembro. O Ceres-Maize mostrou-se muito eficiente para simular as datas de florescimento e de maturidade fisiológica em razão dos valores de RSME terem sido inferiores a 10%, os de 'd' superiores a 0,80 e o maior valor de PD -11%. Para o número de grãos por metro quadrado, massa de grãos e produtividade de grãos, a simulação foi considerada boa com valores de RSME inferiores a 20%. Para essas variáveis foram observados maiores valores de PD, principalmente na última época de semeadura, evidenciando que condições ambientais não favoráveis ao bom desempenho da cultura afetam a eficiência da simulação. O modelo Ceres-Maize mostrou ser boa ferramenta de simulação das características agronômicas de híbridos de milho.

Initial growth of maize in response to application of rock phosphate, vermicompost and endophytic bacteria

Due to the high energy requirement and demand for non-renewable resources for the production of chemical fertilizers, added also to the environmental impact caused by the use of such products, it is important to intensify research on bio-based agricultural inputs. The use of nitrogen-fixing endophytic and phosphate solubilizing bacteria can provide these nutrients to the plants from the air and poorly soluble phosphorus sources, such as phosphate rock. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutrition and initial growth of maize (Zea mays L.) in response to the inoculation of nitrogen-fixing and rock phosphate solubilizing endophytic bacteria, in single or mixed formulation, applied with vermicompost. The treatments containing bacteria, both diazotrophic and phosphate solubilizing, when compared to controls, showed higher levels of leaf nitrogen and phosphorus in maize, as well as higher growth characteristics. The application of vermicompost showed synergistic effect when combined with endophytic bacteria. Thus, the innovation of the combination of the studied factors may contribute to the early development of maize.

Inoculation with Azospirillum, associated with nitrogen fertilization in maize

The biological nitrogen fixation is an alternative to supply the nitrogen needed for maize. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development and yield of maize in response to inoculation with Azospirillum associated with nitrogen fertilization. We conducted two field experiments in the summer harvest, the first in the 2000/2001 crop year in the region of Marechal Cândido Rondon, under conventional tillage, and second in the 2002/2003 agricultural year in the region of Cascavel, under no tillage. The experimental design in both experiments was a randomized complete block, with four replications, 2x2x2 factorial, with two levels of nitrogen at sowing (zero and 20 kg ha-1), two levels of inoculum (zero and 200 g ha-1) and two levels of nitrogen in topdressing (zero and 100 kg ha-1). There was evaluated the height of ear insertion, total plant height, leaf N content, shoot dry biomass and grain yield. The height of ear insertion and total plant height were not influenced by the factors under study. Nitrogen fertilization at sowing increased the leaf N content, causing the opposite effect when combined with inoculation. Inoculation with Azospirillum in the absence of nitrogen, provide productivity increases of 15.4% and 7.4% for 2000/2001 and 2002/2003 crops, respectively. The inoculation provided productivity similar to that obtained with 100 kg ha-1 in topdressing in crop 2000/2001, while in association with the topdressing, reduced productivity and shoot dry biomass in crop 2002/2003.

Initial performance of maize in response to NPK fertilization combined with Herbaspirillum seropedicae

The inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria can be a technological approach useful for increasing the production of maize. The objective of this study was to evaluate the initial performance of maize in response to application of doses of NPK combined with the inoculation of the diazotrophic bacteria Herbaspirillum seropedicae in an greenhouse experiment. The experiment consisted of six fertilizer levels: 0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 200% of the recommended dose of NPK applied to maize inoculated and non-inoculated with H. seropedicae. At 30 days after the treatment application, the growth characteristics and nutritional status of the plants were evaluated. Plant development was influenced by fertilization, but it was enhanced by combination with the bacteria, which resulted in significant increases in the dry mass of shoots (7%) and leaf area (9%) when compared with non-inoculated plants. The results showed increases in the concentration of N (11%), P (30%) and K (17%) of maize plants in response to bacterial inoculation together with NPK compared with plants that were applied fertilize only. The greater consistency and stability response of the host plant to bacterization in the presence of chemical fertilizer indicate a promissory biotechnological approach for improving the initial growth and adaptation of maize to the cultivation environment.

Methods to classify maize cultivars in use efficiency and response to nitrogen

n plant breeding programs that aim to obtain cultivars with nitrogen (N) use efficiency, the focus is on methods of selection and experimental procedures that present low cost, fast response, high repeatability, and can be applied to a large number of cultivars. Thus, the objectives of this study were to classify maize cultivars regarding their use efficiency and response to N in a breeding program, and to validate the methodology with contrasting doses of the nutrient. The experimental design was a randomized block with the treatments arranged in a split-plot scheme with three replicates and five N doses (0, 30, 60, 120 and 200 kg ha-1) in the plots, and six cultivars in subplots. We compared a method examining the efficiency and response (ER) with two contrasting doses of N. After that, the analysis of variance, mean comparison and regression analysis were performed. In conclusion, the method of the use efficiency and response based on two N levels classifies the cultivars in the same way as the regression analysis, and it is appropriate in plant breeding routine. Thus, it is necessary to identify the levels of N required to discriminate maize cultivars in conditions of low and high N availability in plant breeding programs that aim to obtain efficient and responsive cultivars. Moreover, the analysis of the interaction genotype x environment at experiments with contrasting doses is always required, even when the interaction is not significant.

Maize nitrogen fertilization in two crop rotation systems under no-till

The objective of this study was to evaluate split nitrogen (N) fertilization of maize applied in band at sowing and top dressing with and without crop rotation, under no-till. The experiment was conducted with six N rates at sowing (0, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 kg ha-1) combined with three rates in top dressing (40, 70, 100 kg ha-1) and two management systems: after five cropping sequences of maize and crop rotation (maize + soybean + oat + soybean + corn) in a randomized block design with four replications. The crop rotation system increased yield in approximately 7% in relation to the area without rotation. The split of nitrogen fertilization, in rates above 39 and 54 kg ha-1 at sowing and 70 and 40 kg ha-1 in top dressing, resulted in yield higher than that obtained with the application of 100 kg ha-1 in top dressing. Grain yield was higher with the rates 50 and 70 kg ha-1 of N compared with that obtained with 20 and 100 kg ha-1 at sowing and top dressing, respectively. The rate 70 kg ha-1 of N resulted in the highest yield at the lowest cost compared with the revenues and costs incurred with the rates 40 and 100 kg ha-1.

Nitrogen and potassium fertilization on the yield and intensity of the maize white spot

A plant's nutritional balance can influence its resistance to diseases. In order to evaluate the effect of increasing doses of N and K on the yield and severity of the mayze white spot, two experiments were installed in the field, one in the city of Ijaci, Minas Gerais, and the other in the city of Sete Lagoas, Minas Gerais. The experimental delimitation was in randomized blocks with 5 x 5 factorial analysis of variance, and four repetitions. The treatments consisted of five doses of N (20; 40; 80; 150; 190 Kg ha-1of N in the experiments 1 and 2) and five doses of K (15; 30; 60; 120; 180 Kg ha-1of K in experiment 1 and 8.75; 17.5; 35; 50; 100 Kg ha-1of K in experiment 2). The susceptible cultivar 30P70 was planted in both experiments. The plot consisted of four rows 5 meters long, with a useful area consisting of two central rows 3 meters each. Evaluations began 43 days after emergence (DAE) in the first experiment and 56 DAE in the second one. There was no significant interaction between doses of N and K and the disease progress P+. The effect was only observed for N. The K did not influence the yield and the severity of the disease in these experiments. Bigger areas below the severity progress curve of the white spot and better yield were observed with increasing doses of N. Thus, with increasing doses of N, the white spot increased and also did the yield.

Evaluation of ochratoxin A exposure degree in two Portuguese cities through wheat and maize bread consumption during the winter 2007

The occurrence of OTA in fresh and packed wheat and in maize bread and the evaluation of the exposure degree through their consumption in two Portuguese populations from Porto and Coimbra, during the winter of 2007, were studied. One hundred and sixty eight bread samples, 61 maize and 107 wheat, were analysed by liquid chromatography–fluorescence detection (LC–FD). The results showed that 84% of samples were contaminated, with a maximum level of 3.85 ng/g (above the EU maximum limit, 3 ng/g). Fresh wheat bread presented higher levels than packed wheat bread. Moreover, the traditional maize bread, in either city, was consistently more contaminated than wheat bread, 0.25 vs 0.19 ng/g, and 0.48 vs 0.34 ng/ g for Porto and Coimbra, respectively. Avintes maize bread showed the highest mean contamination and maximum levels. The higher estimated daily intake of OTA from both types of bread in the population of Coimbra compared to Porto reflects the higher average contamination of bread in the first city.

3D-nanostructured Au electrodes for the event-specific detection of MON810 transgenic maize

In the present work, the development of a genosensor for the event-specific detection of MON810 transgenic maize is proposed. Taking advantage of nanostructuration, a cost-effective three dimensional electrode was fabricated and a ternary monolayer containing a dithiol, a monothiol and the thiolated capture probe was optimized to minimize the unspecific signals. A sandwich format assay was selected as a way of precluding inefficient hybridization associated with stable secondary target structures. A comparison between the analytical performance of the Au nanostructured electrodes and commercially available screen-printed electrodes highlighted the superior performance of the nanostructured ones. Finally, the genosensor was effectively applied to detect the transgenic sequence in real samples, showing its potential for future quantitative analysis.

Produção Sustentável em BT- Análise de Características de Contadores Inteligentes

A crescente necessidade de reduzir a dependência energética e a emissão de gases de efeito de estufa levou à adoção de uma série de políticas a nível europeu com vista a aumentar a eficiência energética e nível de controlo de equipamentos, reduzir o consumo e aumentar a percentagem de energia produzida a partir de fontes renováveis. Estas medidas levaram ao desenvolvimento de duas situações críticas para o setor elétrico: a substituição das cargas lineares tradicionais, pouco eficientes, por cargas não-lineares mais eficientes e o aparecimento da produção distribuída de energia a partir de fontes renováveis. Embora apresentem vantagens bem documentadas, ambas as situações podem afetar negativamente a qualidade de energia elétrica na rede de distribuição, principalmente na rede de baixa tensão onde é feita a ligação com a maior parte dos clientes e onde se encontram as cargas não-lineares e a ligação às fontes de energia descentralizadas. Isto significa que a monitorização da qualidade de energia tem, atualmente, uma importância acrescida devido aos custos relacionados com perdas inerentes à falta de qualidade de energia elétrica na rede e à necessidade de verificar que determinados parâmetros relacionados com a qualidade de energia elétrica se encontram dentro dos limites previstos nas normas e nos contratos com clientes de forma a evitar disputas ou reclamações. Neste sentido, a rede de distribuição tem vindo a sofrer alterações a nível das subestações e dos postos de transformação que visam aumentar a visibilidade da qualidade de energia na rede em tempo real. No entanto, estas medidas só permitem monitorizar a qualidade de energia até aos postos de transformação de média para baixa tensão, não revelando o estado real da qualidade de energia nos pontos de entrega ao cliente. A monitorização nestes pontos é feita periodicamente e não em tempo real, ficando aquém do necessário para assegurar a deteção correta de problemas de qualidade de energia no lado do consumidor. De facto, a metodologia de monitorização utilizada atualmente envolve o envio de técnicos ao local onde surgiu uma reclamação ou a um ponto de medição previsto para instalar um analisador de energia que permanece na instalação durante um determinado período de tempo. Este tipo de monitorização à posteriori impossibilita desde logo a deteção do problema de qualidade de energia que levou à reclamação, caso não se trate de um problema contínuo. Na melhor situação, o aparelho poderá detetar uma réplica do evento, mas a larga percentagem anomalias ficam fora deste processo por serem extemporâneas. De facto, para detetar o evento que deu origem ao problema é necessário monitorizar permanentemente a qualidade de energia. No entanto este método de monitorização implica a instalação permanente de equipamentos e não é viável do ponto de vista das empresas de distribuição de energia já que os equipamentos têm custos demasiado elevados e implicam a necessidade de espaços maiores nos pontos de entrega para conter os equipamentos e o contador elétrico. Uma alternativa possível que pode tornar viável a monitorização permanente da qualidade de energia consiste na introdução de uma funcionalidade de monitorização nos contadores de energia de determinados pontos da rede de distribuição. Os contadores são obrigatórios em todas as instalações ligadas à rede, para efeitos de faturação. Tradicionalmente estes contadores são eletromecânicos e recentemente começaram a ser substituídos por contadores inteligentes (smart meters), de natureza eletrónica, que para além de fazer a contagem de energia permitem a recolha de informação sobre outros parâmetros e aplicação de uma serie de funcionalidades pelo operador de rede de distribuição devido às suas capacidades de comunicação. A reutilização deste equipamento com finalidade de analisar a qualidade da energia junto dos pontos de entrega surge assim como uma forma privilegiada dado que se trata essencialmente de explorar algumas das suas características adicionais. Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a possibilidade descrita de monitorizar a qualidade de energia elétrica de forma permanente no ponto de entrega ao cliente através da utilização do contador elétrico do mesmo e elaborar um conjunto de requisitos para o contador tendo em conta a normalização aplicável, as características dos equipamentos utilizados atualmente pelo operador de rede e as necessidades do sistema elétrico relativamente à monitorização de qualidade de energia.

Mycotoxin contamination of Maize and Guinea corn from markets in Plateau State, Nigeria

Maize (Zea mays) and guinea corn (Sorghum bicolor) are major food items in Plateau state, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was used to select the markets and store/warehouses used for this study; sample collection employed a simple random sampling method from different sampling points within designated areas. A total of 18 representative samples were collected and analyzed for the following mycotoxins: aflatoxins (Aflatoxin B1 - AFB1, Aflatoxin B2 - AFB2, Aflatoxin G1 - AFG1 and Aflatoxin G2 - AFG2), fumonisins (Fumonisin B1 - FB1 and Fumonisin B2 - FB2 ) and cyclopiazonic acid (CPA). Out of 12 samples analyzed for Aflatoxins, AFB1 was detected in 5, AFB2 in 1, AFG1 in 1 and AFG2 in 6 samples respectively. The highest concentration of AFB1 and AFG2 were found in maize samples from Pankshin market. Only maize samples from Mangu market were contaminated with AFB2 and also harboured the lowest concentration of AFG2. AFG1 contamination occurred in only guinea corn from Shendam market. and FB1 was detected in all 18 samples analyzed. The mycotoxin CPA was not detected in any of the samples. Aflatoxins levels in analyzed samples were regarded as safe based on Nigerian and European Union maximum permissible levels of 4g/kg. With the exception of two samples, FB1 levels in analyzed maize samples were within European Union maximum permissible levels of 1,000 to 3000g/kg. The health and food safety implications of these results for the human and animal population are further discussed.

Diversity and capacity to promote maize growth of bacteria isolated from the Amazon region

ABSTRACT Maize plants can establish beneficial associations with plant growth-promoting bacteria. However, few studies have been conducted on the characterization and inoculation of these bacteria in the Amazon region. This study aimed to characterize endophytic bacteria isolated from maize in the Amazon region and to assess their capacity to promote plant growth. Fifty-five bacterial isolates were obtained from maize grown in two types of ecosystems, i.e., a cerrado (savanna) and a forest area. The isolates were characterized by the presence of the nifH gene, their ability to synthesize indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) and solubilize calcium phosphate (CaHPO4), and 16S rRNA partial gene sequencing. Twenty-four bacteria contained the nifH gene, of which seven were isolated from maize plants cultivated in a cerrado area and seventeen from a forest area. Fourteen samples showed the capacity to synthesize IAA and only four solubilized calcium phosphate. The following genera were found among these isolates: Pseudomonas; Acinetobacter; Enterobacter; Pantoea; Burkholderia and Bacillus. In addition, eight isolates with plant growth-promoting capacity were selected for a glasshouse experiment involving the inoculation of two maize genotypes (a hybrid and a variety) grown in pots containing soil. Inoculation promoted the development of the maize plants but no significant interaction between maize cultivar and bacterial inoculation was found. A high diversity of endophytic bacteria is present in the Amazon region and these bacteria have potential to promote the development of maize plants.